RESUMEN
AIM: To evaluate the accuracy of the ADNEX MR SCORING system for characterising adnexal masses. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An institutional review board approved this retrospective study. The study population comprised 663 women who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) from January 2007 to December 2014 to characterise 778 adnexal masses that were indeterminate under ultrasonography (590 benign and 188 malignant). Two radiologists independently reviewed the MRI images. The masses were scored from 1 to 5 according to the ADNEX MR SCORING system. The diagnostic performance of the system was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Masses scored 4 or greater were considered malignant (including tumours of borderline malignancy or low malignant potential). RESULTS: The malignancy rates of masses with scores of 2, 3, 4 and 5 were 1.9% (8/419), 12.8% (19/149), 62.6% (57/91) and 87.4% (104/119) for reader 1 and 2.1% (9/424), 13.6% (20/147), 67.6% (71/105) and 86.3% (88/102) for reader 2, respectively. The areas under the ROC curves for the differentiation of benign and malignant masses were 0.929 and 0.923, respectively; the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of diagnosis were 85.6% (161/188), 91.7% (541/590), and 90.2% (702/778) for reader 1 and 84.6% (159/188), 91.9% (542/590), and 90.1% (701/778) for reader 2, respectively. Tumours of borderline malignancy or low malignant potential had a higher rate of misclassification (46.1%) than other malignant tumours (6-7.4%). CONCLUSION: The ADNEX MR SCORING system was highly accurate in differentiating benign and malignant adnexal masses, although it may be less accurate for tumours of borderline malignancy or low malignant potential.
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Enfermedades de los Anexos/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Anexos Uterinos/diagnóstico por imagen , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Femenino , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Estudios Retrospectivos , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) is a rare and severe syndrome of acute encephalopathy triggered by viral infections. Cytokine storm is considered as the main pathogenetic mechanism of ANE. ANE is prevalent in East Asia, suggesting the association of host genetic factors. To elucidate the genetic background of Japanese ANE, we examined genotypes of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A, C, B, DRB1, DQB1 and DPB1 in 31 patients. Significant positive association was observed in both the allele frequency and positivity of DRB1*09:01 (P=0.043 and 0.025, respectively), as well as those of DQB1*03:03 (P=0.034 and 0.026, respectively). The carrier frequency of DRB1*09:01 and DQB1*03:03 alleles was higher in the patients (45.16%) than in controls (28.57%). These alleles are more common in East Asian than in European populations, and are reportedly associated with various autoimmune diseases in Japanese patients. Our data provide further evidence that altered immune response based on individual HLA genotypes may contribute to ANE pathogenesis.
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Encefalitis Viral/genética , Antígenos HLA/genética , Leucoencefalitis Hemorrágica Aguda/genética , Alelos , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Encefalitis Viral/patología , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Genotipo , HumanosRESUMEN
Molecular epidemiology and clinical impact of human rhinovirus (HRV) are not well documented in tropical regions. This study compared the clinical characteristics of HRV to other common viral infections and investigated the molecular epidemiology of HRV in hospitalized children with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in Vietnam. From April 2010 to May 2011, 1082 nasopharyngeal swabs were screened for respiratory viruses by PCR. VP4/VP2 sequences of HRV were further characterized. HRV was the most commonly detected virus (30%), in which 70% were diagnosed as either pneumonia or bronchiolitis. Children with single HRV infections presented with significantly higher rate of hypoxia than those infected with respiratory syncytial virus or parainfluenza virus (PIV)-3 (12·4% vs. 3·8% and 0%, respectively, P < 0·05), higher rate of chest retraction than PIV-1 (57·3% vs. 34·5%, P = 0·028), higher rate of wheezing than influenza A (63·2% vs. 42·3%, P = 0·038). HRV-C did not differ to HRV-A clinically. The genetic diversity and changes of types over time were observed and may explain the year-round circulation of HRV. One novel HRV-A type was discovered which circulated locally for several years. In conclusion, HRV showed high genetic diversity and was associated with significant morbidity and severe ARIs in hospitalized children.
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Infecciones por Picornaviridae/epidemiología , Rhinovirus/genética , Proteínas Virales/genética , Enfermedad Aguda/epidemiología , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Variación Genética , Hospitalización , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Masculino , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria , Rhinovirus/metabolismo , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Vietnam/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Information about viral acute respiratory infections (ARIs) is essential for prevention, diagnosis and treatment, but it is limited in tropical developing countries. This study described the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of ARIs in children hospitalized in Vietnam. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected from children with ARIs at Ho Chi Minh City Children's Hospital 2 between April 2010 and May 2011 in order to detect respiratory viruses by polymerase chain reaction. Viruses were found in 64% of 1082 patients, with 12% being co-infections. The leading detected viruses were human rhinovirus (HRV; 30%), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; 23·8%), and human bocavirus (HBoV; 7·2%). HRV was detected all year round, while RSV epidemics occurred mainly in the rainy season. Influenza A (FluA) was found in both seasons. The other viruses were predominant in the dry season. HRV was identified in children of all age groups. RSV, parainfluenza virus (PIV) 1, PIV3 and HBoV, and FluA were detected predominantly in children aged 24 months, respectively. Significant associations were found between PIV1 with croup (P < 0·005) and RSV with bronchiolitis (P < 0·005). HBoV and HRV were associated with hypoxia (P < 0·05) and RSV with retraction (P < 0·05). HRV, RSV, and HBoV were detected most frequently and they may increase the severity of ARIs in children.
