Prehabilitation in radiation therapy: a scoping review.

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES: Radiation therapy (RT) is a central component of cancer treatment with survival and long-term quality-of-life benefits across a spectrum of oncologic diagnoses. However, RT has been associated with varying levels of fatigue, pain, weight loss, and changes in mental health both during and post-treatment. Prehabilitation aims to optimize health prior to anti-neoplastic therapy in order to reduce side effects, increase adherence to treatment, expedite post-treatment recovery, and improve long-term outcomes. Though prehabilitation has been studied in those undergoing cancer-related surgery, literature on prehabilitation in individuals undergoing RT has not been comprehensively explored. Thus, this scoping review aims to summarize the existing literature focused on prehabilitation interventions for patients receiving RT. MATERIALS/METHODS: The PRISMA-ScR checklist for conducting scoping reviews was adopted to identify and evaluate studies investigating the efficacy of prehabilitation before and during RT for cancer over the past 21 years (10/2002-10/2022). A search of prehabilitation and RT was performed to identify studies investigating prehabilitation interventions in adult cancer patients undergoing RT. RESULTS: A total of 30 articles met inclusion criteria, yielding 3657 total participants. Eighteen (60%) studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with sample sizes ranging from 21 to 221. The most commonly studied populations were patients with head and neck cancer, followed by rectal, breast, and lung cancer. A majority (80%) of studies evaluated one prehabilitation intervention (i.e., unimodal). Targeted physical exercises were the most common intervention, followed by general physical exercises and technology/apps. Adherence/feasibility was the most common primary outcome, representing 30% of studies. All studies reported data on sex, and 5 (17%) reported data on race and/or ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: Prehabilitation interventions have been successfully implemented in patients with cancer undergoing surgical treatment. Based on limited current literature, prehabilitation appears to have a promising effect in reducing morbidity in adult cancer patients requiring RT. Though our review identified many RCTs, they were frequently small sample trials with primary outcomes focused on feasibility, rather than functional status or quality of life. Thus, there is a need for adequately powered, randomized controlled intervention trials to investigate the efficacy of prehabilitation and maximize the treatment outcomes for patients undergoing RT.

Impact of Clinical Trial Design on Recruitment of Racial and Ethnic Minorities.

Knowledge related to how oncology treatment trial design influences enrollment of racial and ethnic minorities is limited. Rigorous identification of clinical trial design parameters that associate favorably with minority accrual provides educational opportunities for individuals interested in designing more representative treatment trials. We identified oncology trials with a minimum of 10 patients at an NCI-Designated Comprehensive Cancer Center from 2010 to 2021. We defined a study endpoint of racial and ethnic minority accrual greater than zero. Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine whether co-variables predicted our study endpoint. P-values of less than 0.05 were considered significant. A total of 352 cancer trials met eligibility criteria. These studies enrolled a total of 7981 patients with a total of 926 racial and ethnic minorities leading to a median enrollment of 10%. Trials open in community sites (yes versus no) were more likely to have a minority patient (OR, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.02-4.96) as well as pilot/phase I studies compared to phase II/III (OR, 3.19; 95% CI, 1.34-8.26). Trials incorporating immunotherapy (yes versus no) were less likely to have a minority patient (OR, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.23-0.94). Trials open in community sites as well as early phase treatment studies were more likely to accrue minority patients. However, studies including immunotherapy were less likely to accrue racial and ethnic minorities. Knowledge gained from our analysis may help individuals design oncology treatment trials that are representative of more diverse populations.

Spine Patient Optimal Radiosurgery Treatment for Symptomatic Metastatic Neoplasms (SPORTSMEN): a randomized phase II study protocol.

