Cortical Macro- and Microstructural Changes in Parkinson's Disease with Probable Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Evidence regarding cortical atrophy patterns in Parkinson's disease (PD) with probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) (PD-pRBD) remains scarce. Cortical mean diffusivity (cMD), as a novel imaging biomarker highly sensitive to detecting cortical microstructural changes in different neurodegenerative diseases, has not been investigated in PD-pRBD yet. OBJECTIVES: The aim was to investigate cMD as a sensitive measure to identify subtle cortical microstructural changes in PD-pRBD and its relationship with cortical thickness (CTh). METHODS: Twenty-two PD-pRBD, 31 PD without probable RBD (PD-nonpRBD), and 28 healthy controls (HC) were assessed using 3D T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging on a 3-T scanner and neuropsychological testing. Measures of cortical brain changes were obtained through cMD and CTh. Two-class group comparisons of a general linear model were performed (P < 0.05). Cohen's d effect size for both approaches was computed. RESULTS: PD-pRBD patients showed higher cMD than PD-nonpRBD patients in the left superior temporal, superior frontal, and precentral gyri, precuneus cortex, as well as in the right middle frontal and postcentral gyri and paracentral lobule (d > 0.8), whereas CTh did not detect significant differences. PD-pRBD patients also showed increased bilateral posterior cMD in comparison with HCs (d > 0.8). These results partially overlapped with CTh results (0.5 < d < 0.8). PD-nonpRBD patients showed no differences in cMD when compared with HCs but showed cortical thinning in the left fusiform gyrus and lateral occipital cortex bilaterally (d > 0.5). CONCLUSIONS: cMD may be more sensitive than CTh displaying significant cortico-structural differences between PD subgroups, indicating this imaging biomarker's utility in studying early cortical changes in PD. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid α-Synuclein Real-Time Quaking-Induced Conversion Identifies Lewy Body Pathology in LRRK2-PD.

BACKGROUND: The neuropathology of Parkinson's disease (PD) associated with leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutations (LRRK2-PD) is heterogeneous and varies with the type of mutation. There are only a few studies evaluating seeding aggregation assays to detect α-synuclein (α-syn) in patients with LRRK2-PD. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate whether α-syn real-time quaking induced conversion (RT-QuIC) is a sensitive biomarker of synucleinopathy in LRRK2-PD. METHODS: We studied α-syn RT-QuIC in brain tissue and postmortem ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of LRRK2-PD cases with and without Lewy-type pathology. RESULTS: The accuracy of α-syn RT-QuIC in substantia nigra and CSF samples of patients with LRRK2-PD was 100%. The test also obtained 100% sensitivity to detect misfolded α-syn in substantia nigra of cases with idiopathic PD and was negative in the substantia nigra of all the control brains without Lewy-type pathology. CONCLUSIONS: Substantia nigra and ventricular CSF RT-QuIC discriminates with high sensitivity and specificity LRRK2 cases with Lewy-type pathology from those without it. RT-QuIC assay could be of particular interest in the selection of cases for clinical trials in this genetic form of PD. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Neurofilament light levels predict clinical progression and death in multiple system atrophy.

