RESUMEN
The CD2-CD58 recognition system promotes adhesion and signaling and counters exhaustion in human T cells. We found that CD2 localized to the outer edge of the mature immunological synapse, with cellular or artificial APC, in a pattern we refer to as a 'CD2 corolla'. The corolla captured engaged CD28, ICOS, CD226 and SLAM-F1 co-stimulators. The corolla amplified active phosphorylated Src-family kinases (pSFK), LAT and PLC-γ over T cell receptor (TCR) alone. CD2-CD58 interactions in the corolla boosted signaling by 77% as compared with central CD2-CD58 interactions. Engaged PD-1 invaded the CD2 corolla and buffered CD2-mediated amplification of TCR signaling. CD2 numbers and motifs in its cytoplasmic tail controlled corolla formation. CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes displayed low expression of CD2 in the majority of people with colorectal, endometrial or ovarian cancer. CD2 downregulation may attenuate antitumor T cell responses, with implications for checkpoint immunotherapies.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD2/metabolismo , Antígenos CD58/metabolismo , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/metabolismo , Sinapsis Inmunológicas/metabolismo , Linfocitos Infiltrantes de Tumor/metabolismo , Neoplasias/metabolismo , Receptor de Muerte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Adhesión Celular , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Tolerancia Inmunológica , Activación de Linfocitos , Unión Proteica , Receptor Cross-Talk , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Análisis de la Célula IndividualRESUMEN
The tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member HVEM is one of the most frequently mutated surface proteins in germinal center (GC)-derived B cell lymphomas. We found that HVEM deficiency increased B cell competitiveness during pre-GC and GC responses. The immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily protein BTLA regulated HVEM-expressing B cell responses independently of B-cell-intrinsic signaling via HVEM or BTLA. BTLA signaling into T cells through the phosphatase SHP1 reduced T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and preformed CD40 ligand mobilization to the immunological synapse, thus diminishing the help delivered to B cells. Moreover, T cell deficiency in BTLA cooperated with B cell Bcl-2 overexpression, leading to GC B cell outgrowth. These results establish that HVEM restrains the T helper signals delivered to B cells to influence GC selection outcomes, and they suggest that BTLA functions as a cell-extrinsic suppressor of GC B cell lymphomagenesis.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos B/inmunología , Centro Germinal/inmunología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Receptores Inmunológicos/metabolismo , Miembro 14 de Receptores del Factor de Necrosis Tumoral/metabolismo , Linfocitos T Colaboradores-Inductores/inmunología , Animales , Proliferación Celular , Sinapsis Inmunológicas , Activación de Linfocitos , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Ratones Transgénicos , Comunicación Paracrina , Proteína Tirosina Fosfatasa no Receptora Tipo 6/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Receptores Inmunológicos/genética , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
After infection, many factors coordinate the population expansion and differentiation of CD8+ effector and memory T cells. Using data of unparalleled breadth from the Immunological Genome Project, we analyzed the CD8+ T cell transcriptome throughout infection to establish gene-expression signatures and identify putative transcriptional regulators. Notably, we found that the expression of key gene signatures can be used to predict the memory-precursor potential of CD8+ effector cells. Long-lived memory CD8+ cells ultimately expressed a small subset of genes shared by natural killer T and γδ T cells. Although distinct inflammatory milieu and T cell precursor frequencies influenced the differentiation of CD8+ effector and memory populations, core transcriptional signatures were regulated similarly, whether polyclonal or transgenic, and whether responding to bacterial or viral model pathogens. Our results provide insights into the transcriptional regulation that influence memory formation and CD8+ T cell immunity.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Memoria Inmunológica/genética , Memoria Inmunológica/inmunología , Infecciones/genética , Infecciones/inmunología , Transcripción Genética , Animales , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/citología , Diferenciación Celular/genética , Diferenciación Celular/inmunología , Análisis por Conglomerados , Biología Computacional/métodos , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Masculino , Ratones , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/genéticaRESUMEN
Memory T cells are endowed with multiple functional features that enable them to be more protective than naive T cells against infectious threats. It is not known if memory cells have a higher synapse propensity (SP; i.e., increased probability to form immature immunological synapses that then provide an entry into different modes of durable interaction with APCs). In this study, we show that only human memory CD8 T cells have remarkably high SP compared with naive counterparts. Such a dichotomy between naive and memory cells is not observed within the human CD4 or murine CD8 T cell population. Higher SP in human memory CD8 T cells allows them to outcompete and prevent naive CD8 T cells from getting recruited to the response. This observation has implications for original antigenic sin and aging of the immune system in humans.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Memoria Inmunológica/inmunología , Sinapsis Inmunológicas/inmunología , Envejecimiento/inmunología , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Humanos , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Ratones , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunologíaRESUMEN
