Over-commitment of EMS personnel in North Carolina with implications for disaster planning.

BACKGROUND: While large-scale disasters are uncommon, our society relies on emergency personnel to be available to respond and act. Faith in their availability may lead to a false sense of security. Many emergency personnel obligate themselves to more than one agency and so may be overcommitted, leaving agencies with unfilled positions in a disaster. We sought to describe the frequency of overcommitment of emergency medical services (EMS) personnel in North Carolina. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study utilizing the Credentialing Information System (CIS) of the North Carolina Office of EMS. The CIS database manages demographic and certification information for all EMS personnel in North Carolina. The state is divided into 100 EMS systems based on county boundaries. Utilizing de-identified provider data from the CIS, we collected system(s) affiliation(s) and level of certification. To calculate an overcommitment rate per system, we divided the number of personnel with more than one system affiliation by total number of system roster personnel. To compare urbanicity and certification level with overcommitment, analysis of variance and the chi-square test were used, respectively. RESULTS: North Carolina credentials 14,717 EMS providers (8,346 EMT, 1,709 EMT-intermediate (EMT-I), 4,662 EMT-paramedic (EMT-P)). Of these, 10,928 (74%) are affiliated with a single system. Of the 3,789 committed to more than one system, 3,020 (21%) were committed to two systems, 571 (4%) to three, 138 (1%) to four, and 60 (<1%) to five or more. EMT-Is and EMT-Ps were more likely to be overcommitted when compared to EMTs (37, 32, 20% respectively, p < 0.0001). Statewide, the median overcommitment rate for EMS systems was 24% (IQR 16-37%). Personnel working in systems servicing less densely populated areas were more likely to be overcommitted: 33% wilderness, 29% rural, 20% suburban and 11% urban (p < 0.0001). Additionally, 40% wilderness, 23% rural, 4% suburban, and 0% urban systems had >37% of their personnel engaged in 9-1-1 response in more than one system. CONCLUSION: Many EMS personnel have multiple EMS commitments. Disaster planners and emergency managers should consider overcommitment of emergency responders when calculating the work force on which they can rely.

Prehospital system delay in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction care: a novel linkage of emergency medicine services and in hospital registry data.

BACKGROUND: Emergency medical services (EMS) are critical in the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Prehospital system delays are an important target for improving timely STEMI care, yet few limited data are available. METHODS: Using a deterministic approach, we merged EMS data from the North Carolina Pre-hospital Medical Information System (PreMIS) with data from the Reperfusion of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Carolina Emergency Departments-Emergency Response (RACE-ER) Project. Our sample included all patients with STEMI from June 2008 to October 2010 who arrived by EMS and who had primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Prehospital system delays were compared using both RACE-ER and PreMIS to examine agreement between the 2 data sources. RESULTS: Overall, 8,680 patients with STEMI in RACE-ER arrived at a PCI hospital by EMS; 21 RACE-ER hospitals and 178 corresponding EMS agencies across the state were represented. Of these, 6,010 (69%) patients were successfully linked with PreMIS. Linked and notlinked patients were similar. Overall, 2,696 patients were treated with PCI only and were taken directly to a PCI-capable hospital by EMS; 1,750 were transferred from a non-PCI facility. For those being transported directly to a PCI center, 53% reached the 90-minute target guideline goal. For those transferred from a non-PCI facility, 24% reached the 120-minute target goal for primary PCI. CONCLUSIONS: We successfully linked prehospital EMS data with in hospital clinical data. With this linked STEMI cohort, less than half of patients reach goals set by guidelines. Such a data source could be used for future research and quality improvement interventions.

The North Carolina EMS Data System: a comprehensive integrated emergency medical services quality improvement program.

BACKGROUND: The EMS Agenda for the Future describes emergency medical services (EMS) as the intersection between public health, public safety, and health care. The most comprehensive method to describe, evaluate, and optimize these systems of care is using a state EMS data system. A centralized EMS data system can be a valuable tool to identify, evaluate, target, and improve EMS service delivery and patient care. Significant barriers, however, still exist to the standardization of EMS data systems and infrastructure nationally. Indeed, there is no comprehensive measurement of EMS service delivery or patient volume at the national level. OBJECTIVE: In this article, we describe the successful development of a fully integrated, statewide EMS data system for quality improvement of EMS service delivery and patient care in North Carolina. The article also provides a platform for linking EMS with emergency physicians, other health care providers, and public health agencies responsible for planning, disease surveillance, and disaster preparedness. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The North Carolina EMS Data System represents the successful development of a large, fully integrated, comprehensive statewide EMS database and quality improvement effort. The North Carolina EMS Data System applications include the Prehospital Medical Information System (PreMIS), the Credentialing Information System (CIS), the State Medical Asset Resource Tracking Tool (SMARTT), and the EMS Performance Improvement Toolkits. The system provides a quality and performance improvement program consistent with the idealized EMS design described in the EMS Agenda for the Future. The program has already achieved significant improvements in the quality of EMS service delivery, patient care, and integrated systems of care. Consistent with the goals of the 2007 Institute of Medicine's recommendations for EMS, the linkage of the North Carolina EMS Data System with other health care registries has created an environment that can evaluate larger systems of care and ultimate patient outcomes.

A link to improve stroke patient care: a successful linkage between a statewide emergency medical services data system and a stroke registry.

OBJECTIVES: regionalization of stroke care, including diversion to stroke centers, requires that emergency medical services (EMS) systems accurately identify acute stroke patients. A barrier to evaluating and improving EMS stroke patient identification is the inability to link EMS data with hospital data for individual patients. We sought to create and validate a linkage of the North Carolina EMS Data System (NC-EMS-DS) with data contained in the North Carolina Stroke Care Collaborative (NCSCC) Registry. METHODS: all NCSCC Registry patients arriving to one of three hospitals by EMS in a 6-month period were matched against NC-EMS-DS. Records were deterministically matched on receiving hospital, hospital arrival date/time, age, and sex. We performed linkage validation by providing each site investigator with a stroke patient list derived from North Carolina Stroke Care Collaborative Registry (NC-EMS-DS), matched by individual patient to deidentified data in the NCSCCR. Each site investigator determined the set of true matches by comparing the matched list to a NCSCCR patient identifier key maintained at each site. Incorrect matches were reviewed by the research team to identify methods for future improvement in the matching logic. RESULTS: for the three validation hospitals, 753 NCSCC Registry patients arrived by EMS. For these patients, 473 (63%) matches to local EMS records were identified, and 421 (89%) of the matches were verified using full patient identifiers. Most match verification failures were due to incorrect date/time stamp and inability to find a corresponding EMS record. CONCLUSIONS: linking EMS records electronically to a stroke registry is feasible and leads to a large number of valid matches. This small validation is limited by EMS data quality. Matching may improve with better EMS documentation and standardized facility documentation.