Disease-modifying treatments are currently being trialled in multiple system atrophy. Approaches based solely on clinical measures are challenged by heterogeneity of phenotype and pathogenic complexity. Neurofilament light chain protein has been explored as a reliable biomarker in several neurodegenerative disorders but data on multiple system atrophy have been limited. Therefore, neurofilament light chain is not yet routinely used as an outcome measure in multiple system atrophy. We aimed to comprehensively investigate the role and dynamics of neurofilament light chain in multiple system atrophy combined with cross-sectional and longitudinal clinical and imaging scales and for subject trial selection. In this cohort study, we recruited cross-sectional and longitudinal cases in a multicentre European set-up. Plasma and CSF neurofilament light chain concentrations were measured at baseline from 212 multiple system atrophy cases, annually for a mean period of 2 years in 44 multiple system atrophy patients in conjunction with clinical, neuropsychological and MRI brain assessments. Baseline neurofilament light chain characteristics were compared between groups. Cox regression was used to assess survival; receiver operating characteristic analysis to assess the ability of neurofilament light chain to distinguish between multiple system atrophy patients and healthy controls. Multivariate linear mixed-effects models were used to analyse longitudinal neurofilament light chain changes and correlated with clinical and imaging parameters. Polynomial models were used to determine the differential trajectories of neurofilament light chain in multiple system atrophy. We estimated sample sizes for trials aiming to decrease neurofilament light chain levels. We show that in multiple system atrophy, baseline plasma neurofilament light chain levels were better predictors of clinical progression, survival and degree of brain atrophy than the neurofilament light chain rate of change. Comparative analysis of multiple system atrophy progression over the course of disease, using plasma neurofilament light chain and clinical rating scales, indicated that neurofilament light chain levels rise as the motor symptoms progress, followed by deceleration in advanced stages. Sample size prediction suggested that significantly lower trial participant numbers would be needed to demonstrate treatment effects when incorporating plasma neurofilament light chain values into multiple system atrophy clinical trials in comparison to clinical measures alone. In conclusion, neurofilament light chain correlates with clinical disease severity, progression and prognosis in multiple system atrophy. Combined with clinical and imaging analysis, neurofilament light chain can inform patient stratification and serve as a reliable biomarker of treatment response in future multiple system atrophy trials of putative disease-modifying agents.

Intermediate and Expanded HTT Alleles and the Risk for α-Synucleinopathies.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies suggest a link between CAG repeat number in the HTT gene and non-Huntington neurodegenerative diseases. OBJECTIVE: The aim is to analyze whether expanded HTT CAG alleles and/or their size are associated with the risk for developing α-synucleinopathies or their behavior as modulators of the phenotype. METHODS: We genotyped the HTT gene CAG repeat number and APOE-Ɛ isoforms in a case-control series including patients with either clinical or neuropathological diagnosis of α-synucleinopathy. RESULTS: We identified three Parkinson's disease (PD) patients (0.30%) and two healthy controls (0.19%) carrying low-penetrance HTT repeat expansions whereas none of the dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) or multisystem atrophy (MSA) patients carried pathogenic HTT expansions. In addition, a clear increase in the number of HTT CAG repeats was found among DLB and PD groups influenced by the male gender and also by the APOE4 allele among DLB patients. HTT intermediate alleles' (IAs) distribution frequency increased in the MSA group compared with controls (8.8% vs. 3.9%, respectively). These differences were indeed statistically significant in the MSA group with neuropathological confirmation. Two MSA HTT CAG IAs carriers with 32 HTT CAG repeats showed isolated polyQ inclusions in pons and basal nuclei, which are two critical structures in the neurodegeneration of MSA. CONCLUSIONS: Our results point to a link between HTT CAG number, HTT IAs, and expanded HTT CAG repeats with other non-HD brain pathology and support the hypothesis that they can share common neurodegenerative pathways. © 2022 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Common Variants Near ZIC1 and ZIC4 in Autopsy-Confirmed Multiple System Atrophy.

BACKGROUND: Multiple System Atrophy is a rare neurodegenerative disease with alpha-synuclein aggregation in glial cytoplasmic inclusions and either predominant olivopontocerebellar atrophy or striatonigral degeneration, leading to dysautonomia, parkinsonism, and cerebellar ataxia. One prior genome-wide association study in mainly clinically diagnosed patients with Multiple System Atrophy failed to identify genetic variants predisposing for the disease. OBJECTIVE: Since the clinical diagnosis of Multiple System Atrophy yields a high rate of misdiagnosis when compared to the neuropathological gold standard, we studied only autopsy-confirmed cases. METHODS: We studied common genetic variations in Multiple System Atrophy cases (N = 731) and controls (N = 2898). RESULTS: The most strongly disease-associated markers were rs16859966 on chromosome 3, rs7013955 on chromosome 8, and rs116607983 on chromosome 4 with P-values below 5 × 10-6 , all of which were supported by at least one additional genotyped and several imputed single nucleotide polymorphisms. The genes closest to the chromosome 3 locus are ZIC1 and ZIC4 encoding the zinc finger proteins of cerebellum 1 and 4 (ZIC1 and ZIC4). INTERPRETATION: Since mutations of ZIC1 and ZIC4 and paraneoplastic autoantibodies directed against ZIC4 are associated with severe cerebellar dysfunction, we conducted immunohistochemical analyses in brain tissue of the frontal cortex and the cerebellum from 24 Multiple System Atrophy patients. Strong immunohistochemical expression of ZIC4 was detected in a subset of neurons of the dentate nucleus in all healthy controls and in patients with striatonigral degeneration, whereas ZIC4-immunoreactive neurons were significantly reduced inpatients with olivopontocerebellar atrophy. These findings point to a potential ZIC4-mediated vulnerability of neurons in Multiple System Atrophy. © 2022 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Fosmetpantotenate Randomized Controlled Trial in Pantothenate Kinase-Associated Neurodegeneration.

