Proteomic Portraits Reveal Evolutionarily Conserved and Divergent Responses to Spinal Cord Injury.

Despite the emergence of promising therapeutic approaches in preclinical studies, the failure of large-scale clinical trials leaves clinicians without effective treatments for acute spinal cord injury (SCI). These trials are hindered by their reliance on detailed neurological examinations to establish outcomes, which inflate the time and resources required for completion. Moreover, therapeutic development takes place in animal models whose relevance to human injury remains unclear. Here, we address these challenges through targeted proteomic analyses of cerebrospinal fluid and serum samples from 111 patients with acute SCI and, in parallel, a large animal (porcine) model of SCI. We develop protein biomarkers of injury severity and recovery, including a prognostic model of neurological improvement at 6 months with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.91, and validate these in an independent cohort. Through cross-species proteomic analyses, we dissect evolutionarily conserved and divergent aspects of the SCI response and establish the cerebrospinal fluid abundance of glial fibrillary acidic protein as a biochemical outcome measure in both humans and pigs. Our work opens up new avenues to catalyze translation by facilitating the evaluation of novel SCI therapies, while also providing a resource from which to direct future preclinical efforts.

A cross-species validation of single-beat metrics of cardiac contractility.

The assessment of left ventricular (LV) contractility in animal models is useful in various experimental paradigms, yet obtaining such measures is inherently challenging and surgically invasive. In a cross-species study using small and large animals, we comprehensively tested the agreement and validity of multiple single-beat surrogate metrics of LV contractility against the field-standard metrics derived from inferior vena cava occlusion (IVCO). Fifty-six rats, 27 minipigs and 11 conscious dogs underwent LV and arterial catheterization and were assessed for a range of single-beat metrics of LV contractility. All single-beat metrics were tested for the various underlying assumptions required to be considered a valid metric of cardiac contractility, including load-independency, sensitivity to inotropic stimulation, and ability to diagnose contractile dysfunction in cardiac disease. Of all examined single-beat metrics, only LV maximal pressure normalized to end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic pressure normalized to EDV, and the maximal rate of rise of the LV pressure normalized to EDV showed a moderate-to-excellent agreement with their IVCO-derived reference measure and met all the underlying assumptions required to be considered as a valid cardiac contractile metric in both rodents and large-animal models. Our findings demonstrate that single-beat metrics can be used as a valid, reliable method to quantify cardiac contractile function in basic/preclinical experiments utilizing small- and large-animal models KEY POINTS: Validating and comparing indices of cardiac contractility that avoid caval occlusion would offer considerable advantages for the field of cardiovascular physiology. We comprehensively test the underlying assumptions of multiple single-beat indices of cardiac contractility in rodents and translate these findings to pigs and conscious dogs. We show that when performing caval occlusion is unfeasible, single-beat metrics can be utilized to accurately quantify cardiac inotropic function in basic and preclinical research employing various small and large animal species. We report that maximal left-ventricular (LV)-pressure normalized to end-diastolic volume (EDV), LV end-systolic pressure normalized to EDV and the maximal rate of rise of the LV pressure waveform normalized to EDV are the best three single-beat metrics to measure cardiac inotropic function in both small- and large-animal models.

Characterization of the gut microbiome in a porcine model of thoracic spinal cord injury.

BACKGROUND: The gut microbiome is a diverse network of bacteria which inhabit our digestive tract and is crucial for efficient cellular metabolism, nutrient absorption, and immune system development. Spinal cord injury (SCI) disrupts autonomic function below the level of injury and can alter the composition of the gut microbiome. Studies in rodent models have shown that SCI-induced bacterial imbalances in the gut can exacerbate the spinal cord damage and impair recovery. In this study we, for the first time, characterized the composition of the gut microbiome in a Yucatan minipig SCI model. We compared the relative abundance of the most dominant bacterial phyla in control samples to those collected from animals who underwent a contusion-compression SCI at the 2nd or 10th Thoracic level. RESULTS: We identify specific bacterial fluctuations that are unique to SCI animals, which were not found in uninjured animals given the same dietary regimen or antibiotic administration. Further, we identified a specific time-frame, "SCI-acute stage", during which many of these bacterial fluctuations occur before returning to "baseline" levels. CONCLUSION: This work presents a dynamic view of the microbiome changes that accompany SCI, establishes a resource for future studies and to understand the changes that occur to gut microbiota after spinal cord injury and may point to a potential therapeutic target for future treatment.

