Detection of BRAF mutations in patients with hairy cell leukemia and related lymphoproliferative disorders.

Hairy cell leukemia has been shown to be strongly associated with the BRAF V600E mutation. We screened 59 unenriched archived bone marrow aspirate and peripheral blood samples from 51 patients with hairy cell leukemia using high resolution melting analysis and confirmatory Sanger sequencing. The BRAF V600E mutation was detected in 38 samples (from 36 patients). The BRAF V600E mutation was detected in all samples with disease involvement above the limit of sensitivity of the techniques used. Thirty-three of 34 samples from other hematologic malignancies were negative for BRAF mutations. A BRAF K601E mutation was detected in a patient with splenic marginal zone lymphoma. Our data support the recent finding of a disease defining point mutation in hairy cell leukemia. Furthermore, high resolution melting with confirmatory Sanger sequencing are useful methods that can be employed in routine diagnostic laboratories to detect BRAF mutations in patients with hairy cell leukemia and related lymphoproliferative disorders.

Use of red blood cell transfusions in surgery.

BACKGROUND: Limited blood supplies necessitate the rational use of blood products. The aim of the present study was to provide a basis for audits of red cell usage in surgery by benchmarking common practice. Application of the data to the construction of a maximum surgical blood order schedule may be relevant for centres that perform a serological crossmatch or who collect autologous units. METHODS: Data on surgical procedures identified by Commonwealth Medical Benefits Schedule item numbers, were collected retrospectively from theatre and blood bank records at the Royal Melbourne and Melbourne Private hospitals from May 1997 to April 1998. The percentage of procedures for which red cells were transfused, and the mean, median and range of units transfused for procedures with >/= 30% transfusion likelihood were identified. RESULTS: Over 12 months, 266 surgical procedure codes were itemized >/= 10 times each, contributing 12 300 data entries. Only 38 procedures demonstrated an incidence of transfusion of at least 30%. Most frequently transfused procedures included spinal fusion, total hip replacement, mandible/maxilla resection, prostatectomy and bladder excision. CONCLUSION: The number of common surgical procedures in which there is a 30% or greater likelihood that red cell transfusions will be given is limited. This benchmarking of common red cell usage is a first step in the process of determination of transfusion appropriateness.

Utilization of preoperative autologous blood donation in elective surgery.

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present paper was to review the pattern of collection and transfusion of autologous red cells for elective surgical procedures METHODS: Data on requests for preoperative autologous donation of blood were obtained from the Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Victoria and the Royal Melbourne Hospital for the calendar year 1998. The following information was collected: patient age, sex, surgery type, number of autologous units requested and collected and, if relevant, reasons for not achieving the requested collection. Transfusion of autologous units and any additional homologous units was confirmed from records at the blood banks of the Royal Melbourne Hospital and Melbourne Pathology (the pathology provider performing cross-matching for the majority of autologous units collected by Australian Red Cross Blood Service, Victoria). RESULTS: Over 12 months, 2803 units of autologous blood were requested and 2282 units collected from 1301 patients. The most common reason for failure to collect the number of units requested was insufficient time between referral and surgery. Of the autologous units collected, 73% were transfused giving a collection to transfusion ratio of 1.4. Sixty-eight per cent of patients received their autologous units only, 10% received both autologous and homologous units, while 22% were not transfused. For the majority of procedures, patients using preoperative autologous donation of blood had higher transfusion rates than those who did not use this. CONCLUSIONS: Ninety per cent of patients undergoing preoperative autologous donation of blood successfully avoided homologous blood exposure. However, preoperative autologous donation of blood is both wasteful and increases the incidence of transfusion in surgical procedures.

Post-arrival health screening in Karen refugees in Australia.

OBJECTIVE: To document the prevalence of nutritional deficiencies, infectious diseases and susceptibility to vaccine preventable diseases in Karen refugees in Australia. DESIGN: Retrospective audit of pathology results. SETTING: Community based cohort in Melbourne over the period July 2006-October 2009. PARTICIPANTS: 1136 Karen refugee children and adults, representing almost complete local area settlement and 48% of total Victorian Karen humanitarian intake for the time period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Prevalence of positive test results for refugee health screening, with breakdown by age group (<6 years, 6-11 years, 12-17 years, 18 years and older). RESULTS: Overall prevalence figures were: anaemia 9.2%, microcytosis 19.1%, iron deficiency 13.1%, low vitamin B(12) 1.5%, low folate 1.5%, abnormal thyroid function tests 4.4%, vitamin D<50 nmol/L 33.3%, hypocalcaemia 7.4%, raised alkaline phosphatase 5.2%, abnormal liver transaminases 16.1%, hepatitis B surface antigen positive 9.7%, hepatitis B surface antibody positive 49.5%, isolated hepatitis B core antibody positive 9.0%, hepatitis C positive 1.9%, eosinophilia 14.4%, Schistosoma infection 7%, Strongyloides infection 20.8%, malaria 0.2%, faecal parasites 43.4%. Quantiferon-gold screening was positive in 20.9%. No cases of syphilis or HIV were identified. Serological immunity to vaccine preventable diseases was 87.1% for measles, 95% for mumps and 66.4% for rubella; 56.9% of those tested had seroimmunity to all three. CONCLUSIONS: Karen refugees have high rates of nutritional deficiencies and infectious diseases and may be susceptible to vaccine preventable diseases. These data support the need for post-arrival health screening and accessible, funded catch-up immunisation.

Who is responsible for the care of patients treated with warfarin therapy?

OBJECTIVE: To identify potential weaknesses in the system of managing warfarin therapy. DESIGN, PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: A structured interview-based study of 40 community-dwelling patients taking warfarin and with an international normalised ratio > or = 6.0 and 36 of their treating doctors (35 general practitioners and 1 specialist), conducted between July and November 2007. Patients all received services from and were recruited sequentially by a large, private metropolitan pathology provider in Melbourne. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients' demographic, clinical, cognitive and psychosocial characteristics, warfarin knowledge, medication complexity and adherence; and doctors' experience with, approach to and involvement in warfarin management, and their perception of responsibility for warfarin management and patient education. RESULTS: Interviews revealed multiple difficulties, including cognitive dysfunction, possible depression, and medication non-adherence, in 30 of 40 patients. Of 36 doctors interviewed, 12 were unaware of these difficulties in their patients. Five doctors considered they had sole responsibility for their patients' anticoagulation, while 15 confirmed a mutual relationship with the pathology service, and 16 deferred total responsibility to the pathology provider. Only 14/36 doctors reported conducting patient education at commencement of warfarin therapy, with the other 22 stating this was the responsibility of the initiating specialist, pathology service or dispensing pharmacist. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for improved role clarification in coordinating warfarin management. We propose exploring the possibility of a Warfarin Suitability Score to assist better recognition of patients in whom treatment may be problematic, along with a model of care using practice nurses with GPs to facilitate optimal patient care.