BACKGROUND: Pantothenate kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN) currently has no approved treatments. OBJECTIVES: The Fosmetpantotenate Replacement Therapy pivotal trial examined whether treatment with fosmetpantotenate improves PKAN symptoms and stabilizes disease progression. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter study evaluated fosmetpantotenate, 300 mg oral dose three times daily, versus placebo over a 24-week double-blind period. Patients with pathogenic variants of PANK2, aged 6 to 65 years, with a score ≥6 on the PKAN-Activities of Daily Living (PKAN-ADL) scale were enrolled. Patients were randomized to active (fosmetpantotenate) or placebo treatment, stratified by weight and age. The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline at week 24 in PKAN-ADL. RESULTS: Between July 23, 2017, and December 18, 2018, 84 patients were randomized (fosmetpantotenate: n = 41; placebo: n = 43); all 84 patients were included in the analyses. Six patients in the placebo group discontinued treatment; two had worsening dystonia, two had poor compliance, and two died of PKAN-related complications (aspiration during feeding and disease progression with respiratory failure, respectively). Fosmetpantotenate and placebo group PKAN-ADL mean (standard deviation) scores were 28.2 (11.4) and 27.4 (11.5) at baseline, respectively, and were 26.9 (12.5) and 24.5 (11.8) at week 24, respectively. The difference in least square mean (95% confidence interval) at week 24 between fosmetpantotenate and placebo was -0.09 (-1.69 to 1.51; P = 0.9115). The overall incidence of treatment-emergent serious adverse events was similar in the fosmetpantotenate (8/41; 19.5%) and placebo (6/43; 14.0%) groups. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with fosmetpantotenate was safe but did not improve function assessed by the PKAN-ADL in patients with PKAN. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Discovering the 3' UTR-mediated regulation of alpha-synuclein.

Recent evidence indicates a link between Parkinson's Disease (PD) and the expression of a-synuclein (SNCA) isoforms with different 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs). Yet, the post-transcriptional mechanisms regulating SNCA expression are unknown. Using a large-scale in vitro /in silico screening we identified RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) that interact with SNCA 3' UTRs. We identified two RBPs, ELAVL1 and TIAR, that bind with high affinity to the most abundant and translationally active 3' UTR isoform (575 nt). Knockdown and overexpression experiments indicate that both ELAVL1 and TIAR positively regulate endogenous SNCA in vivo. The mechanism of regulation implies mRNA stabilization as well as enhancement of translation in the case of TIAR. We observed significant alteration of both TIAR and ELAVL1 expression in motor cortex of post-mortem brain donors and primary cultured fibroblast from patients affected by PD and Multiple System Atrophy (MSA). Moreover, trans expression quantitative trait loci (trans-eQTLs) analysis revealed that a group of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TIAR genomic locus influences SNCA expression in two different brain areas, nucleus accumbens and hippocampus. Our study sheds light on the 3' UTR-mediated regulation of SNCA and its link with PD pathogenesis, thus opening up new avenues for investigation of post-transcriptional mechanisms in neurodegeneration.

Alcohol consumption and lung cancer risk in never smokers: a pooled analysis of case-control studies.