A porcine model for studying the cardiovascular consequences of high-thoracic spinal cord injury.

KEY POINTS: We have developed a novel porcine model of high-thoracic midline contusion spinal cord injury (SCI) at the T2 spinal level. We describe this model and the ensuing cardiovascular and neurohormonal responses, and demonstrate the model is efficacious for studying clinically relevant cardiovascular dysfunction post-SCI. We demonstrate that the high-thoracic SCI model, but not a low-thoracic SCI model, induces persistent hypotension along with a gradual reduction in plasma noradrenaline and increases in plasma aldosterone and angiotensin II. We additionally conducted a proof-of-concept long-term (12 weeks) survival study in animals with T2 contusion SCI demonstrating the potential utility of this model for not only acute experimentation but also long-term drug studies prior to translation to the clinic. ABSTRACT: Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the spinal cord injury (SCI) population, especially in those with high-thoracic or cervical SCI. With this in mind, we aimed to develop a large animal (porcine) model of high-thoracic (T2 level) contusion SCI and compare the haemodynamic and neurohormonal responses of this injury against a low-thoracic (T10 level) model. Ten Yorkshire pigs were randomly subjected to 20 cm weight drop contusion SCI at either the T2 or the T10 spinal level. Systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were continuously monitored until 4 h post-SCI. Plasma noradrenaline (NA), aldosterone and angiotensin II (ANGII) were measured pre-SCI and at 30, 60, 120 and 240 min post-SCI. Additionally, two Yucatan pigs were subjected to T2-SCI and survived up to 12 weeks post-injury to demonstrate the efficacy of this model for long-term survival studies. Immediately after T2-SCI, SBP, MAP and HR increased (P < 0.0001). Between decompression (5 min post-SCI) and 30 min post-decompression in T2-SCI, SBP and MAP were lower than pre-SCI (P < 0.038). At 3 and 4 h after T2-SCI, SBP remained lower than pre-SCI (P = 0.048). After T10-SCI, haemodynamic indices remained largely unaffected. Plasma NA was lower in T2- vs. T10-SCI post-SCI, whilst aldosterone and ANGII were higher. Both chronically injured pigs demonstrated a vast reduction in SBP at 12 weeks post-SCI. Our model of T2-SCI causes a rapid and sustained alteration in neurohormonal control and cardiovascular function, which does not occur in the T10 model.

Evaluation of transcutaneous near-infrared spectroscopy for early detection of cardiac arrest in an animal model.

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide. The SCA-to-resuscitation interval is a key determinant of patient outcomes, highlighting the clinical need for reliable and timely detection of SCA. Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a non-invasive optical technique, may have utility for this application. We investigated transcutaneous NIRS as a method to detect pentobarbital-induced changes during cardiac arrest in eight Yucatan miniature pigs. NIRS measurements during cardiac arrest were compared to invasively acquired carotid blood pressure and partial oxygen pressure (PO2) of spinal cord tissues. We observed statistically significant decreases in mean arterial pressure (MAP) 64.68 mmHg ± 13.08, p < 0.0001), spinal cord PO2 (38.16 mmHg ± 20.04, p = 0.0028), and NIRS-derived tissue oxygen saturation (TSI%) (14.50% ± 3.80, p < 0.0001) from baseline to 5 min after pentobarbital administration. Euthanasia-to-first change in hemodynamics for MAP and TSI (%) were similar [MAP (10.43 ± 4.73 s) vs TSI (%) (12.04 ± 1.85 s), p = 0.3714]. No significant difference was detected between NIRS and blood pressure-derived pulse rates during baseline periods (p > 0.99) and following pentobarbital administration (p = 0.97). Transcutaneous NIRS demonstrated the potential to identify rapid hemodynamic changes due to cardiac arrest in periods similar to invasive indices. We conclude that transcutaneous NIRS monitoring may present a novel, non-invasive approach for SCA detection, which warrants further investigation.

