Reducing agent-mediated precipitation of high-abundance plasma proteins.

Depletion of high-abundance proteins is regarded as a critical sample preparation step for most plasma proteomic analyses and profiling strategies. This report describes a process that rapidly and reproducibly precipitates high-abundance disulfide-rich proteins, including albumin and transferrin, from serum and plasma. A low volume of concentrated reducing agent, viz. dithiothreitol (DTT) or tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP), was added directly to plasma followed by a brief incubation at ambient temperature. Removal of the precipitate via centrifugation and identification of the protein content revealed an albumin-enriched pellet. Direct analysis of the supernatant by MALDI-TOF-MS afforded peptidome and small protein profiles with enhanced features and minimal ionization of full-length albumin. The reproducible and quantitative nature of the method has been demonstrated by monitoring the plasma levels of an antiangiogenic protein biologic, rKringle5 (rK5). The 10.5-kDa analyte was only reliably detected in plasma after treatment with reducing agent, ionizing linearly from 150 to 1200 fmol (on-target) with a mean CV of 7%. This method distinguishes itself from immunoaffinity resin-based approaches since it can be scaled to large milliliter quantities and it is compatible with plasma from all species tested.

Discovery, identification, and characterization of candidate pharmacodynamic markers of methionine aminopeptidase-2 inhibition.

The catalytic activity of methionine aminopeptidase-2 (MetAP2) has been pharmacologically linked to cell growth, angiogenesis, and tumor progression, making this an attractive target for cancer therapy. An assay for monitoring specific protein changes in response to MetAP2 inhibition, allowing pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) models to be established, could dramatically improve clinical decision-making. Candidate MetAP2-specific protein substrates were discovered from undigested cell culture-derived proteomes by MALDI-/SELDI-MS profiling and a biochemical method using (35)S-Met labeled protein lysates. Substrates were identified either as intact proteins by FT-ICR-MS or applying in-gel protease digestions followed by LC-MS/MS. The combination of these approaches led to the discovery of novel MetAP2-specific substrates including thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1), SH3 binding glutamic acid rich-like protein (SH3BGRL), and eukaryotic elongation factor-2 (eEF2). These studies also confirmed glyceraldehye 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and cyclophillin A (CypA) as MetAP2 substrates. Additional data in support of these proteins as MetAP2-specific substrates were provided by in vitro MetAP1/MetAP2 enzyme assays with the corresponding N-terminal derived peptides and 1D/2D Western analyses of cellular and tissue lysates. FT-ICR-MS characterization of all intact species of the 18 kDa substrate, CypA, enabled a SELDI-MS cell-based assay to be developed for correlating N-terminal processing and inhibition of proliferation. The MetAP2-specific protein substrates discovered in this study have diverse properties that should facilitate the development of reagents for testing in preclinical and clinical environments.

Reduction of protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B increases insulin signaling in FAO hepatoma cells.

Protein-tyrosine phosphatase-1B (PTP1B) has been implicated as a negative regulator of insulin signaling. PTP1B dephosphorylates the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrates (IRS-1/2), inhibiting the insulin-signaling pathway. PTP1B has been reported to be elevated in diabetes and insulin-resistant states. Conversely, PTP1B null mice have increased insulin sensitivity. To further investigate the effect of PTP1B reduction on insulin signaling, FAO rat hepatoma cells were transfected, by electroporation, with a specific PTP1B antisense oligonucleotide (ASO), or a control oligonucleotide. The PTP1B ASO caused a 50-70% reduction in PTP1B protein expression as measured by Western blot analysis. Upon insulin stimulation, an increase in the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrates was observed, without any change in protein expression levels. Reduction of PTP1B expression in FAO cells also caused an increase in insulin-stimulated phosphorylation of PKB and GSK3, without any change in protein expression. These results demonstrate that reduction of PTP1B can modulate key insulin signaling events downstream of the insulin receptor.