T cells are known to scale their clonal expansion and effector cytokine response according to the dose and strength of antigenic signal so as to balance their role of affecting protection with the intertwined and immunologically driven tissue damage. How T cells achieve this is now beginning to be understood. We underscore temporal integration of digital T cell receptor (TCR) signaling as the basis for achieving scaled response by means of accumulating crucial mediators over time. We also discuss the role of temporally integrated crosstalk between TCR and IL2 signaling in mediating a scaled, coherent, collective response by T cells. Finally, we highlight numerous known and putative regulatory interactions in the transcriptional program that are expected to quantitatively scale the T cell response, and also offer new mechanisms to hitherto unexplained observations.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T/citología , Linfocitos T/fisiología , Animales , Antígenos/inmunología , Biomarcadores , Humanos , Inmunomodulación , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
T cells constitute a crucial arm of the adaptive immune system and their optimal function is required for a healthy immune response. After the initial step of T cell-receptor (TCR) triggering by antigenic peptide complexes on antigen presenting cell (APC), the T cell exhibits extensive cytoskeletal remodeling. This cytoskeletal remodeling leads to the formation of an "immunological synapse" [1] characterized by regulated clustering, segregation and movement of receptors at the interface. Synapse formation regulates T cell activation and response to antigenic peptides and proceeds via feedback between actin cytoskeleton and TCR signaling. Actin polymerization participates in various events during the synapse formation, maturation, and eventually its disassembly. There is increasing knowledge about the actin effectors that couple TCR activation to actin rearrangements [2,3], and how defects in these effectors translate into impairment of T cell activation. In this review we aim to summarize and integrate parts of what is currently known about this feedback process. In addition, in light of recent advancements in our understanding of TCR triggering and translocation at the synapse, we speculate on the organizational and functional diversity of microfilament architecture in the T cell. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Reciprocal influences between cell cytoskeleton and membrane channels, receptors and transporters. Guest Editor: Jean Claude Hervé.
Asunto(s)
Citoesqueleto de Actina/metabolismo , Comunicación Celular , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Animales , Humanos , Transducción de SeñalRESUMEN
Semaphorin-3A (SEMA3A) functions as a chemorepulsive signal during development and can affect T cells by altering their filamentous actin (F-actin) cytoskeleton. The exact extent of these effects on tumour-specific T cells are not completely understood. Here we demonstrate that Neuropilin-1 (NRP1) and Plexin-A1 and Plexin-A4 are upregulated on stimulated CD8+ T cells, allowing tumour-derived SEMA3A to inhibit T cell migration and assembly of the immunological synapse. Deletion of NRP1 in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells enhance CD8+ T-cell infiltration into tumours and restricted tumour growth in animal models. Conversely, over-expression of SEMA3A inhibit CD8+ T-cell infiltration. We further show that SEMA3A affects CD8+ T cell F-actin, leading to inhibition of immune synapse formation and motility. Examining a clear cell renal cell carcinoma patient cohort, we find that SEMA3A expression is associated with reduced survival, and that T-cells appear trapped in SEMA3A rich regions. Our study establishes SEMA3A as an inhibitor of effector CD8+ T cell tumour infiltration, suggesting that blocking NRP1 could improve T cell function in tumours.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma de Células Renales , Neoplasias Renales , Animales , Humanos , Actinas , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos , Citoesqueleto , Semaforina-3A/genéticaRESUMEN
Small immunoglobulin superfamily (sIGSF) adhesion complexes form a corolla of microdomains around an integrin ring and secretory core during immunological synapse (IS) formation. The corolla recruits and retains major costimulatory/checkpoint complexes, such as CD28, making forces that govern corolla formation of particular interest. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying molecular reorganization of CD2, an adhesion and costimulatory molecule of the sIGSF family during IS formation. Computer simulations showed passive distal exclusion of CD2 complexes under weak interactions with the ramified F-actin transport network. Attractive forces between CD2 and CD28 complexes relocate CD28 from the IS center to the corolla. Size-based sorting interactions with large glycocalyx components, such as CD45, or short-range CD2 self-attraction successfully explain the corolla 'petals.' This establishes a general simulation framework for complex pattern formation observed in cell-bilayer and cell-cell interfaces, and the suggestion of new therapeutic targets, where boosting or impairing characteristic pattern formation can be pivotal.