Duraplasty in Traumatic Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury: Impact on Spinal Cord Hemodynamics, Tissue Metabolism, Histology, and Behavioral Recovery Using a Porcine Model.

After acute traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI), the spinal cord can swell to fill the subarachnoid space and become compressed by the surrounding dura. In a porcine model of SCI, we performed a duraplasty to expand the subarachnoid space around the injured spinal cord and evaluated how this influenced acute intraparenchymal hemodynamic and metabolic responses, in addition to histological and behavioral recovery. Female Yucatan pigs underwent a T10 SCI, with or without duraplasty. Using microsensors implanted into the spinal cord parenchyma, changes in blood flow (ΔSCBF), oxygenation (ΔPO2), and spinal cord pressure (ΔSCP) during and after SCI were monitored, alongside metabolic responses. Behavioral recovery was tested weekly using the Porcine Injury Behavior Scale (PTIBS). Thereafter, spinal cords were harvested for tissue sparing analyses. In both duraplasty and non-animals, the ΔSCP increased ∼5 mm Hg in the first 6 h post-injury. After this, the SCP appeared to be slightly reduced in the duraplasty animals, although the group differences were not statistically significant after controlling for injury severity in terms of impact force. During the first seven days post-SCI, the ΔSCBF or ΔPO2 values were not different between the duraplasty and control animals. Over 12 weeks, there was no improvement in hindlimb locomotion as assessed by PTIBS scores and no reduction in tissue damage at the injury site in the duraplasty animals. In our porcine model of SCI, duraplasty did not provide any clear evidence of long-term behavioral or tissue sparing benefit after SCI.

Characterization of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction after Thoracic Spinal Cord Injury in Yucatan Minipigs.

There is an increasing need to develop approaches that will not only improve the clinical management of neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) after spinal cord injury (SCI), but also advance therapeutic interventions aimed at recovering bladder function. Although pre-clinical research frequently employs rodent SCI models, large animals such as the pig may play an important translational role in facilitating the development of devices or treatments. Therefore, the objective of this study was to develop a urodynamics protocol to characterize NLUTD in a porcine model of SCI. An iterative process to develop the protocol to perform urodynamics in female Yucatan minipigs began with a group of spinally intact, anesthetized pigs. Subsequently, urodynamic studies were performed in a group of awake, lightly restrained pigs, before and after a contusion-compression SCI at the T2 or T9-T11 spinal cord level. Bladder tissue was obtained for histological analysis at the end of the study. All anesthetized pigs had bladders that were acontractile, which resulted in overflow incontinence once capacity was reached. Uninjured, conscious pigs demonstrated appropriate relaxation and contraction of the external urethral sphincter during the voiding phase. SCI pigs demonstrated neurogenic detrusor overactivity and a significantly elevated post-void residual volume. Relative to the control, SCI bladders were heavier and thicker. The developed urodynamics protocol allows for repetitive evaluation of lower urinary tract function in pigs at different time points post-SCI. This technique manifests the potential for using the pig as an intermediary, large animal model for translational studies in NLUTD.

Mechanical properties of spinal cord grey matter and white matter in confined compression.

To better understand the link between spinal cord impact and the resulting tissue damage, computational models are often used. These models typically simulate the spinal cord as a homogeneous and isotropic material. Recent research suggests that grey and white matter tissue differences and directional differences, i.e. anisotropy, are important to predict spinal cord damage. The objective of this research was to characterize the mechanical properties of spinal cord grey and white matter tissue in confined compression. Spinal cords (n = 12) were harvested immediately following euthanasia from Yorkshire and Yucatan pigs. The spinal cords were flash frozen (60 s at -80 °C) and prepared into four types of test samples: grey matter axial, grey matter transverse, white matter axial, and white matter transverse. Each sample type was thawed, and subsequently tested in confined compression within 6 h of euthanasia. Samples were compressed to 10% strain at a quasi-static strain rate (0.001/sec) and allowed to relax for 120 s. A quasi-linear viscoelastic model combining a first-order exponential with a 1-term Prony series characterized the loading and relaxation responses respectively. The effect of tissue type (grey matter vs. white matter), direction (axial vs. transverse), and their interaction were evaluated with a two-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) with peak stress, aggregate modulus, and relaxation time as dependent variables. This study found grey matter to be 1.6-2 times stiffer than white matter and both grey and white matter were isotropic in compression. These findings should be emphasized when studying SCI biomechanics using computational models.