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ADN Viral/análisis , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/epidemiología , Infecciones del Sistema Respiratorio/virología , Enfermedad Aguda , Adolescente , Bronquiolitis/virología , Niño , Preescolar , Coinfección/epidemiología , Coinfección/virología , Tos/virología , Crup/virología , Femenino , Hospitalización , Bocavirus Humano/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Hipoxia/virología , Lactante , Virus de la Influenza A/aislamiento & purificación , Gripe Humana/complicaciones , Gripe Humana/epidemiología , Masculino , Nasofaringe/virología , Virus de la Parainfluenza 1 Humana/aislamiento & purificación , Virus de la Parainfluenza 3 Humana/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/complicaciones , Infecciones por Parvoviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/complicaciones , Infecciones por Picornaviridae/epidemiología , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/complicaciones , Infecciones por Virus Sincitial Respiratorio/epidemiología , Virus Sincitial Respiratorio Humano/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Respirovirus/complicaciones , Infecciones por Respirovirus/epidemiología , Rhinovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Estaciones del Año , Vietnam/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The energy bandgap of an insulator is large enough to prevent electron excitation and electrical conduction. But in addition to charge, an electron also has spin, and the collective motion of spin can propagate-and so transfer a signal-in some insulators. This motion is called a spin wave and is usually excited using magnetic fields. Here we show that a spin wave in an insulator can be generated and detected using spin-Hall effects, which enable the direct conversion of an electric signal into a spin wave, and its subsequent transmission through (and recovery from) an insulator over macroscopic distances. First, we show evidence for the transfer of spin angular momentum between an insulator magnet Y(3)Fe(5)O(12) and a platinum film. This transfer allows direct conversion of an electric current in the platinum film to a spin wave in the Y(3)Fe(5)O(12) via spin-Hall effects. Second, making use of the transfer in a Pt/Y(3)Fe(5)O(12)/Pt system, we demonstrate that an electric current in one metal film induces voltage in the other, far distant, metal film. Specifically, the applied electric current is converted into spin angular momentum owing to the spin-Hall effect in the first platinum film; the angular momentum is then carried by a spin wave in the insulating Y(3)Fe(5)O(12) layer; at the distant platinum film, the spin angular momentum of the spin wave is converted back to an electric voltage. This effect can be switched on and off using a magnetic field. Weak spin damping in Y(3)Fe(5)O(12) is responsible for its transparency for the transmission of spin angular momentum. This hybrid electrical transmission method potentially offers a means of innovative signal delivery in electrical circuits and devices.
RESUMEN
AIM: To evaluate renal volume and attenuation changes in patients with sepsis on contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) with respect to the severity of sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-four patients with sepsis who underwent CT before and after the onset of sepsis were retrospectively analysed. Renal volume and CT attenuation value of the renal cortex on contrast-enhanced CT were measured for each patient and changes in renal volume and CT attenuation value from before to after the onset of sepsis were calculated. The changes were correlated with the severity of sepsis (Sepsis-related Organ Failure Assessment [SOFA] score). The time course of the renal volume and CT attenuation changes were also evaluated. RESULTS: Renal volume increased by 17.6% and CT attenuation value decreased by 19% after the onset of sepsis with statistically significant differences (p<0.001 for both renal volume and CT attenuation changes). The renal volume and CT attenuation changes had significant correlations with the SOFA score (r=0.36, p=0.018 and -0.43, p=0.005, respectively). The time course of the renal volume and CT attenuation changes seemed to be gradual compared to that of the SOFA score and to lag behind the peak of the SOFA score. CONCLUSION: In patients with sepsis, the renal volume increases and the CT attenuation value decreases in proportion to the severity of sepsis. The changes may lag behind the peak of severity of sepsis and can be observed for a relatively long time after a patient's recovery from sepsis.
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Lesión Renal Aguda/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagenología Tridimensional/métodos , Riñón/diagnóstico por imagen , Interpretación de Imagen Radiográfica Asistida por Computador/métodos , Sepsis/diagnóstico por imagen , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Lesión Renal Aguda/etiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Medios de Contraste , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tamaño de los Órganos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Sepsis/complicaciones , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Sapovirus, a member of the family Caliciviridae, is one of the major causative agents of viral gastroenteritis affecting all age groups. A total of 3232 faecal specimens collected from infants and children with gastroenteritis in five different regions of Japan during 2003-2009 were examined for sapovirus by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Sapoviruses were detected in 131 (4·05%) patients with the peak observed mainly in the cold season (November-March) in Japan during 2003-2009. During the last 6 years, sapovirus GI/1 was the predominant strain in Japan followed by GIV, GII/3, GII/6, GII/2, GII/12 and GI, respectively.