RESUMEN
Phosphorylation of proteins is a predominant, reversible post-translational modification. It is central to a wide variety of physiological responses and signaling mechanisms. Recent advances have allowed the global scope of phosphorylation to be addressed by mass spectrometry using phosphoproteomic approaches. In this perspective, we discuss four aspects of phosphoproteomics: the insights and implications from recently published phosphoproteomic studies and the applications and limitations of current phosphoproteomic strategies. Since approximately 50,000 known phosphorylation sites do not yet have any ascribed function, we present our perspectives on a major function of protein phosphorylation that may be of predictive value in hypothesis-based investigations. Finally, we discuss strategies to measure the stoichiometry of phosphorylation in a proteome-wide manner that is not provided by current phosphoproteomic approaches.
Asunto(s)
Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Proteínas/química , Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteómica/métodos , Animales , Humanos , Modelos Teóricos , FosforilaciónRESUMEN
Research in the field of human immunology is restricted by the lack of a system that reconstitutes the in-situactivation dynamics of quiescent human antigen-specific T-cells interacting with dendritic cells. Here we report a tissue-like system that recapitulates the dynamics of engineered primary human immune cell. Our approach facilitates real-time single-cell manipulations, tracking of interactions and functional responses complemented by population-based measurements of cytokines, activation status and proliferation. As a proof of concept, we recapitulate immunological phenomenon such as CD4 T-cells' help to CD8 T-cells through enhanced maturation of DCs and the effect of PD-1 checkpoint blockades. In addition, we characterise unique dynamics of T-cell/DC interactions as a function of antigen affinity.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Comunicación Celular/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Presentación de Antígeno/inmunología , Células Presentadoras de Antígenos/inmunología , Antígenos/inmunología , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/inmunología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Humanos , Sistema Inmunológico/citología , Sistema Inmunológico/inmunología , Sistema Inmunológico/metabolismoRESUMEN
Planar supported lipid bilayers (PSLB) presenting T cell receptor (TCR) ligands and ICAM-1 induce budding of extracellular microvesicles enriched in functional TCR, defined here as synaptic ectosomes (SE), from helper T cells. SE bind peptide-MHC directly exporting TCR into the synaptic cleft, but incorporation of other effectors is unknown. Here, we utilized bead supported lipid bilayers (BSLB) to capture SE from single immunological synapses (IS), determined SE composition by immunofluorescence flow cytometry and enriched SE for proteomic analysis by particle sorting. We demonstrate selective enrichment of CD40L and ICOS in SE in response to addition of CD40 and ICOSL, respectively, to SLB presenting TCR ligands and ICAM-1. SE are enriched in tetraspanins, BST-2, TCR signaling and ESCRT proteins. Super-resolution microscopy demonstrated that CD40L is present in microclusters within CD81 defined SE that are spatially segregated from TCR/ICOS/BST-2. CD40L+ SE retain the capacity to induce dendritic cell maturation and cytokine production.
Asunto(s)
Ligando de CD40/análisis , Micropartículas Derivadas de Células/química , Micropartículas Derivadas de Células/metabolismo , Receptores de Antígenos/análisis , Linfocitos T Colaboradores-Inductores/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Células Dendríticas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Citometría de Flujo , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Humanos , Proteoma/análisisRESUMEN
Elucidating the rules for receptor triggering in cell-cell and cell-matrix contacts requires precise control of ligand positioning in three dimensions. Here, we use the T cell receptor (TCR) as a model and subject T cells to different geometric arrangements of ligands, using a nanofabricated single-molecule array platform. This comprises monovalent TCR ligands anchored to lithographically patterned nanoparticle clusters surrounded by mobile adhesion molecules on a supported lipid bilayer. The TCR ligand could be co-planar with the supported lipid bilayer (2D), excluding the CD45 transmembrane tyrosine phosphatase, or elevated by 10 nm on solid nanopedestals (3D), allowing closer access of CD45 to engaged TCR. The two configurations resulted in different T cell responses, depending on the lateral spacing between the ligands. These results identify the important contributions of lateral and axial components of ligand positioning and create a more complete foundation for receptor engineering for immunotherapy.