Continuous Optical Monitoring of Spinal Cord Oxygenation and Hemodynamics during the First Seven Days Post-Injury in a Porcine Model of Acute Spinal Cord Injury.

One of the only currently available treatment options to potentially improve neurological recovery after acute spinal cord injury (SCI) is augmentation of mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) to promote blood flow and oxygen delivery to the injured cord. However, to optimize such hemodynamic management, clinicians require a method to monitor the physiological effects of these MAP alterations within the injured cord. Therefore, we investigated the feasibility and effectiveness of using a novel optical sensor, based on near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), to monitor real-time spinal cord oxygenation and hemodynamics during the first 7 days post-injury in a porcine model of acute SCI. Six Yucatan miniature pigs underwent a T10 vertebral level contusion-compression injury. Spinal cord oxygenation and hemodynamics were continuously monitored by a minimally invasive custom-made NIRS sensor, and by invasive intraparenchymal (IP) probes to validate the NIRS measures. Episodes of MAP alteration and hypoxia were performed acutely after injury, and at 2 and 7 days post-injury to simulate the types of hemodynamic changes SCI patients experience after injury. The NIRS sensor demonstrated the ability to provide oxygenation and hemodynamic measurements over the 7-day post-SCI period. NIRS measures showed statistically significant correlations with each of the invasive IP measures and MAP changes during episodes of MAP alteration and hypoxia throughout the first week post-injury (p < 0.05). These results indicate that this novel NIRS system can monitor real-time changes in spinal cord oxygenation and hemodynamics over the first 7 days post-injury, and has the ability to detect local tissue changes that are reflective of systemic hemodynamic changes.

Treadmill-Based Gait Kinematics in the Yucatan Mini Pig.

Yucatan miniature pigs (YMPs) are similar to humans in spinal cord size as well as physiological and neuroanatomical features, making them a useful model for human spinal cord injury. However, little is known regarding pig gait kinematics, especially on a treadmill. In this study, 12 healthy YMPs were assessed during bipedal and/or quadrupedal stepping on a treadmill at six speeds (1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 km/h). Kinematic parameters, including limb coordination and proximal and distal limb angles, were measured. Findings indicate that YMPs use a lateral sequence footfall pattern across all speeds. Stride and stance durations decreased with increasing speed whereas swing duration showed no significant change. Across all speeds assessed, no significant differences were noted between hindlimb stepping parameters for bipedal or quadrupedal gait with the exception of distal limb angular kinematics. Specifically, significant differences were observed between locomotor tasks during maximum flexion (quadrupedal > bipedal), total excursion (bipedal > quadrupedal), and the phase relationship between the timing of maximum extension between the right and left hindlimbs (bipedal > quadrupedal). Speed also impacted maximum flexion and right-left phase relationships given that significant differences were found between the fastest speed (3.5 km/h) relative to each of the other speeds. This study establishes a methodology for bipedal and quadrupedal treadmill-based kinematic testing in healthy YMPs. The treadmill approach used was effective in recruiting primarily the spinal circuitry responsible for the basic stepping patterns as has been shown in cats. We recommend 2.5 km/h (0.7 m/sec) as a target walking gait for pre-clinical studies using YMPs, which is similar to that used in cats.

Cardio-centric hemodynamic management improves spinal cord oxygenation and mitigates hemorrhage in acute spinal cord injury.