Background: Lung cancer is the deadliest cancer in developed countries but the etiology of lung cancer risk in never smokers (LCRINS) is largely unknown. We aim to assess the effects of alcohol consumption, in its different forms, on LCRINS. Methods: We pooled six multi-center case-control studies developed in the northwest of Spain. Cases and controls groups were composed of never smokers. We selected incident cases with anatomopathologically confirmed lung cancer diagnoses. All participants were personally interviewed. We performed two groups of statistical models, applying unconditional logistic regression with generalized additive models. One considered the effect of alcohol type consumption and the other considered the quantity of each alcoholic beverage consumed. Results: A total of 438 cases and 863 controls were included. Median age was 71 and 66, years, respectively. Adenocarcinoma was the predominant histological type, comprising 66% of all cases. We found that any type of wine consumption posed an OR of 2.20 OR 95%CI 1.12-4.35), and spirits consumption had an OR of 1.90 (95%CI 1.13-3.23). Beer consumption had an OR of 1.33 (95%CI 0.82-2.14). These results were similar when women were analyzed separately, but for men there was no apparent risk for any alcoholic beverage. The dose-response analysis for each alcoholic beverage revealed no clear pattern. Conclusions: Wine and spirits consumption might increase the risk of LCRINSs, particularly in females. These results have to be taken with caution given the limitations of the present study.

Missense mutations in TENM4, a regulator of axon guidance and central myelination, cause essential tremor.

Essential tremor (ET) is a common movement disorder with an estimated prevalence of 5% of the population aged over 65 years. In spite of intensive efforts, the genetic architecture of ET remains unknown. We used a combination of whole-exome sequencing and targeted resequencing in three ET families. In vitro and in vivo experiments in oligodendrocyte precursor cells and zebrafish were performed to test our findings. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a missense mutation in TENM4 segregating in an autosomal-dominant fashion in an ET family. Subsequent targeted resequencing of TENM4 led to the discovery of two novel missense mutations. Not only did these two mutations segregate with ET in two additional families, but we also observed significant over transmission of pathogenic TENM4 alleles across the three families. Consistent with a dominant mode of inheritance, in vitro analysis in oligodendrocyte precursor cells showed that mutant proteins mislocalize. Finally, expression of human mRNA harboring any of three patient mutations in zebrafish embryos induced defects in axon guidance, confirming a dominant-negative mode of action for these mutations. Our genetic and functional data, which is corroborated by the existence of a Tenm4 knockout mouse displaying an ET phenotype, implicates TENM4 in ET. Together with previous studies of TENM4 in model organisms, our studies intimate that processes regulating myelination in the central nervous system and axon guidance might be significant contributors to the genetic burden of this disorder.

An exome study of Parkinson's disease in Sardinia, a Mediterranean genetic isolate.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder of complex aetiology. Rare, highly penetrant PD-causing mutations and common risk factors of small effect size have been identified in several genes/loci. However, these mutations and risk factors only explain a fraction of the disease burden, suggesting that additional, substantial genetic determinants remain to be found. Genetically isolated populations offer advantages for dissecting the genetic architecture of complex disorders, such as PD. We performed exome sequencing in 100 unrelated PD patients from Sardinia, a genetic isolate. SNPs absent from dbSNP129 and 1000 Genomes, shared by at least five patients, and of functional effects were genotyped in an independent Sardinian case-control sample (n = 500). Variants associated with PD with nominal p value <0.05 and those with odds ratio (OR) ≥3 were validated by Sanger sequencing and typed in a replication sample of 2965 patients and 2678 controls from Italy, Spain, and Portugal. We identified novel moderately rare variants in several genes, including SCAPER, HYDIN, UBE2H, EZR, MMRN2 and OGFOD1 that were specifically present in PD patients or enriched among them, nominating these as novel candidate risk genes for PD, although no variants achieved genome-wide significance after Bonferroni correction. Our results suggest that the genetic bases of PD are highly heterogeneous, with implications for the design of future large-scale exome or whole-genome analyses of this disease.

Management of rare movement diseases in different world regions.