Background: Approximately 40% of patients with metastatic cancer will have spinal metastatic disease. Historically treated with external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) with limited durability in pain control, the increased lifespan of this patient population has necessitated more durable treatment results via spine radiosurgery/stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). The goal of this study is to assess three-month pain freedom rates via the Spine Patient Optimal Radiosurgery Treatment for Symptomatic Metastatic Neoplasms (SPORTSMEN) randomized trial. Materials and methods: This study is a prospective randomized three-arm phase II trial which will recruit patients with symptomatic spine metastases. All patients will be randomized to standard-of care SBRT (24 Gy in 2 fractions), single-fraction SBRT (19 Gy in 1 fraction), or EBRT (8 Gy in 1 fraction), with the primary endpoint of three-month pain freedom (using the Brief Pain Inventory). We expect that SPORTSMEN will help definitively answer the efficacy of spine SBRT versus EBRT for achieving pain freedom, while defining the safety and efficacy of 19 Gy single-fraction spine SBRT. Local control will be defined according to Spine Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (SPINO) criteria. Discussion: This is the first phase II trial to objectively assess optimal spine SBRT dosing in the treatment of symptomatic spine metastatic disease, while assessing spine SBRT versus EBRT. Findings should allow for better determination of the efficacy of two-fraction spine SBRT versus EBRT in the United States, as well as for the novel single-fraction 19 Gy spine SBRT regimen in patients with symptomatic spine metastases. Trial Registration: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT05617716 (registration date: November 14, 2022).

Navigator utilization among African-American breast cancer patients at a Comprehensive Cancer Center.

Background: Patient navigation has been demonstrated to improve access to standard-of-care oncologic therapy. However, many patients - particularly those of African-American race - often do not have access to navigation upon receiving a diagnosis of cancer. As the most common cancer among African-American women is breast cancer, we sought to assess the rate of patient navigation among African-American breast cancer patients at our institution, which resides in a regional ZIP code comprised of 46% African-American residents. Materials and methods: African-American breast cancer patients who had been discussed at our weekly breast cancer multidisciplinary tumor board over a recent three-month period were assessed by a patient navigator representing the Navigator-Assisted Hypofractionation (NAVAH) program to determine their access to navigation in their cancer care. Responses were assessed from a breast cancer support group and culled to determine a baseline proportion of navigation utilization. Results: A total of 18 women of African-American race having been diagnosed with breast cancer were identified and assessed. Of these a total of 4 noted that they had received navigation, yielding a navigation utilization percentage of 22.2% among African-American breast cancer patients at our institution. Conclusion: The rate of navigation utilization among African-American breast cancer patients is poor. Despite our center residing in a region comprised of increased African-Americans, such predominance has not translated into optimizing navigation access for African-American breast cancer patients. This 22% rate of navigation utilization serves as a starting benchmark for initiatives such as the NAVAH program to provide tangible improvement in this patient population.

Preservation of male fertility in patients undergoing pelvic irradiation.

As the number of cancer survivors increases, so does the demand for preserving male fertility after radiation. It is important for healthcare providers to understand the pathophysiology of radiation-induced testicular injury, the techniques of fertility preservation both before and during radiation, and their role in counseling patients on the risks to their fertility and the means of mitigating these risks. Impaired spermatogenesis is a known testicular toxicity of radiation in both the acute and the late settings, as rapidly dividing spermatogonial germ cells are exquisitely sensitive to irradiation. The threshold for spermatogonial injury and subsequent impairment in spermatogenesis is ~ 0.1 Gy and the severity of gonadal injury is highly dose-dependent. Total doses < 4 Gy may allow for recovery of spermatogenesis and fertility potential, but with larger doses, recovery may be protracted or impossible. All patients undergoing gonadotoxic radiation therapy should be counseled on the possibility of future infertility, offered the opportunity for semen cryopreservation, and offered referral to a fertility specialist. In addition to this, every effort should be made to shield the testes (if not expected to contain tumor) during therapy.

Navigator-assisted hypofractionation (NAVAH) to address radiation therapy access disparities facing African-Americans with breast cancer.

Background: African-Americans have the highest overall cancer death rate and shortest survival time of any racial or ethnic group in the United States. The most common cancer studied in African-American radiation therapy (RT) access disparities research is breast cancer. The goal of this study is to evaluate the impact of patient navigation on RT access for African-American breast cancer patients. Material and methods: This study is a prospective survey-based evaluation of the impact of patient navigation on access to hypofractionated RT and financial toxicity in African-American breast cancer patients. The impact of patient navigation on RT access will be collated and analyzed from survey results pre-RT versus post-RT as well as for patients with versus without receipt of patient navigation. The validated COST-Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy score will be used to compare hypofractionation versus standard fractionated RT financial toxicity for patients with early-stage breast cancer who have received lumpectomy. Conclusion: This is the first study to investigate the impact of patient navigation on reducing RT access disparities facing African-American breast cancer patients. The natural progression of this work will be to expand this model to include additional breast cancer populations most vulnerable to suffering RT access disparities (Native American, Hispanic American, Appalachian) within the United States.