Chronic high-thoracic and cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) results in a complex phenotype of cardiovascular consequences, including impaired left ventricular (LV) contractility. Here, we aim to determine whether such dysfunction manifests immediately post-injury, and if so, whether correcting impaired contractility can improve spinal cord oxygenation (SCO2), blood flow (SCBF) and metabolism. Using a porcine model of T2 SCI, we assess LV end-systolic elastance (contractility) via invasive pressure-volume catheterization, monitor intraparenchymal SCO2 and SCBF with fiberoptic oxygen sensors and laser-Doppler flowmetry, respectively, and quantify spinal cord metabolites with microdialysis. We demonstrate that high-thoracic SCI acutely impairs cardiac contractility and substantially reduces SCO2 and SCBF within the first hours post-injury. Utilizing the same model, we next show that augmenting LV contractility with the ß-agonist dobutamine increases SCO2 and SCBF more effectively than vasopressor therapy, whilst also mitigating increased anaerobic metabolism and hemorrhage in the injured cord. Finally, in pigs with T2 SCI survived for 12 weeks post-injury, we confirm that acute hemodynamic management with dobutamine appears to preserve cardiac function and improve hemodynamic outcomes in the chronic setting. Our data support that cardio-centric hemodynamic management represents an advantageous alternative to the current clinical standard of vasopressor therapy for acute traumatic SCI.

Relationship between Early Vasopressor Administration and Spinal Cord Hemorrhage in a Porcine Model of Acute Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.

Current practice guidelines for acute spinal cord injury (SCI) recommend augmenting mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) for the first 7 days post-injury. After SCI, the cord may be compressed by the bone/ligaments of the spinal column, limiting regional spinal cord blood flow. Following surgical decompression, blood flow may be restored, and can potentially promote a "reperfusion" injury. The effects of MAP augmentation on the injured cord during the compressed and decompressed conditions have not been previously characterized. Here, we used our porcine model of SCI to examine the impact of MAP augmentation on blood flow, oxygenation, hydrostatic pressure, metabolism, and intraparenchymal (IP) hemorrhage within the compressed and then subsequently decompressed spinal cord. Yucatan mini-pigs underwent a T10 contusion injury followed by 2 h of sustained compression. MAP augmentation of ∼20 mm Hg was achieved with norepinephrine (NE). Animals received MAP augmentation either during the period of cord compression (CP), after decompression (DCP), or during both periods (CP-DCP). Probes to monitor spinal cord blood flow (SCBF), oxygenation, pressure, and metabolic responses were inserted into the cord parenchyma adjacent to the injury site to measure these responses. The cord was harvested for histological evaluation. MAP augmentation increased SCBF and oxygenation in all groups. In the CP-DCP group, spinal cord pressure steadily increased and histological analysis showed significantly increased hemorrhage in the spinal cord at and near the injury site. MAP augmentation with vasopressors may improve blood flow and reduce ischemia in the injured cord but may also induce undesirable increases in IP pressure and hemorrhage.

Sensorimotor plasticity after spinal cord injury: a longitudinal and translational study.

Objective: The objective was to track and compare the progression of neuroplastic changes in a large animal model and humans with spinal cord injury. Methods: A total of 37 individuals with acute traumatic spinal cord injury were followed over time (1, 3, 6, and 12 months post-injury) with repeated neurophysiological assessments. Somatosensory and motor evoked potentials were recorded in the upper extremities above the level of injury. In a reverse-translational approach, similar neurophysiological techniques were examined in a porcine model of thoracic spinal cord injury. Twelve Yucatan mini-pigs underwent a contusive spinal cord injury at T10 and tracked with somatosensory and motor evoked potentials assessments in the fore- and hind limbs pre- (baseline, post-laminectomy) and post-injury (10 min, 3 h, 12 weeks). Results: In both humans and pigs, the sensory responses in the cranial coordinates of upper extremities/forelimbs progressively increased from immediately post-injury to later time points. Motor responses in the forelimbs increased immediately after experimental injury in pigs, remaining elevated at 12 weeks. In humans, motor evoked potentials were significantly higher at 1-month (and remained so at 1 year) compared to normative values. Conclusions: Despite notable differences between experimental models and the human condition, the brain's response to spinal cord injury is remarkably similar between humans and pigs. Our findings further underscore the utility of this large animal model in translational spinal cord injury research.

Optical Assessment of Spinal Cord Tissue Oxygenation Using a Miniaturized Near Infrared Spectroscopy Sensor.

