A Review of Lunar Communications and Antennas: Assessing Performance in the Context of Propagation and Radiation.

Over the previous two decades, a notable array of space exploration missions have been initiated with the primary aim of facilitating the return of both humans and robots from Earth to the moon. The significance of these endeavors cannot be emphasized enough as numerous entities, both public and private, from across the globe have invested substantial resources into this pursuit. Researchers have committed their efforts to addressing the challenges linked to lunar communication. Even with all of these efforts, only a few of the many suggested designs for communication and antennas on the moon have been evaluated and compared. These designs have also not been shared with the scientific community. To bridge this gap in the existing body of knowledge, this paper conducts a thorough review of lunar surface communication and the diverse antenna designs employed in lunar communication systems. This paper provides a summary of the findings presented in lunar surface communication research while also outlining the assorted challenges that impact lunar communication. Apart from various antenna designs reported in this field, based on their intended usage, two additional classifications are introduced: (a) mission-based antennas-utilized in actual lunar missions-and (b) research-based antennas-employed solely for research purposes. Given the critical need to comprehend and predict lunar conditions and antenna behaviors within those conditions, this review holds immense significance. Its relevance is particularly pronounced in light of the numerous upcoming lunar missions that have been announced.

Kidney Cancer Prediction Empowered with Blockchain Security Using Transfer Learning.

Kidney cancer is a very dangerous and lethal cancerous disease caused by kidney tumors or by genetic renal disease, and very few patients survive because there is no method for early prediction of kidney cancer. Early prediction of kidney cancer helps doctors start proper therapy and treatment for the patients, preventing kidney tumors and renal transplantation. With the adaptation of artificial intelligence, automated tools empowered with different deep learning and machine learning algorithms can predict cancers. In this study, the proposed model used the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT)-based transfer learning technique with different deep learning algorithms to predict kidney cancer in its early stages, and for the patient's data security, the proposed model incorporates blockchain technology-based private clouds and transfer-learning trained models. To predict kidney cancer, the proposed model used biopsies of cancerous kidneys consisting of three classes. The proposed model achieved the highest training accuracy and prediction accuracy of 99.8% and 99.20%, respectively, empowered with data augmentation and without augmentation, and the proposed model achieved 93.75% prediction accuracy during validation. Transfer learning provides a promising framework with the combination of IoMT technologies and blockchain technology layers to enhance the diagnosing capabilities of kidney cancer.

Detection and analysis of deteriorated areas in solar PV modules using unsupervised sensing algorithms and 3D augmented reality.

Solar Photovoltaic (PV) systems are increasingly vital for enhancing energy security worldwide. However, their efficiency and power output can be significantly reduced by hotspots and snail trails, predominantly caused by cracks in PV modules. This article introduces a novel methodology for the automatic segmentation and analysis of such anomalies, utilizing unsupervised sensing algorithms coupled with 3D Augmented Reality (AR) for enhanced visualization. The methodology outperforms existing segmentation techniques, including Weka and the Meta Segment Anything Model (SAM), as demonstrated through computer simulations. These simulations were conducted using the Cali-Thermal Solar Panels and Solar Panel Infrared Image Datasets, with evaluation metrics such as the Jaccard Index, Dice Coefficient, Precision, and Recall, achieving scores of 0.76, 0.82, 0.90, 0.99, and 0.76, respectively. By integrating drone technology, the proposed approach aims to revolutionize PV maintenance by facilitating real-time, automated solar panel detection. This advancement promises substantial cost reductions, heightened energy production, and improved performance of solar PV installations. Furthermore, the innovative integration of unsupervised sensing algorithms with 3D AR visualization opens new avenues for future research and development in the field of solar PV maintenance.

To predict the left ventricular endocardial scar tissue pattern using Radon descriptor-based machine learning.

OBJECTIVE: Scar tissue is an identified cause for the development of malignant ventricular arrhythmias in patients of myocardial infarction, which ultimately leads to cardiac death, a fatal outcome. We aim to evaluate the left ventricular endocardial Scar tissue pattern using Radon descriptor-based machine learning. We performed automated Left ventricle (LV) segmentation to find the LV endocardial wall, performed morphological operations, and marked the region of the scar tissue on the endocardial wall of LV. Motivated by a Radon descriptor-based machine learning approach; the patches of 17 patients from Computer tomography (CT) images of the heart were used and categorized into "endocardial Scar tissue" and "normal tissue" groups. The ten feature vectors are extracted from patches using Radon descriptors and fed into a traditional machine learning model. RESULTS: The decision tree has shown the best performance with 98.07% accuracy. This study is the first attempt to provide a Radon transform-based machine learning method to distinguish patterns between "endocardial Scar tissue" and "normal tissue" groups. Our proposed research method could be potentially used in advanced interventions.