Impact of hospital volume on mortality for brain metastases treated with radiation.

BACKGROUND: The impact of hospital volume on cancer patient survival has been demonstrated in the surgical literature, but sparsely for patients receiving radiation therapy (RT). This analysis addresses the impact of hospital volume on patients receiving RT for the most common central nervous system tumor: brain metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analysis was conducted using the National Cancer Database (NCDB) from 2010-2015 for patients with metastatic brain disease from lung cancer, breast cancer, and colorectal cancer requiring RT. Hospital volume was stratified as high-volume (≥ 12 brain RT/year), moderate (5-11 RT/year), and low (< 5 RT/year). The effect of hospital volume on overall survival was assessed using a multivariable Cox regression model. RESULTS: A total of 18,841 patients [9479 (50.3%) men, 9362 (49.7%) women; median age 64 years] met the inclusion criteria. 16.7% were treated at high-volume hospitals, 36.5% at moderate-volume, and the remaining 46.8% at low-volume centers. Multivariable analysis revealed that mortality was significantly improved in high-volume centers (HR: 0.95, p = 0.039) compared with low-volume centers after accounting for multiple demographics including age, sex, race, insurance status, income, facility type, Charlson-Deyo score and receipt of palliative care. CONCLUSION: Hospitals performing 12 or more brain RT procedures per year have significantly improved survival in brain metastases patients receiving radiation as compared to lower volume hospitals. This finding, independent of additional demographics, indicates that the increased experience associated with increased volume may improve survival in this patient population.

Low-dose whole thorax radiation therapy for COVID-19 pneumonia: inpatient onboarding process for a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The mortality of the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) has been associated with a pulmonary inflammatory response resulting in hypoxemia and rapid clinical decline. PREVENT is an ongoing prospective multicenter Phase II randomized controlled trial where patients hospitalized with COVID-19 pneumonia are randomized to low dose radiation therapy (RT) versus control (clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04466683). We describe the inpatient onboarding process of the center contributing the largest number of patients to this trial. MATERIALS AND METHODS: COVID-19 hospital admissions were attained by the clinical research manager and radiation oncologist daily. Text message contact was made with infectious disease, critical care, and nursing staff with reciprocal discussion of the trial protocol and approval for virtual consulting of the patient. Witnessed informed consent was obtained first by telephone and later in person. Simulation and treatment (performed without a computer plan) was performed on a linear accelerator with one personal protective equipment-protected therapist moving in and out of the treatment room, and a second therapist manning the console. Following on-site dose calculation by physics, the radiation oncologist approved the fields prior to treatment delivery. RESULTS: Between August 28, 2020 and October 6, 2020, the first 10 enrolled patients on this multicenter trial were randomized and treated at our institution; no team member (research staff, radiation oncology) contracted COVID-19 while employing this protocol. CONCLUSION: This represents the first published protocol to address efficient and safe recruitment of COVID-19 patients for a radiation oncology trial, serving as a model for conducting recruitment of COVID-19 patients for clinical trials.

Computational simulations establish a novel transducer array placement arrangement that extends delivery of therapeutic TTFields to the infratentorium of patients with brainstem gliomas.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Tumor treating fields (TTFields) are a non-invasive, efficacious treatment modality currently approved for supratentorial glioblastomas. Despite their ability to improve overall survival in supratentorial tumors, the current placement of arrays is limited to the supratentorial head, precluding its use in infratentorial tumors. Infratentorial malignancies are in need of new therapy modalities given their poor prognoses in both children and adults. The aim of this research is to determine whether rearrangement of TTFields may allow for management of infratentorial tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Delivery of TTFields using Novocure's prototype Optune™ device human male head model was simulated based on brain MRIs from patients with brainstem gliomas to develop a novel array layout designed to extend adequate infratentorial coverage. RESULTS: Array placement on the vertex, bilateral posterolateral occiput, and superior-posterior neck achieved intensities above 1.1 V/cm (average 1.7 V/cm; maximum 2.3 V/cm) in the vertical field direction and above 1 V/cm (average 2 V/cm; maximum 2.8 V/cm) in the horizontal field direction of the infratentorium. The calculated field intensity within the simulated tumors were in the therapeutic range and demonstrated the effective delivery of TTFields to the infratentorial brain. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that rearrangement of the TTFields standard array with placement of electrodes on the vertex, bilateral posterolateral occiput, and superior-posterior neck allows for adequate electric field distribution in the infratentorium that is within the therapeutic range.