Asunto(s)
Análisis por Micromatrices/instrumentación , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Diseño de Equipo , Humanos , Proteínas Inmovilizadas/metabolismo , Antígenos Comunes de Leucocito/metabolismo , Ligandos , Membrana Dobles de Lípidos/metabolismo , Nanoestructuras/química , Linfocitos T/citologíaRESUMEN
T cells engage in two modes of interaction with antigen-presenting surfaces: stable synapses and motile kinapses. Although it is surmised that durable interactions of T cells with antigen-presenting cells involve synapses, in situ 3D imaging cannot resolve the mode of interaction. We have established in vitro 2D platforms and quantitative metrics to determine cell-intrinsic modes of interaction when T cells are faced with spatially continuous or restricted stimulation. All major resting human T cell subsets, except memory CD8 T cells, spend more time in the kinapse mode on continuous stimulatory surfaces. Surprisingly, we did not observe any concordant relationship between the mode and durability of interaction on cell-sized stimulatory spots. Naive CD8 T cells maintain kinapses for more than 3 hr before leaving stimulatory spots, whereas their memory counterparts maintain synapses for only an hour before leaving. Thus, durable interactions do not require stable synapses.
Asunto(s)
Sinapsis Inmunológicas/inmunología , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , HumanosRESUMEN
Supported lipid bilayers (SLB) formed on glass substrates have been a useful tool for study of immune cell signaling since the early 1980s. The mobility of lipid-anchored proteins in the system, first described for antibodies binding to synthetic phospholipid head groups, allows for the measurement of two-dimensional binding reactions and signaling processes in a single imaging plane over time or for fixed samples. The fragility of SLB and the challenges of building and validating individual substrates limit most experimenters to ~10 samples per day, perhaps increasing this few-fold when examining fixed samples. Successful experiments might then require further days to fully analyze. We present methods for automation of many steps in SLB formation, imaging in 96-well glass bottom plates, and analysis that enables >100-fold increase in throughput for fixed samples and wide-field fluorescence. This increased throughput will allow better coverage of relevant parameters and more comprehensive analysis of aspects of the immunological synapse that are well reconstituted by SLB.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/química , Sinapsis Inmunológicas/química , Membrana Dobles de Lípidos/química , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Humanos , Sinapsis Inmunológicas/inmunología , Membrana Dobles de Lípidos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Over the decades, isotope-dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) has been implemented extensively for accurate quantification of drugs, metabolites and peptides in body fluids and tissues. More recently, it has been extended for quantifying specific proteins in complex mixtures. In this extended methodology, proteins are subjected to endoprotease action and specific resultant peptides are quantified by using synthetic stable isotope-labeled standard (SIS) peptides and IDMS. This article outlines the utilities and applications of quantifying proteins by IDMS, emphasizing its complementary value to global survey-based proteomic studies. The potential of SIS peptides to provide quantitative insights into cell signaling is also highlighted, with specific examples. Finally, we propose several novel mass spectrometric data acquisition strategies for large-scale applications of IDMS and SIS peptides in systems biology and protein biomarker validation studies.