To evaluate the management of rare movement disorders (RMD) at the international level and identify care needs to be addressed, the Rare Movement Disorders Study Group of the International Parkinson and Movement Disorders Society (MDS) has conducted an exploratory survey. We sent an online survey to experts in Africa, Asia, Oceania and American continents following the classification of the MDS Regional Sections: Africa, Asia and Oceania (A&O), and Pan-America. We did not include Europe as the European Reference Network for Rare Neurological Diseases recently performed a similar care needs survey across European countries. We obtained responses from experts from 20 African, 26 A&O and 19 Pan-American countries. According to the respondents, only 55% of African countries had movement disorders experts, while these were present in 96% of A&O and 91% of Pan-American. Access to care for patients with RMD was stated difficult in 70% of African, 54% of A&O, and 65% of Pan-American countries. Africa was the region with greatest difficulties in accessing diagnostic tests. However, in Pan-America and A&O, large inequalities were observed between countries with quite variable access to therapeutic options such as deep brain stimulation. The survey results reflect wide variability in the management of RMD and provide evidence that a worldwide care-focused network is highly warranted. Scientific and medical organisations should raise awareness of deficits in managing RMD and care disparities among regions. The goals should be to facilitate the training of professionals, establish improvement strategies, and increase support and budgeting for these diseases.

Progression of cortical thinning in early Parkinson's disease.

The aim of this study was to investigate the progression of cortical thinning and gray-matter (GM) volume loss in early Parkinson's disease (PD). MRI and neuropsychological assessment were obtained at baseline and follow-up (mean ± standard deviation = 35.50 ± 1.88 months) in a group of 16 early-PD patients (H & Y stage ≤II and disease duration ≤5 years) and 15 healthy controls matched for age, gender, and years of education. FreeSurfer software was used for the analysis of cortical thickness as well as for cortical and subcortical volumetric analyses. Voxel-based morphometry analysis was performed using SPM8. Compared to controls, PD patients showed greater regional cortical thinning in bilateral frontotemporal regions as well as greater over-time total GM loss and amygdalar volume reduction. PD patients and controls presented similar over-time changes in cognitive functioning. In early-PD patients, global GM loss, amygdalar atrophy, and cortical thinning in frontotemporal regions are specifically associated with the PD-degenerative process.

LRRK2 haplotype-sharing analysis in Parkinson's disease reveals a novel p.S1761R mutation.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Mutations in the Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene at chromosome 12q12 are the most common genetic cause of sporadic and familial late-onset Parkinson's disease. Our aim was to identify novel LRRK2 mutations in late-onset Parkinson's disease families. DESIGN: We analyzed chromosome 12p11.2-q13.1 haplotypes in 14 late-onset Parkinson's disease families without known LRRK2 mutations. RESULTS: Haplotype analysis identified 12 families in which the affected subjects shared chromosome 12p11.2-q13.1 haplotypes. LRRK2 sequencing revealed a novel co-segregating missense mutation in exon 36 (c.5281A>C; p.S1761R) located within a highly conserved region of the COR [C-terminal of ROC (Ras of complex proteins)] domain wherein it could deregulate LRRK2 kinase activity by modifying ROC-COR dimer stability. p.S1761R was present in a late-onset Parkinson's disease family and in 2 unrelated Parkinson's disease subjects, but not in 2491 healthy controls. LRRK2 p.S1761R carriers developed levodopa-responsive asymmetrical parkinsonism, with variable age at onset (range: 37-72 years) suggesting age-dependent penetrance. These findings indicate that mutations interfering with LRRK2 ROC-COR domain dimerization lead to typical Parkinson's disease.

Brain atrophy pattern in de novo Parkinson's disease with probable RBD associated with cognitive impairment.

