Alternating low-rank tensor reconstruction for improved multiparametric mapping with cardiovascular MR Multitasking.

PURPOSE: To develop a novel low-rank tensor reconstruction approach leveraging the complete acquired data set to improve precision and repeatability of multiparametric mapping within the cardiovascular MR Multitasking framework. METHODS: A novel approach that alternated between estimation of temporal components and spatial components using the entire data set acquired (i.e., including navigator data and imaging data) was developed to improve reconstruction. The precision and repeatability of the proposed approach were evaluated on numerical simulations, 10 healthy subjects, and 10 cardiomyopathy patients at multiple scan times for 2D myocardial T1/T2 mapping with MR Multitasking and were compared with those of the previous navigator-derived fixed-basis approach. RESULTS: In numerical simulations, the proposed approach outperformed the previous fixed-basis approach with lower T1 and T2 error against the ground truth at all scan times studied and showed better motion fidelity. In human subjects, the proposed approach showed no significantly different sharpness or T1/T2 measurement and significantly improved T1 precision by 20%-25%, T2 precision by 10%-15%, T1 repeatability by about 30%, and T2 repeatability by 25%-35% at 90-s and 50-s scan times The proposed approach at the 50-s scan time also showed comparable results with that of the previous fixed-basis approach at the 90-s scan time. CONCLUSION: The proposed approach improved precision and repeatability for quantitative imaging with MR Multitasking while maintaining comparable motion fidelity, T1/T2 measurement, and septum sharpness and had the potential for further reducing scan time from 90 s to 50 s.

MR Multitasking-based multi-dimensional assessment of cardiovascular system (MT-MACS) with extended spatial coverage and water-fat separation.

PURPOSE: To extend the MR MultiTasking-based Multidimensional Assessment of Cardiovascular System (MT-MACS) technique with larger spatial coverage and water-fat separation for comprehensive aortocardiac assessment. METHODS: MT-MACS adopts a low-rank tensor image model for 7D imaging, with three spatial dimensions for volumetric imaging, one cardiac motion dimension for cine imaging, one respiratory motion dimension for free-breathing imaging, one T2-prepared inversion recovery time dimension for multi-contrast assessment, and one T2*-decay time dimension for water-fat separation. Nine healthy subjects were recruited for the 3T study. Overall image quality was scored on bright-blood (BB), dark-blood (DB), and gray-blood (GB) contrasts using a 4-point scale (0-poor to 3-excellent) by two independent readers, and their interreader agreement was evaluated. Myocardial wall thickness and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were quantified on DB and BB contrasts, respectively. The agreement in these metrics between MT-MACS and conventional breath-held, electrocardiography-triggered 2D sequences were evaluated. RESULTS: MT-MACS provides both water-only and fat-only images with excellent image quality (average score = 3.725/3.780/3.835/3.890 for BB/DB/GB/fat-only images) and moderate to high interreader agreement (weighted Cohen's kappa value = 0.727/0.668/1.000/1.000 for BB/DB/GB/fat-only images). There were good to excellent agreements in myocardial wall thickness measurements (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICC] = 0.781/0.929/0.680/0.878 for left atria/left ventricle/right atria/right ventricle) and LVEF quantification (ICC = 0.716) between MT-MACS and 2D references. All measurements were within the literature range of healthy subjects. CONCLUSION: The refined MT-MACS technique provides multi-contrast, phase-resolved, and water-fat imaging of the aortocardiac systems and allows evaluation of anatomy and function. Clinical validation is warranted.

Free-breathing, non-ECG, simultaneous myocardial T1 , T2 , T2 *, and fat-fraction mapping with motion-resolved cardiovascular MR multitasking.

PURPOSE: To develop a free-breathing, non-electrocardiogram technique for simultaneous myocardial T1 , T2 , T2 *, and fat-fraction (FF) mapping in a single scan. METHODS: The MR Multitasking framework is adapted to quantify T1 , T2 , T2 *, and FF simultaneously. A variable TR scheme is developed to preserve temporal resolution and imaging efficiency. The underlying high-dimensional image is modeled as a low-rank tensor, which allows accelerated acquisition and efficient reconstruction. The accuracy and/or repeatability of the technique were evaluated on static and motion phantoms, 12 healthy volunteers, and 3 patients by comparing to the reference techniques. RESULTS: In static and motion phantoms, T1 /T2 /T2 */FF measurements showed substantial consistency (R > 0.98) and excellent agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.93) with reference measurements. In human subjects, the proposed technique yielded repeatable T1 , T2 , T2 *, and FF measurements that agreed with those from references. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed free-breathing, non-electrocardiogram, motion-resolved Multitasking technique allows simultaneous quantification of myocardial T1 , T2 , T2 *, and FF in a single 2.5-min scan.

