[Clinical, structural and functional features of paroxismal syndrome in insular and temporal lobe tumors]. / Klinicheskie i strukturno-funktsional'nye osobennosti paroksizmal'nykh rasstroistv, obuslovlennykh opukholyami ostrovkovoi i visochnoi dolei.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics of paroxysmal syndrome in insular and temporal lobe tumors, to determine their relationship with the histological structure of tumor, to assess the effect of tumor growth nature on severity of disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis enrolled 80 patients aged 11 - 80 years with insular and temporal lobe tumors and symptomatic epilepsy. All patients underwent surgery at the Polenov National Research Neurosurgery Center in Almazov National Medical Research Center for the period from 2012 to 2018. RESULTS: The main group consisted of 29 patients with tumors of temporal and insular lobes. Control group of 51 patients with temporal gliomas was formed for comparative analysis. It was found that involvement of insular lobe into paroxysmal syndrome is characterized by attacks with a motor component, somatosensory paroxysms, vegetative manifestations (respiratory attacks, salivation, nausea), speech disorders and taste hallucinations. Derealization, motor arrest and déjà vu/jamis vu paroxysms were more common in patients with temporal lobe lesion. Neoplastic lesion of the insular lobe shortens the period between manifestation of paroxysms and surgical treatment. Moreover, this type of disease is characterized by higher incidence of seizures compared to isolated temporal lobe tumors.

[Age-related aspects of male rats sexual behavior with different senescence rates].

Social and sexual behavior of males Wistar and senescence-accelerated OXYS rats was studied. The experimental model excluding direct interaction between partners showed that the exploratory activity decreased with aging in rats of both strains, but social motivation didn't change. No interstrain differences in intensity of sexual motivation in the presence of an inaccessible receptive female were observed in 4-month rats. The level of sexual motivation of 12-month Wistar rats didn't differ from that of 4-month animals. However, in 12-month OXYS males, sexual motivation was decreased as compared to both 4- and 12-month Wistar rats. The same regularities were found under conditions of direct interaction with a partner. Behavioral changes in 12-month OXYS rats were considered as genetically determinate abnormality at the initial stage of sexual behavior, i.e., sexual motivation. The results suggest the accelerated senescence of the reproductive system of OXYS rats.

The characteristics of motor activity in ISIAH rats in an open field test are controlled by genes on chromosomes 2 and 16.

Quantitative Trait Locus (QTL) analysis was used to identify the loci of polygenic characteristics in a study of the genetic determination of the behavior of rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension (ISIAH rats). Analysis was performed using males of two populations of F2 hybrids (ISIAH x WAG) of different ages: 3-4 (n = 106) and six months (n = 130). Chromosomes 2 and 16 in the young population of F2 rats showed significant associations between two characteristics of behavior in ISIAH rats and genetic loci: a) the rats' motor activity at the periphery of the open field area with loci in the regions of markers D2Rat157-D2Rat88 (LOD score 4.83; p = 0.000058) and D16Rat32 (LOD score 3.71; p = 0.00023). Together, these two loci accounted for 42.9% of the trait variability; b) the rats' motor activity during the first minute of the open field test and loci in the region of the marker D16Rat58 (LOD score 3.78; p = 0.00028). Results obtained by QTL analysis demonstrated a relationship between the genetic control of these traits and the animals' age.

[Social isolation and social instability in adolescence in rats: immediate and long-term physiological and behavioral effects].

After weaning on the 21th day, offspring of Wistar rats were reared in groups of 4-5 (controls), singly (social isolation), or exposed to alternate days of isolation and housing in groups of 10 with partner rotation (social instability) for 6 weeks. Then, a part of the rats was decapitated and the remaining young animals were tested and left undisturbed for 2 months in stable groups of 4-5 animals. Adults were tested repeatedly. The weight of the body, thymus and adrenals, resting and acute stress-induced plasma corticosterone levels and basal testosterone concentration, resting and stress-induced systolic blood pressure, amplitude and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle reflex, anxiety- and depression-related behavior were studied in young and adult rats. It was shown that social environment in adolescence can affect the physiological and behavioral responses, some of the effects being transient blunted by subsequent rearing in stable groups, yet others still persisted with age or were clearly manifested in adults only.

[Long-term results of treatment in patients with oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas of the cerebral hemispheres].

BACKGROUND: the current approach to treating patients with cerebral oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas involves surgical treatment with the maximum tumor resection in reasonable ranges, by taking into account the anatomic and physiological availability, followed by chemo- and radiotherapy. Nevertheless, it should be recognized that criteria for choosing the optimum regiment for the treatment of these tumors have not conclusively established. MATERIALS: the long-term results of treatment were analyzed in 80 patients with oligoglial tumors (oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas in 31 and 49 patients, respectively) treated at the A.L. Polenov Russian Institute of Neurosurgery in 1990 to 2004. The patients' mean age was 18.9 years. 38.5% of tumors were located in the frontal lobe. In 67 (83.75%) patients, Karnoffsky score was 70-90. Radiotherapy was used in the treatment of 71 patients and postoperative chemotherapy in 52 (87,5%) patients. RESULTS: After complex therapy, the mean survival was 80.6 months in patients with oligodendrogliomas, 63.3 months in those with anaplastic oligoastrocytomas, and 42 months in those with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas.