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) is associated with high likelihood of prodromal Parkinson's disease (PD) and is common in de novo PD. It is associated with greater cognitive impairment and brain atrophy. However, the relation between structural brain characteristics and cognition remains poorly understood. We aimed to investigate subcortical and cortical atrophy in de novo PD with probable RBD (PD-pRBD) and to relate it with cognitive impairment. We analyzed volumetry, cortical thickness, and cognitive measures from 79 PD-pRBD patients, 126 PD without probable RBD patients (PD-non pRBD), and 69 controls from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI). Regression models of cognition were tested using magnetic resonance imaging measures as predictors. We found lower left thalamus volume in PD-pRBD compared with PD-non pRBD. Compared with controls, PD-pRBD group showed atrophy in the bilateral putamen, left hippocampus, left amygdala, and thinning in the right superior temporal gyrus. Specific deep gray matter nuclei volumes were associated with impairment in global cognition, phonemic fluency, processing speed, and visuospatial function in PD-pRBD. In conclusion, cognitive impairment and gray matter atrophy are already present in de novo PD-pRBD. Thalamus, hippocampus, and putamen volumes were mainly associated with these cognitive deficits.

Sex differences in brain atrophy and cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease patients with and without probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.

BACKGROUND: The presence of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) contributes to increase cognitive impairment and brain atrophy in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the impact of sex is unclear. We aimed to investigate sex differences in cognition and brain atrophy in PD patients with and without probable RBD (pRBD). METHODS: Magnetic resonance imaging and cognition data were obtained for 274 participants from the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative database: 79 PD with pRBD (PD-pRBD; male/female, 54/25), 126 PD without pRBD (PD-non pRBD; male/female, 73/53), and 69 healthy controls (male/female, 40/29). FreeSurfer was used to obtain volumetric and cortical thickness data. RESULTS: Males showed greater global cortical and subcortical gray matter atrophy than females in the PD-pRBD group. Significant group-by-sex interactions were found in the pallidum. Structures showing a within-group sex effect in the deep gray matter differed, with significant volume reductions for males in one structure in in PD-non pRBD (brainstem), and three in PD-pRBD (caudate, pallidum and brainstem). Significant group-by-sex interactions were found in Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Symbol Digits Modalities Test (SDMT). Males performed worse than females in MoCA, phonemic fluency and SDMT in the PD-pRBD group. CONCLUSION: Male sex is related to increased cognitive impairment and subcortical atrophy in de novo PD-pRBD. Accordingly, we suggest that sex differences are relevant and should be considered in future clinical and translational research.

Diagnostic Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Measures of Brain Atrophy Across the Spectrum of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy and Corticobasal Degeneration.

Importance: The accurate diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and corticobasal degeneration (CBD) is hampered by imperfect clinical-pathological correlations. Objective: To assess and compare the diagnostic value of the magnetic resonance parkinsonism index (MRPI) and other magnetic resonance imaging-based measures of cerebral atrophy to differentiate between PSP, CBD, and other neurodegenerative diseases. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective diagnostic study included participants with 4-repeat tauopathies (4RT), PSP, CBD, other neurodegenerative diseases and available MRI who appeared in the University of California, San Francisco, Memory and Aging Center database. Data were collected from October 27, 1994, to September 29, 2019. Data were analyzed from March 1 to September 14, 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcome of this study was the neuropathological diagnosis of PSP or CBD. The clinical diagnosis at the time of the MRI acquisition was noted. The imaging measures included the MRPI, cortical thickness, subcortical volumes, including the midbrain, pons, and superior cerebellar peduncle volumes. Multinomial logistic regression models (MLRM) combining different cortical and subcortical regions were defined to discriminate between PSP, CBD, and other pathologies. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROC) and cutoffs were calculated to differentiate between PSP, CBD, and other diseases. Results: Of the 326 included participants, 176 (54%) were male, and the mean (SD) age at MRI was 64.1 (8.0) years. The MRPI showed good diagnostic accuracy for the differentiation between PSP and all other pathologies (accuracy, 87%; AUROC, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.86-0.95) and between 4RT and other pathologies (accuracy, 80%; AUROC, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.76-0.87), but did not allow the discrimination of participants with CBD. Its diagnostic accuracy was lower in the subgroup of patients without the canonical PSP-Richardson syndrome (PSP-RS) or probable corticobasal syndrome (CBS) at MRI. MLRM combining cortical and subcortical measurements showed the highest accuracy for the differentiation between PSP and other pathologies (accuracy, 95%; AUROC, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.97-0.99), CBD and other pathologies (accuracy, 83%; AUROC, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.81-0.91), 4RT and other pathologies (accuracy, 89%; AUROC, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.92-0.97), and PSP and CBD (accuracy, 91%; AUROC, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91-0.99), even in participants without PSP-RS or CBS at MRI. Conclusions and Relevance: In this study, the combination of widely available cortical and subcortical measures of atrophy on MRI discriminated between PSP, CBD, and other pathologies and could be used to support the diagnosis of 4RT in clinical practice.