Despite advances in the treatment of acute spinal cord injury (SCI), measures to mitigate permanent neurological deficits in affected patients are limited. Immediate post-trauma hemodynamic management of patients, to maintain blood supply and improve oxygenation to the injured spinal cord, is currently one aspect of critical care which clinicians can utilize to improve neurological outcomes. However, without a way to monitor the response of spinal cord hemodynamics and oxygenation in real time, optimizing hemodynamic management is challenging and limited in scope. This study aims to investigate the feasibility and validity of using a miniaturized multi-wavelength near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) sensor for direct transdural monitoring of spinal cord oxygenation in an animal model of acute SCI. Nine Yorkshire pigs underwent a weight-drop T10 contusion-compression injury and received episodes of ventilatory hypoxia and alterations in mean arterial pressure (MAP). Spinal cord hemodynamics and oxygenation were monitored throughout by a non-invasive transdural NIRS sensor, as well as an invasive intraparenchymal sensor as a comparison. NIRS parameters of tissue oxygenation were highly correlated with intraparenchymal measures of tissue oxygenation. In particular, during periods of hypoxia and MAP alterations, changes of NIRS-derived spinal cord oxygenated hemoglobin and tissue oxygenation percentage corresponded well with the changes in spinal cord oxygen partial pressures measured by the intraparenchymal sensor. Our data confirm that during hypoxic episodes and as changes occur in the MAP, non-invasive NIRS can detect and measure real-time changes in spinal cord oxygenation with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity.

Differences in Morphometric Measures of the Uninjured Porcine Spinal Cord and Dural Sac Predict Histological and Behavioral Outcomes after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.

One of the challenges associated with conducting experiments in animal models of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is inducing a consistent injury with minimal variability in the degree of tissue damage and resultant behavioral and biochemical outcomes. We evaluated how the variability in morphometry of the spinal cord and surrounding cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) contributes to the variability in behavioral and histological outcomes in our porcine model of SCI. Using intraoperative ultrasound imaging, spinal cord morphometry was assessed in seven Yucatan minipigs undergoing a weight-drop T10 contusion-compression injury. Bivariate and multi-variate analysis and modeling were used to identify native morphometrical determinants of interanimal variability in histological and behavioral outcomes. The measured biomechanical impact parameters did not correlate with the histological measures or hindlimb locomotor behavior (Porcine Thoracic Injury Behavior Scale). In contrast, clear associations were revealed between CSF layer morphometry and the amount of white matter and tissue sparing. Specifically, the dorsoventral diameter of the dural sac and ventral CSF space were strong predictors of behavioral and histological outcome and together explained ≥95.0% of the variance in these parameters. In addition, a dorsoventral diameter of the spinal cord less than 5.331 mm was a strong contributing factor to poor behavioral recovery over 12 weeks. These results indicate that interanimal variability in cord morphometry provides a potential biological explanation for the observed heterogeneity in histological and behavioral outcomes. Such knowledge is helpful for appropriately balancing experimental groups, and/or varying impact parameters to match cord and CSF layer dimensions for future studies.

FT-IR study and solvent-implicit and explicit effect on stepwise tautomerism of Guanylurea: M06-2X as a case of study.

All 66 conformers of guanylurea were optimized and frequency calculations were performed at M06-2X/6-311++G(d,p) level of theory. Theses conformers were categorized into five tautomers, and the most stable conformer of each tautomer were found. Geometrical parameters indicated that these tautomers have almost planar structure. Complete stepwise tautomerism were studied through both intramolecular proton transfer routs and internal rotations. Results indicated that the proton transfer routs involving four-membered heterocyclic structures were rate-determining steps. Also, intramolecular proton movement having six-membered transition state structures had very low energy barrier comparable to the transition states of internal rotation routs. Differentiation of studied tautomers could easily be done through their FT-IR spectra in the range of 3200 to 3900cm-1 by comparing absorption bands and intensity of peaks. Solvent-implicit effects on the stability of tautomers were also studied through re-optimization and frequency calculation in four solvents. Water, DMSO, acetone and toluene had stabilization effect on all considered tautomers, but the order of stabilization effect was as follows: water>DMSO>acetone>toluene. Finally, solvent-explicit, base-explicit and acid-explicit effect were also studied by taking place of studied tautomer nearside of acid, base or solvent and optimization of them. Frequency calculation for proton movement by contribution of explicit effect showed that formic acid had a very strong effect on proton transfer from tautomer A1 to tautomer D8 by lowering the energy barrier from 42.57 to 0.8kcal/mol. In addition, ammonia-explicit effect was found to lower the barrier from 42.57 to 22.46kcal/mol, but this effect is lower than that of water and methanol-explicit effect.