Role of radiation therapy for pediatric upper extremity extraskeletal osteosarcoma: A case series.

BACKGROUND: Extraskeletal osteosarcoma is an extremely rare disease, comprising less than 0.1% of all cancers diagnosed in the United States, of which less than 5% occur in the upper extremities. The management of two cases of pediatric upper extremity extraskeletal osteosarcoma is discussed. CASE DESCRIPTION: Two children initially noticed painless left upper extremity masses at the ages of 16 and 13, respectively. Following a period of several months, both lesions became symptomatic, necessitating operative intervention, which revealed giant cell-rich extraskeletal osteosarcoma; PET staging following gross total resection revealed no residual or metastatic disease in either patient. After extensive discussion with the patients and family, adjuvant chemotherapy was initiated for one patient, and adjuvant radiation therapy was initiated in both patients. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the rarity of these tumors, the importance of radiation therapy has been established by current and ongoing studies such as the Children's Oncology Group study ARST0332. Radiation therapy remains an important component of the multimodality therapy comprising optimal treatment of this disease, despite the relative paucity of long-term outcome data derived from level I evidence.

Evidence-based methodology for obtaining commercial insurance coverage of stereotactic radiosurgery for intractable epilepsy.

OBJECTIVES: The coverage policies of many commercial insurers in the United States do not include coverage of stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for intractable epilepsy despite recent Level I evidence supporting its efficacy. We sought to assess the efficacy of an evidence-based methodology in obtaining coverage approval of SRS for intractable epilepsy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The clinical policy guidelines from five of the largest United States commercial insurers were reviewed for their language regarding coverage of SRS for epilepsy. An evidence-based questionnaire was created for temporal lobe epilepsy and extratemporal lobe epilepsy based on recent evidence. Telephone interviewers of Insurers assessed the likelihood of SRS coverage for an epilepsy patient meeting the clinical inclusion criteria in the questionnaire. This likelihood was assessed numerically based on interviewee response (2 = yes, 1 = dependent on peer-to-peer, 0 = no). RESULTS: Of the five policy guidelines, none included literature more recent than 2017. For TLE, 3/5 insurance companies indicated likely SRS coverage; 2/5 indicated peer-to-peer discussion dependence for patients meeting questionnaire criteria for a score of 8/10. For extratemporal TLE, 2/5 companies indicated likely SRS coverage and 3/5 indicated peer-to-peer discussion dependence for a total score of 7/10. CONCLUSION: Creation of an evidence-based methodology in approaching commercial insurers greatly increased the likelihood of SRS coverage for an indication (intractable epilepsy) widely perceived as investigational. These results should pave the way for epilepsy patients to receive coverage should they be appropriate SRS candidates.

Radiosurgery dose reduction for brain metastases on immunotherapy (RADREMI): A prospective phase I study protocol.

INTRODUCTION: Up to 20% of patients with brain metastases treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy and concomitant stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) suffer from symptomatic radiation necrosis. The goal of this study is to evaluate Radiosurgery Dose Reduction for Brain Metastases on Immunotherapy (RADREMI) on six-month symptomatic radiation necrosis rates. METHODS: This study is a prospective single arm Phase I pilot study which will recruit patients with brain metastases receiving ICI delivered within 30 days before SRS. All patients will be treated with RADREMI dosing, which involves SRS doses of 18 Gy for 0-2 cm lesions, 14 Gy for 2.1-3 cm lesions, and 12 Gy for 3.1-4 cm lesions. All patients will be monitored for six-month symptomatic radiation necrosis (defined as a six-month rate of clinical symptomatology requiring steroid administration and/or operative intervention concomitant with imaging findings consistent with radiation necrosis) and six-month local control. We expect that RADREMI dosing will significantly reduce the symptomatic radiation necrosis rate of concomitant SRS + ICI without significantly sacrificing the local control obtained by the present RTOG 90-05 SRS dosing schema. Local control will be defined according to the Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) criteria. DISCUSSION: This study is the first prospective trial to investigate the safety of dose-reduced SRS in treatment of brain metastases with concomitant ICI. The findings should provide fertile soil for future multi-institutional collaborative efficacy trials of RADREMI dosing for this patient population. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT04047602 (registration date: July 25, 2019).