Asunto(s)
Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Proteínas/análisis , Proteínas/química , Proteómica/métodos , Animales , Humanos , Isótopos/química , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional , Proteínas/metabolismo , Técnica de Dilución de RadioisótoposRESUMEN
Integrative analytical approaches are needed to study and understand T cell motility as it is a highly coordinated and complex process. Several computational algorithms and tools are available to track motile cells in time-lapse microscopy images. In contrast, there has only been limited effort towards the development of tools that take advantage of multi-channel microscopy data and facilitate integrative analysis of cell-motility. We have implemented algorithms for detecting, tracking, and analyzing cell motility from multi-channel time-lapse microscopy data. We have integrated these into a MATLAB-based toolset we call TIAM (Tool for Integrative Analysis of Motility). The cells are detected by a hybrid approach involving edge detection and Hough transforms from transmitted light images. Cells are tracked using a modified nearest-neighbor association followed by an optimization routine to join shorter segments. Cell positions are used to perform local segmentation for extracting features from transmitted light, reflection and fluorescence channels and associating them with cells and cell-tracks to facilitate integrative analysis. We found that TIAM accurately captures the motility behavior of T cells and performed better than DYNAMIK, Icy, Imaris, and Volocity in detecting and tracking motile T cells. Extraction of cell-associated features from reflection and fluorescence channels was also accurate with less than 10% median error in measurements. Finally, we obtained novel insights into T cell motility that were critically dependent on the unique capabilities of TIAM. We found that 1) the CD45RO subset of human CD8 T cells moved faster and exhibited an increased propensity to attach to the substratum during CCL21-driven chemokinesis when compared to the CD45RA subset; and 2) attachment area and arrest coefficient during antigen-induced motility of the CD45A subset is correlated with surface density of integrin LFA1 at the contact.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/fisiología , Movimiento Celular/fisiología , Microscopía Confocal/métodos , Algoritmos , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Movimiento Celular/inmunología , Quimiocina CCL21/inmunología , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador/métodos , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Imagenología Tridimensional/mortalidad , Antígenos Comunes de Leucocito/inmunología , Programas InformáticosRESUMEN
Protein phosphorylation events during T cell receptor (TCR) signaling control the formation of complexes among proteins proximal to the TCR, the activation of kinase cascades, and the activation of transcription factors; however, the mode and extent of the influence of phosphorylation in coordinating the diverse phenomena associated with T cell activation are unclear. Therefore, we used the human Jurkat T cell leukemia cell line as a model system and performed large-scale quantitative phosphoproteomic analyses of TCR signaling. We identified 10,665 unique phosphorylation sites, of which 696 showed TCR-responsive changes. In addition, we analyzed broad trends in phosphorylation data sets to uncover underlying mechanisms associated with T cell activation. We found that, upon stimulation of the TCR, phosphorylation events extensively targeted protein modules involved in all of the salient phenomena associated with T cell activation: patterning of surface proteins, endocytosis of the TCR, formation of the F-actin cup, inside-out activation of integrins, polarization of microtubules, production of cytokines, and alternative splicing of messenger RNA. Further, case-by-case analysis of TCR-responsive phosphorylation sites on proteins belonging to relevant functional modules together with network analysis allowed us to deduce that serine-threonine (S-T) phosphorylation modulated protein-protein interactions (PPIs) in a system-wide fashion. We also provide experimental support for this inference by showing that phosphorylation of tubulin on six distinct serine residues abrogated PPIs during the assembly of microtubules. We propose that modulation of PPIs by stimulus-dependent changes in S-T phosphorylation state is a widespread phenomenon applicable to many other signaling systems.
Asunto(s)
Fosfoproteínas/análisis , Proteómica/métodos , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Actinas/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Sitios de Unión/genética , Transporte Biológico , Citocinas/metabolismo , Endocitosis , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/metabolismo , Humanos , Células Jurkat , Microtúbulos/metabolismo , Modelos Biológicos , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Fosfoproteínas/genética , Fosfoproteínas/metabolismo , Fosforilación , Unión Proteica , Mapeo de Interacción de Proteínas/métodos , Empalme del ARN , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Serina/genética , Serina/metabolismo , Treonina/genética , Treonina/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Tirosina/genética , Tirosina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Cardiovascular disease presents significant variations in human populations with respect to the atherosclerotic plaque progression, inflammation, thrombosis, and rupture. To gain a more comprehensive picture of the pathogenic mechanism of atherosclerosis and the variations seen in patients, efficient methods to identify proteins from the normal and diseased arteries need to be developed. To accomplish this goal, we tested the feasibility and efficiency of protein identification by a recently developed method, termed direct tissue proteomics (DTP). We analyzed frozen and paraformaldehyde-fixed archival coronary arteries with the DTP method. We also validated the distinct expression of four proteins by immunohistochemistry. In addition, we demonstrated the compatibility of the DTP method with laser capture microdissection and the possibility of monitoring specific cytokines and growth factors by the absolute quantification of abundance method. Major findings from this feasibility study are that 1) DTP can be used to efficiently identify proteins from paraformaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded, and frozen coronary arteries; 2) approximately twice the number of proteins were identified from the frozen sections when compared with the paraformaldehyde-fixed sections; 3) laser capture microdissection is compatible with DTP; and 4) detection of low abundance cytokines and growth factors in the coronary arteries required selective reaction monitoring experiments coupled to absolute quantification of abundance. The analysis of 35 human coronary atherosclerotic samples allowed identification of a total of 806 proteins. The present study provides the first large scale proteomics map of human coronary atherosclerotic plaques.