Insulin-releasing or insulin-sensitizing drugs in Parkinson's disease? Choosing a pathway.

There are several reports in the literature showing an epidemiological and clinical association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and Parkinson's disease (PD). This notwithstanding, many aspects of the pathophysiological links between both diseases remain elusive. Filling this knowledge gap is important to address issues such as whether some antidiabetic drugs can be potential disease-modifying agents in PD.

Mini-Review: The MSA transcriptome.

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is an atypical parkinsonism that rapidly affects motor ability and autonomic function, leaving patients wheelchair-bound and dependent for daily activities in 3-5 years. Differential diagnosis is challenging as cases may resemble Parkinson's disease or other ataxic syndromes depending on the clinical variant (MSA-P or MSA-C), especially in early stages. There are limited symptomatic treatments and no disease-modifying therapies. Pathologically, alpha-synuclein aggregates are found in glial cytoplasmic inclusions, among other proteins, as well as in neurons. The molecular pathogenesis of the disease, however, is widely unknown. Transcriptomic studies in MSA have tried to unravel the pathological mechanisms involved in the disease. Several biological and molecular processes have been described in the literature that associate disease pathogenesis with inflammation, mitochondrial, and autophagy related dysfunctions, as well as prion disease and Alzheimer disease associated pathways. These reports have also registered several differential diagnostic biomarker candidates. However, cross-validation between studies, in general, is poor, making clinical applicability and data reliability very challenging. This review will go over the main transcriptomic studies done in MSA, reporting on the most significant transcriptive and post-transcriptive changes described, and focusing on the main consensual findings.

Sex Differences in Brain and Cognition in de novo Parkinson's Disease.

Background and Objective: Brain atrophy and cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative diseases are influenced by sex. We aimed to investigate sex differences in brain atrophy and cognition in de novo Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. Methods: Clinical, neuropsychological and T1-weighted MRI data from 205 PD patients (127 males: 78 females) and 69 healthy controls (40 males: 29 females) were obtained from the PPMI dataset. Results: PD males had a greater motor and rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder symptomatology than PD females. They also showed cortical thinning in postcentral and precentral regions, greater global cortical and subcortical atrophy and smaller volumes in thalamus, caudate, putamen, pallidum, hippocampus, and brainstem, compared with PD females. Healthy controls only showed reduced hippocampal volume in males compared to females. PD males performed worse than PD females in global cognition, immediate verbal recall, and mental processing speed. In both groups males performed worse than females in semantic verbal fluency and delayed verbal recall; as well as females performed worse than males in visuospatial function. Conclusions: Sex effect in brain and cognition is already evident in de novo PD not explained by age per se, being a relevant factor to consider in clinical and translational research in PD.

Transcriptome analysis in LRRK2 and idiopathic Parkinson's disease at different glucose levels.

Type-2 diabetes (T2D) and glucose metabolic imbalances have been linked to neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease (PD). To detect potential effects of different glucose levels on gene expression, by RNA-seq we analyzed the transcriptome of dermal fibroblasts from idiopathic PD (iPD) patients, LRRK2-associated PD (L2PD) patients, and healthy controls (total n = 21 cell lines), which were cultured at two different glucose concentrations (25 and 5 mM glucose). In PD patients we identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were related to biological processes mainly involving the plasmatic cell membrane, the extracellular matrix, and also neuronal functions. Such pathway deregulation was largely similar in iPD or L2PD fibroblasts. Overall, the gene expression changes detected in this study were associated with PD independently of glucose concentration.