Prostatic irradiation-induced sexual dysfunction: A review and multidisciplinary guide to management in the radical radiotherapy era (Part II on Urological Management).

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men. Radiotherapy is a curative option that is administered via external beam radiation, brachytherapy, or in combination. Sexual dysfunction is a common toxicity following radiotherapy, similar to men undergoing radical prostatectomy, but the etiology is different. The pathophysiology of radiation-induced sexual dysfunction is multi-factorial, and the toxicity is a major cause of impaired quality of life among long-term prostate cancer survivors. Management of a patient's sexual function during and after radiotherapy requires multidisciplinary coordination of care between radiation oncology, urology, psychiatry, pharmacy, and dermatology. This review provides a framework for clinicians to better understand prostatic radiotherapy-induced sexual dysfunction diagnosis, evaluation, and a patient-centered approach to toxicity preventive strategies and management.

Prostatic irradiation-induced sexual dysfunction: a review and multidisciplinary guide to management in the radical radiotherapy era (Part I defining the organ at risk for sexual toxicities).

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer-related death in men. Radiotherapy is a curative option that is administered via external beam radiation, brachytherapy, or in combination. Erectile, ejaculatory and orgasm dysfunction(s) is/are known potential and common toxicities associated with prostate radiotherapy. Our multidisciplinary team of physicians and/or scientists have written a three (3) part comprehensive review of the pathogenesis and management radiation-induced sexual dysfunction. Part I reviews pertinent anatomy associated with normal sexual function and then considers the pathogenesis of prostate radiation-induced sexual toxicities. Next, our team considers the associated radiobiological (including the effects of time, dose and fractionation) and physical (treatment planning and defining a novel Organ at Risk (OAR)) components that should be minded in the context of safe radiation treatment planning. The authors identify an OAR (i.e., the prostatic plexus) and provide suggestions on how to minimize injury to said OAR during the radiation treatment planning process.

Extent of resection and role of adjuvant treatment in resected localized breast angiosarcoma.

BACKGROUND: Localized breast angiosarcoma (LBA) is a rare condition with no prospective clinical trials guiding the management of afflicted patients. Management of LBA and the resulting outcomes on a nationwide scale has not been previously examined. METHODS: The National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) from 2004 to 2014 identified resected LBA patients. Treatment patterns were compared between three time periods (2004-2007, 2008-2011, and 2012-2014). Demographic and tumor characteristics, as well as treatments received-extent of surgery and adjuvant therapies-were analyzed for association with overall survival after adjustment for covariates. RESULTS: 826 resected localized breast angiosarcoma patients were identified. Mastectomy was the most common surgical approach (86%); over 60% of patients did not receive adjuvant therapies after surgery. On multivariate analysis, tumor grade, tumor size, and surgical margins were associated with worse survival. Extent of surgery (mastectomy versus lumpectomy) and radiation therapy use were not associated with improved survival. Adjuvant chemotherapy was associated with improved survival in patients with primary tumors 5 cm and greater. CONCLUSIONS: The extent of surgery is not associated with improved survival in women with LBA, and patients may consider breast-conservation surgery. Adjuvant therapies are not associated with improved survival, with the exception of possible role of adjuvant chemotherapy in large primary tumors (5 cm or greater). Further clinical studies are needed to determine the impact of these treatments on local control, progression-free survival, and patients' quality of life. Until then, the findings of our analysis will form basis for the multi-disciplinary discussion of management of women with LBA.

Impact of the American Tax Payer Relief Act on stereotactic radiosurgery utilization in the United States.