Global and peak local specific absorption rate control on parallel transmit systems using k-means SAR compression model.

PURPOSE: To improve the specific absorption rate (SAR) compression model capability in parallel transmission (pTx) MRI systems. METHODS: A k-means clustering method is proposed to group voxels with similar SAR behaviors in the scanned object, providing a controlled upper-bounded estimation of peak local SARs. This k-means compression model and the conventional virtual observation point (VOP) model were tested in a pTx MRI framework. The pTx pulse design with different SAR controlling schemes was simulated using a numerical human head model and an eight-channel 7T coil array. Multiple criteria (including RF power, global and peak local SARs, and excitation accuracy) were compared for the performance testing. RESULTS: The k-means compression model generated a narrower overestimation bound, leading to a more accurate local SAR estimation. Among different pTx pulse design approaches, the k-means compression model showed the best trade-off between the SAR and excitation accuracy. CONCLUSIONS: The developed SAR compression model is advantageous for pTx framework given the narrower overestimation bound and control over the compression ratio. Results also illustrate that a moderate increase of maximum RF power can be useful for reducing the maximum local SAR deposition.

Dual flip-angle IR-FLASH with spin history mapping for B1+ corrected T1 mapping: Application to T1 cardiovascular magnetic resonance multitasking.

PURPOSE: To develop a single-scan method for B1+ -corrected T1 mapping and apply it for free-breathing (FB) cardiac MR multitasking without electrocardiogram (ECG) triggering. METHODS: One dual flip-angle (2FA) inversion recovery (IR)-FLASH scan provides two observations of T1∗ (apparent T1 ) corresponding to two distinct combinations of the nominal FA α and B1+ . Spatiotemporally coregistered T1 and B1+ spin history maps are obtained by fitting the 2FA signal model. T1 estimate accuracy and repeatability for single flip-angle (1FA) and 2FA IR-FLASH sequence MR multitasking were evaluated at 3T. A T1 phantom was first imaged on the scanner table, then on two human subjects' thoraxes in both breath-hold (BH) and FB conditions. IR-turbo spin echo (IR-TSE) static phantom T1 measurements served as reference. In 10 healthy subjects, myocardial T1 was evaluated with ECG-free, FB multitasking sequences alongside ECG-triggered BH MOLLI. RESULTS: For phantom-on-table T1 estimates, 2FA agreed better with IR-TSE (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.996, mean error ± SD = -1.6% ± 1.9%) than did 1FA (ICC = 0.922; mean error ± SD = -4.3% ± 12%). For phantom-on-thorax, 2FA was more repeatable and robust to respiration than 1FA (coefficient of variation [CoV] = 1.2% 2FA, = 11.3% 1FA). In vivo, in intrasession T1 repeatability, 2FA (septal CoV = 2.4%, six-segment CoV = 4.4%) outperformed 1FA (septal CoV = 3.1%, six-segment CoV = 5.5%). In six-segment T1 homogeneity, 2FA (CoV = 7.9%) also outperformed 1FA (CoV = 11.1%). CONCLUSION: The 2FA IR-FLASH improves T1 estimate accuracy and repeatability over 1FA IR-FLASH, and enables single-scan B1+ -corrected T1 mapping without BHs or ECG when used with MR multitasking.

Wideband radiofrequency pulse sequence for evaluation of myocardial scar in patients with cardiac implantable devices.

Background: Cardiac magnetic resonance is a useful clinical tool to identify late gadolinium enhancement in heart failure patients with implantable electronic devices. Identification of LGE in patients with CIED is limited by artifact, which can be improved with a wide band radiofrequency pulse sequence. Objective: The authors hypothesize that image quality of LGE images produced using wide-band pulse sequence in patients with devices is comparable to image quality produced using standard LGE sequences in patients without devices. Methods: Two independent readers reviewed LGE images of 16 patients with CIED and 7 patients without intracardiac devices to assess for image quality, device-related artifact, and presence of LGE using the American Society of Echocardiography/American Heart Association 17 segment model of the heart on a 4-point Likert scale. The mean and standard deviation for image quality and artifact rating were determined. Inter-observer reliability was determined by calculating Cohen's kappa coefficient. Statistical significance was determined by T-test as a p {less than or equal to} 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval. Results: All patients underwent CMR without any adverse events. Overall IQ of WB LGE images was significantly better in patients with devices compared to standard LGE in patients without devices (p = 0.001) with reduction in overall artifact rating (p = 0.05). Conclusion: Our study suggests wide-band pulse sequence for LGE can be applied safely to heart failure patients with devices in detection of LV myocardial scar while maintaining image quality, reducing artifact, and following routine imaging protocol after intravenous gadolinium contrast administration.