A green route for the cross-coupling of azide anions with aryl halides under both base and ligand-free conditions: exceptional performance of a Cu2O-CuO-Cu-C nanocomposite.

A convenient, inexpensive and effective route for the preparation of a Cu2O-CuO-Cu-C nanocomposite is described here by applying Cu(ii) as a source of copper. Characterization of the nanocomposite was performed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Analysis of the data showed that the particles of the nanocomposite are uniformly distributed and show high catalytic activity in the cross-coupling of sodium azide with various aryl iodides and bromides. This nanocomposite has a high level of performance, and even led to the synthesis of the products at room temperature. In addition, this is the first report of the synthesis of aryl azides under both base- and ligand-free conditions. For the first time, both ligand- and base-free conditions were applied for the synthesis of aryl azides, which implies exceptional performance of the Cu2O-CuO-Cu-C nanocomposite. Simultaneous removal of the base and ligand in a green solvent is the main advantage of this reaction. Unfortunately, aryl bromides and aryl iodides with electron-withdrawing functional groups in their scaffold did not give the desired aryl azides.

Review of the UBC Porcine Model of Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury.

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) research has recently focused on the use of rat and mouse models for in vivo SCI experiments. Such small rodent SCI models are invaluable for the field, and much has been discovered about the biologic and physiologic aspects of SCI from these models. It has been difficult, however, to reproduce the efficacy of treatments found to produce neurologic benefits in rodent SCI models when these treatments are tested in human clinical trials. A large animal model may have advantages for translational research where anatomical, physiological, or genetic similarities to humans may be more relevant for pre-clinically evaluating novel therapies. Here, we review the work carried out at the University of British Columbia (UBC) on a large animal model of SCI that utilizes Yucatan miniature pigs. The UBC porcine model of SCI may be a useful intermediary in the pre-clinical testing of novel pharmacological treatments, cell-based therapies, and the "bedside back to bench" translation of human clinical observations, which require preclinical testing in an applicable animal model.

A Direct Comparison between Norepinephrine and Phenylephrine for Augmenting Spinal Cord Perfusion in a Porcine Model of Spinal Cord Injury.

Current clinical guidelines recommend elevating the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) to increase spinal cord perfusion in patients with acute spinal cord injury (SCI). This is typically achieved with vasopressors such as norepinephrine (NE) and phenylephrine (PE). These drugs differ in their pharmacological properties and potentially have different effects on spinal cord blood flow (SCBF), oxygenation (PO2), and downstream metabolism after injury. Using a porcine model of thoracic SCI, we evaluated how these vasopressors influenced intraparenchymal SCBF, PO2, hydrostatic pressure, and metabolism within the spinal cord adjacent to the injury site. Yorkshire pigs underwent a contusion/compression SCI at T10 and were randomized to receive either NE or PE for MAP elevation of 20 mm Hg, or no MAP augmentation. Prior to injury, a combined SCBF/PO2 sensor, a pressure sensor, and a microdialysis probe were inserted into the spinal cord adjacent to T10 at two locations: a "proximal" site and a "distal" site, 2 mm and 22 mm from the SCI, respectively. At the proximal site, NE and PE resulted in little improvement in SCBF during cord compression. Following decompression, NE resulted in increased SCBF and PO2, whereas decreased levels were observed for PE. However, both NE and PE were associated with a gradual decrease in the lactate to pyruvate (L/P) ratio after decompression. PE was associated with greater hemorrhage through the injury site than that in control animals. Combined, our results suggest that NE promotes better restoration of blood flow and oxygenation than PE in the traumatically injured spinal cord, thus providing a physiological rationale for selecting NE over PE in the hemodynamic management of acute SCI.