INTRODUCTION: Single-fraction stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is delivered predominantly via two modalities: Gamma Knife, and linear accelerator (LINAC). Implementation of the American Tax Payer Relief Act (ATRA) in 2013 represented the first time limitations specifically targeting SRS reimbursement were introduced into federal law. The subsequent impact of the ATRA on SRS utilization in the United States (US) has yet to be examined. METHODS: The National Cancer Database from 2010-2016 identified brain metastases patients from non-small cell lung cancer throughout the US having undergone SRS. Utilization between GKRS and LINAC was assessed before (2010-2012), during (2013-2014) and after (2015-2016) ATRA implementation. RESULTS: In 2013, there was a substantial decrease of LINAC SRS in favor of GKRS in non-academic centers. Over the 3-year span immediately preceding ATRA implementation, 39% of all eligible SRS cases received LINAC. There was a modest decrease in LINAC utilization over the 2 years immediately following ATRA implementation (35%), followed by an increase over the next two years (40%). SRS modality showed differences over the three time periods (unadjusted, p = 0.043), primarily in non-academic centers (unadjusted, p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: ATRA implementation in 2013 caused an initial spike in Gamma Knife SRS utilization, followed by a decline to rates similar to the years before implementation. These findings indicate that the ATRA provision mandating Medicare reduction of outpatient payment rates for Gamma Knife to be equivalent with those of LINAC SRS had a significant short-term impact on the radiosurgical treatment of metastatic brain disease throughout the US, serving as a reminder of the importance/impact of public policy on treatment modality utilization by physicians and hospitals.

Bridging the Gap in Global Advanced Radiation Oncology Training: Impact of a Web-Based Open-Access Interactive Three-Dimensional Contouring Atlas on Radiation Oncologist Practice in Russia.

Radiation oncologists in Russia face a number of unique professional difficulties including lack of standardized training and continuing medical education. To combat this, under the auspices of the Russian Society of Clinical Oncology (RUSSCO), our group has developed a series of ongoing in-person interactive contouring workshops that are held during the major Russian oncology conferences in Moscow, Russia. Since November 2016 during each workshop, we utilized a web-based open-access interactive three-dimensional contouring atlas as part of our didactics. We sought to determine the impact of this resource on radiation oncology practice in Russia. We distributed an IRB-approved web-based survey to 172 practicing radiation oncologists in Russia. We inquired about practice demographics, RUSSCO contouring workshop attendance, and the clinical use of open-access English language interactive contouring atlas (eContour). The survey remained open for 2 months until November 2017. Eighty radiation oncologists completed the survey with a 46.5% response rate. Mean number of years in practice was 13.7. Sixty respondents (75%) attended at least one RUSSCO contouring workshop. Of those who were aware of eContour, 76% were introduced during a RUSSCO contouring workshop, and 81% continue to use it in their daily practice. The greatest obstacles to using the program were language barrier (51%) and internet access (38%). Nearly 90% reported their contouring practices changed since they started using the program, particularly for delineation of clinical target volumes (57%) and/or organs at risk (46%). More than 97% found the clinical pearls/links to cooperative group protocols in the software helpful in their daily practice. The majority used the contouring program several times per month (43%) or several times per week (41%). Face-to-face contouring instruction in combination with open-access web-based interactive contouring resource had a meaningful impact on perceived quality of radiation oncology contours among Russian practitioners and has the potential to have applications worldwide.

Dramatic polarization in genitourinary expert opinions regarding the clinical utility of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the opinions of North American genitourinary (GU) experts regarding inclusion of technologies such as prostate - specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and C - 11 choline positron emission tomography (PET) into routine practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey was distributed to North American GU experts. Questions pertained to the role of PSMA and C - 11 PET in PCa management. Participants were categorized as "supporters" or "opponents" of incorporation of novel imaging techniques. Opinions were correlated with practice patterns. RESULTS: Response rate was 54% and we analyzed 42 radiation oncologist respondents. 17 participants (40%) have been in practice for > 20 years and 38 (90%) practice at an academic center. 24 (57%) were supporters of PSMA and 29 (69%) were supporters of C - 11. Supporters were more likely to treat pelvic nodes (88% vs. 56%, p < 01) and trended to be more likely to treat patients with moderate or extreme hypofractionation (58% vs. 28%, p = 065). Supporters trended to be more likely to offer brachytherapy boost (55% vs. 23%, p = 09), favor initial observation and early salvage over adjuvant radiation (77% vs. 55%, p = 09), and to consider themselves expert brachytherapists (69% vs. 39%, p = 09). CONCLUSIONS: There is a polarization among GU radiation oncology experts regarding novel imaging techniques. A correlation emerged between support of novel imaging and adoption of treatment approaches that are clinically superior or less expensive. Pre - existing biases among GU experts on national treatment - decision panels and leaders of cooperative group studies may affect the design of future studies and influence the adoption of these technologies in clinical practice.