Simultaneous Multi-Slice Cardiac MR Multitasking for Motion-Resolved, Non-ECG, Free-Breathing T1-T2 Mapping.

The aim of this study is to simultaneously quantify T1/T2 across three slices of the left-ventricular myocardium without breath-holds or ECG monitoring, all within a 3 min scan. Radial simultaneous multi-slice (SMS) encoding, self-gating, and image reconstruction was incorporated into the cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) Multitasking framework to simultaneously image three short-axis slices. A T2prep-IR FLASH sequence with two flip angles was designed and implemented to allow B1+-robust T1 and T2 mapping. The proposed Multitasking-SMS method was validated in a standardized phantom and 10 healthy volunteers, comparing T1 and T2 measurements and scan-rescan repeatability against corresponding reference methods in one layer of phantom vials and in 16 American Heart Association (AHA) myocardial segments. In phantom, Multitasking-SMS T1/T2 measurements showed substantial correlation (R 2 > 0.996) and excellent agreement [intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) ≥ 0.999)] with reference measurements. In healthy volunteers, Multitasking-SMS T1/T2 maps reported similar myocardial T1/T2 values (1,215 ± 91.0/41.5 ± 6.3 ms) to the reference myocardial T1/T2 values (1,239 ± 67.5/42.7 ± 4.1 ms), with P = 0.347 and P = 0.296, respectively. Bland-Altman analyses also demonstrated good in vivo repeatability in both the multitasking and references, with segment-wise coefficients of variation of 4.7% (multitasking T1), 8.9% (multitasking T2), 2.4% [modified look-locker inversion recovery (MOLLI)], and 4.6% (T2-prep FLASH), respectively. In summary, multitasking-SMS is feasible for free-breathing, non-ECG, myocardial T1/T2 quantification in 16 AHA segments over 3 short-axis slices in 3 min. The method shows the great potential for reducing exam time for quantitative CMR without ECG or breath-holds.

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) MRI: Combining Parallel Excitation and Parallel Reception for Enhanced Imaging.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays a critical role in visualizing the structure and functions of the human body. In order to accelerate imaging time and improve image quality, radio-frequency (RF) coil receive arrays are commonly employed to acquire the magnetic resonance (MR) signal. Similarly, multiple transmit coils have been shown to accelerate and refine RF excitation. In this work, we investigate the optimization of total imaging time and image accuracy when considering both the transmit and receive coil arrays; we term this strategy multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) MRI. Our RF pulse design method is modeled by minimizing the excitation errors while simultaneously maximizing the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the reconstructed MR image. It further allows a key tradeoff between the two optimizers. Additionally, multiple acceleration factors, varying numbers of receive coils used, maximum excitation error tolerance, and different excitation patterns are simulated and analyzed in this model. For a given excitation pattern, our method is shown to improve the SNR by 18-130% under certain acceleration schemes, as compared to conventional parallel transmission methods, while simultaneously controlling the excitation error within a desired scope (NRMSE ≤ 0.12).

The effect of repetitive subconcussive collisions on brain integrity in collegiate football players over a single football season: A multi-modal neuroimaging study.

The cumulative effect of repetitive subconcussive collisions on the structural and functional integrity of the brain remains largely unknown. Athletes in collision sports, like football, experience a large number of impacts across a single season of play. The majority of these impacts, however, are generally overlooked, and their long-term consequences remain poorly understood. This study sought to examine the effects of repetitive collisions across a single competitive season in NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision athletes using advanced neuroimaging approaches. Players were evaluated before and after the season using multiple MRI sequences, including T1-weighted imaging, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), arterial spin labeling (ASL), resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI), and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI). While no significant differences were found between pre- and post-season for DTI metrics or cortical volumes, seed-based analysis of rs-fMRI revealed significant (p < 0.05) changes in functional connections to right isthmus of the cingulate cortex (ICC), left ICC, and left hippocampus. ASL data revealed significant (p < 0.05) increases in global cerebral blood flow (CBF), with a specific regional increase in right postcentral gyrus. SWI data revealed that 44% of the players exhibited outlier rates (p < 0.05) of regional decreases in SWI signal. Of key interest, athletes in whom changes in rs-fMRI, CBF and SWI were observed were more likely to have experienced high G impacts on a daily basis. These findings are indicative of potential pathophysiological changes in brain integrity arising from only a single season of participation in the NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision, even in the absence of clinical symptoms or a diagnosis of concussion. Whether these changes reflect compensatory adaptation to cumulative head impacts or more lasting alteration of brain integrity remains to be further explored.