Concatenated Xception-ResNet50 - A novel hybrid approach for accurate skin cancer prediction.

Skin cancer is a malignant disease that affects millions of people around the world every year. It is an invasive disease characterised by an abnormal proliferation of skin cells in the body that multiply and spread through the lymph nodes, killing the surrounding tissue. The number of skin cancer cases is on the rise due to lifestyle changes and sun-seeking behaviour. As skin cancer is a deadly disease, early diagnosis and grading are crucial to save lives. In this work, state-of-the-art AI approaches are applied to develop a unique deep learning model that integrates Xception and ResNet50. This network achieves maximum accuracy by combining the properties of two robust networks. The proposed concatenated Xception-ResNet50 (X-R50) model can classify skin tumours as basal cell carcinoma, melanoma, melanocytic nevi, dermatofibroma, actinic keratoses and intraepithelial carcinoma, vascular and non-cancerous benign keratosis-like lesions. The performance of the proposed method is compared with a DeepCNN and other state-of-the-art transfer learning models. The Human Against Machine (HAM10000) dataset assesses the suggested method's performance. For this study, 10,500 skin images were used. The model is trained and tested with the sliding window technique. The proposed concatenated X-R50 model is cutting-edge, with a 97.8% prediction accuracy. The performance of the model is also validated by a statistical hypothesis test using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The reported approach is both accurate and efficient and can help dermatologists and clinicians detect skin cancer at an early stage of the clinical process.

Comparative study of left atrium epicardial fat tissue pattern using persistent homology approach.

OBJECTIVE: Atrial Fibrillation (A-fib) is an abnormal heartbeat condition in which the heart races and beats in an uncontrollable way. It is observed that the presence of increased epicardial fat/fatty tissue in the atrium can lead to A-fib. Persistent homology using topological features can be used to recapitulate enormous amounts of spatially complicated medical data into a visual code to identify a specific pattern of epicardial fat tissue with non-fat tissue. Our aim is to evaluate the topological pattern of left atrium epicardial fat tissue with non-fat tissue. RESULTS: A topological data analysis approach was acquired to study the imaging pattern between the left atrium epicardial fat tissue and non-fat tissue patches. The patches of eight patients from CT images of the left atrium heart were used and categorized into "left atrium epicardial fat tissue" and "non-fat tissue" groups. The features that distinguish the "epicardial fat tissue" and "non-fat tissue" groups are extracted using persistent homology (PH). Our result reveals that our proposed research can discriminate between left atrium epicardial fat tissue and non-fat tissue. Specifically, the range of Betti numbers in the epicardial tissue is smaller (0-30) than the non-fat tissue (0-100), indicating that non-fat tissue has good topology.

Autonomous Tool for Monitoring Multi-Morbidity Health Conditions in UAE and India.

Multi-morbidity is the presence of two or more long-term health conditions, including defined physical or mental health conditions, such as diabetes or schizophrenia. One of the regular and critical health cases is an elderly person with a multi-morbid health condition and special complications who lives alone. These patients are typically not familiar with advanced Information and Communications Technology (ICT), but they are comfortable using smart devices such as wearable watches and mobile phones. The use of ICT improves medical quality, promotes patient security and data security, lowers operational and administrative costs, and gives the people in charge to make informed decisions. Additionally, the use of ICT in healthcare practices greatly reduces human errors, enhances clinical outcomes, ramps up care coordination, boosts practice efficiencies, and helps in collecting data over time. The proposed research concept provides a natural technique to implement preventive health care innovative solutions since several health sensors are embedded in devices that autonomously monitor the patients' health conditions in real-time. This enhances the elder's limited ability to predict and respond to critical health situations. Autonomous monitoring can alert doctors and patients themselves of unexpected health conditions. Real-time monitoring, modeling, and predicting health conditions can trigger swift responses by doctors and health officials in case of emergencies. This study will use data science to stimulate discoveries and breakthroughs in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and India, which will then be reproduced in other world areas to create major gains in health for people, communities, and populations.