[The ISIAH rat locomotion in the open field test is under control of the genes on chromosome 2 and chromosome 16].

The QTL analysis was performed in order to identify the genetic loci that contribute to the behavior in the open field tests in the ISIAH rat strain with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension. Two F2 populations of 3-4-month-old (n = 106) and 6-month-old (n = 130) male rats derived from a cross between the normotensive Wistar albino Glaxo (WAG) and hypertensive ISIAH rats were used in the search for the QTL. In 3-4-month-old rats, QTL were found: a) for the rat locomotion at the periphery of the open field in the region of D2Rat157-D2Rat88 markers (logarithm of odds (LOD) score 4.83; p= 0.000058) on Chr. 2 and in the vicinity of the D16Rat32 marker (LOD score 3.71; p = 0.00023) on Chr. 16. These two QTL describe the 42.9% of the trait variability. b) for the rat locomotion during the first minute of the open field test on Chr.16 near the D16Rat58 marker (LOD score 3.78; p = 0.00028). The results provided support for the existence of the age-dependent differences in the genetic control of the traits analyzed.

[Treatment of cancer metastasis in the brain].

Surgery for brain metastases is an effective treatment for most cancer patients. It involves low post-operative lethality (2.9%) and causes neurological symptoms to regress in most patients. 12-month survival occured in 48.5%, 5 years--10.8%; mean survival duration with good quality of life--11.8 months. Survival basically depended on tumor pattern, metastases to other organs, multiple foci in the brain and habitus.

Hypothalamic monoamines in cold stress on the background of changes in the activity of the nitric oxide system.

The effects of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside and the NO synthase blocker L-omega-N-nitroarginine (LNA) on body temperature, hypothalamic monoamines, and plasma corticosterone in conditions of cooling were studied in Male Wistar rats. Reductions in body temperature on cooling, both after administration of sodium nitroprusside and LNA, were no different from those seen without treatment. The basal corticosterone level after treatment with sodium nitroprusside increased from 5.3 +/- 2.2 to 29.1 +/- 1.8 microg%. Cooling led to a multiple increase in corticosterone levels in all animals, both in control conditions and after treatment with sodium nitroprusside and LNA. Sodium nitroprusside significantly decreased the basal hypothalamic noradrenaline level, by 37%. Cooling of the animals in these conditions led to an additional drop in the noradrenaline level. Noradrenaline levels 48 h after cold stress applied to animals cooled after treatment with LNA or sodium nitroprusside were significantly higher than in those cooled without treatment. No changes in serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid levels were seen in these experiments. The basal dihydroxyphenylacetic acid and dopamine levels increased after treatment with sodium nitroprusside, by 379% and 239% respectively. No dopamine response to cold was observed, though the dihydroxyphenylacetic acid level in the control group and animals treated with LNA increased. Thus, cold stress did not reveal differently directed directions for the actions of the NO donor and the NO synthase blocker, as seen with other types of stress.

Chronic stress during prepubertal development: immediate and long-lasting effects on arterial blood pressure and anxiety-related behavior.

The present work was undertaken to study the immediate and long-lasting effects of environmental stress during prepubertal life in rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension (ISIAH) and normotensive Wistar rats on blood pressure (BP) levels and anxiety-related behavior. Two models of chronic stress (21-32 postnatal days) were used: repeated handling (HS) and unpredictable stress (US) of daily exposures to a variety of mild physical or psychoemotional stressors. Rats were tested just after the end of the chronic stress period and then at the age of 4 months. Chronic prepubertal stress did not affect the basal or stress-induced BP levels in young or adult Wistar rats. In ISIAH rats, chronic stress during the early phase of hypertension development did not accelerate its formation and did not augment its manifestation in adults. Moreover, the basal BP was decreased in young and adult ISIAH rats exposed to HS or US as compared to the age-matched controls. No long-lasting effect on BP elevation under acute stress in adults was found. Plasma corticosterone levels at resting and acute stress conditions were not changed in adult rats that had experienced prepubertal stress. Hypertensive rats proved to be less anxious in the elevated plus-maze test. The immediate effects of chronic stress were similar in the two rat strains: HS had an anxiolytic action while US stimulated anxiety. Long-lasting consequences depended on the rat strain: the anxiolytic effect of HS was retained in Wistar rats and US caused a greater anxiety in adult ISIAH rats. The data do not evidence that symptoms of anxiety are related to the development and maintenance of stress-sensitive arterial hypertension in ISIAH rats.

Treatment with L-dopa in early life restored pituitary-adrenocortical response to emotional stress in adult rats with inherited arterial hypertension.

This study investigates the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical system (HPAS) in adult rats with inherited stress-induced arterial hypertension (ISIAH rats) whose arterial blood pressure was lowered by the dopamine precursor L-DOPA treatment during early development (on days 21-25 of life). The response of the HPAS induced by emotional stress was significantly lower in intact ISIAH rats than in normotensive Wistar animals. Injections of L-DOPA on days 21-23 or 21-25 of postnatal life were followed by a long-lasting complete restoration of the emotional stress response in adult ISIAH rats. The restoring effect of L-DOPA was produced through enhancement of synthesis of the brain noradrenaline and, perhaps, adrenaline. The effect was associated with a normalization of the response of the brain adrenergic system to noradrenaline and did not relate to an increase of the plasma corticosterone level after L-DOPA administration in early ontogeny.