Is moderate hypofractionation accepted as a new standard of care in north america for prostate cancer patients treated with external beam radiotherapy? Survey of genitourinary expert radiation oncologists.

INTRODUCTION: Several recent randomized clinical trials have evaluated hypofractionated regimens against conventionally fractionated EBRT and shown similar effectiveness with conflicting toxicity results. The current view regarding hypofractionation compared to conventional EBRT among North American genitourinary experts for management of prostate cancer has not been investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A survey was distributed to 88 practicing North American GU physicians serving on decision - making committees of cooperative group research organizations. Questions pertained to opinions regarding the default EBRT dose and fractionation for a hypothetical example of a favorable intermediate - risk prostate cancer (Gleason 3 + 4). Treatment recommendations were correlated with practice patterns using Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Forty - two respondents (48%) completed the survey. We excluded from analysis two respondents who selected radical hypofractionation with 5 - 12 fractions as a preferred treatment modality. Among the 40 analyzed respondents, 23 (57.5%) recommend conventional fractionation and 17 (42.5%) recommended moderate hypofractionation. No demographic factors were found to be associated with preference for a fractionation regimen. Support for brachytherapy as a first choice treatment modality for low - risk prostate cancer was borderline significantly associated with support for moderate hypofractionated EBRT treatment modality (p = 0.089). CONCLUSIONS: There is an almost equal split among North American GU expert radiation oncologists regarding the appropriateness to consider moderately hypofractionated EBRT as a new standard of care in management of patients with prostate cancer. Physicians who embrace brachytherapy may be more inclined to support moderate hypofractionated regimen for EBRT. It is unclear whether reports with longer followups will impact this balance, or whether national care and reimbursement policies will drive the clinical decisions. In the day and age of patient - centered care delivery, patients should receive an objective recommendation based on available clinical evidence. The stark division among GU experts may influence the design of future clinical trials utilizing EBRT for patients with prostate cancer.

Analysis of pre-residency research productivity, dual degree status, and gender distribution of underrepresented minorities among a current United States radiation oncology junior resident class.

BACKGROUND: Among the most competitive medical subspecialties, representation of underrepresented minorities (African-American race and/or Hispanic ethnicity) among resident trainees has historically been low compared to their United States Census general population representation. Research productivity and dual degree status may impact residency applicant competitiveness. To date, such an analysis has yet to be performed in Radiation Oncology. METHODS: A list of radiation oncology residents from the graduating class of 2022 was obtained through internet searches. Demographics included were gender and dual degree status. Research productivity was calculated using the number of pre-residency peer-reviewed publications (PRP). Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Of the 179 residents evaluated from the 2022 class, eleven (6.1%) were underrepresented minorities. Compared to the remainder of the class, underrepresented minorities had a lower proportion of men (63.6% versus 69.3%), a higher proportion of dual degrees (45.5% versus 28.6%), and a lower proportion of MD-PhD degrees (9.1% versus 17.2%). Underrepresented minorities had a higher proportion of residents with at least two PRP (72.7% versus 57.1%) and a lower proportion of residents with no PRP (18.2% versus 24.4%). None of these differences reached statistical significance (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Underrepresented minorities were comparable to the remainder of their Radiation Oncology resident class regarding gender distribution, dual degrees status, and likelihood of having at least two peer-reviewed publications cited in PubMed during the calendar year of residency application. Further studies will be needed to determine how these findings translate into future scholarly activity and post-graduate career choice.