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Infecciones por Caliciviridae/epidemiología , Gastroenteritis/epidemiología , Sapovirus/genética , Adolescente , Análisis de Varianza , Infecciones por Caliciviridae/virología , Niño , Preescolar , Heces/virología , Gastroenteritis/virología , Genotipo , Humanos , Lactante , Japón/epidemiología , Sapovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Estaciones del Año , Estadísticas no ParamétricasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Achieving adequate blood pressure (BP) control often requires more than one antihypertensive agent. The purpose of this study was to determine whether a fixed-dose formulation of losartan (LOS) plus hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) (LOS/HCTZ) is effective in achieving a greater BP lowering in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. METHODS: The study was a prospective, multicenter, observational trial exploring the antihypertensive effect of a single tablet of LOS 50 mg/HCTZ 12.5 mg. A total of 228 patients whose BP had previously been treated with more than one antihypertensive agents without having achieved BP goal below 130/80 mmHg enrolled in the study. RESULTS: A significant decrease in systolic and diastolic BP was observed in both clinic and home measurement after switching from the previous treatment to LOS/HCTZ. There was a significant decrease in both B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) and urinary albumin creatinine (Cr) excretion ratio (ACR), especially in patients with elevated values. In contrast, there was a significant increase in serum Cr concentration in conjunction with a decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Overall serum uric acid (UA) concentration increased, whereas in patients with hyperuricemia there was a significant reduction in this value. CONCLUSION: Switching to LOS/HCTZ provides a greater reduction in clinic and home BP in patients with uncontrolled hypertension. This combination therapy may lead to cardio-, reno protection and improve UA metabolism.
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Antihipertensivos/uso terapéutico , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Hidroclorotiazida/uso terapéutico , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Losartán/uso terapéutico , Adulto , Anciano , Determinación de la Presión Sanguínea , Creatinina/orina , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular , Humanos , Hipertensión/metabolismo , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Hiperuricemia , Japón , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Péptido Natriurético Encefálico/sangre , Estudios Prospectivos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Ácido Úrico/sangre , Adulto JovenAsunto(s)
Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Adenocarcinoma/patología , Fibroblastos Asociados al Cáncer/patología , Diferenciación Celular , Neoplasias del Colon/diagnóstico , Neoplasias del Colon/patología , Biopsia por Aspiración con Aguja Fina Guiada por Ultrasonido Endoscópico/métodos , Adenocarcinoma/diagnóstico por imagen , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Neoplasias del Colon/diagnóstico por imagen , Femenino , Humanos , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos XAsunto(s)
Trastorno Autístico/genética , Haploinsuficiencia , Conducta Social , Esclerosis Tuberosa/genética , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/metabolismo , Animales , Trastorno Autístico/complicaciones , Distinciones y Premios , Conducta Animal , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Aseo Animal , Ratones , Esclerosis Tuberosa/complicaciones , Proteína 2 del Complejo de la Esclerosis Tuberosa , Proteínas Supresoras de Tumor/genéticaRESUMEN
Twenty-eight strains of P(8), four of P(4) and one of P(19) rotavirus, isolated in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, during 2002-2003, were investigated by sequence analysis of the VP4 gene. Seven of the 28 P(8) rotavirus VP4 sequences clustered in the P(8)-3 lineage, or the rare, so-called OP354-like lineage. Amino-acid sequence comparison revealed that Vietnamese P(8)-3 rotaviruses were generally very similar to Malawian strains, including the prototype OP354 strain. The numerical severity scores of diarrhoeal disease caused by the Vietnamese P(8)-3 rotaviruses were statistically higher than those of diarrhoeal disease caused by rotaviruses in the more common P(8)-2 lineage. Sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the VP4 gene of a Vietnamese G9P(19) rotavirus isolate showed a high degree of homology with the cognate genes of other human and porcine rotaviruses, including the prototype 4F strain.
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Proteínas de la Cápside/genética , Infecciones por Rotavirus/virología , Rotavirus/clasificación , Rotavirus/aislamiento & purificación , Preescolar , Análisis por Conglomerados , Diarrea/patología , Diarrea/virología , Humanos , Lactante , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Rotavirus/genética , Análisis de Secuencia , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , VietnamAsunto(s)
Encefalopatías/diagnóstico , Encefalopatías/terapia , Enfermedad de Hashimoto/diagnóstico , Enfermedad de Hashimoto/terapia , Encefalopatías/inmunología , Encefalitis , Enfermedad de Hashimoto/inmunología , Humanos , Receptores de Glutamato/metabolismo , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismoRESUMEN
Acute encephalopathy is the most serious complication of pediatric viral infections, such as influenza and exanthem subitum. It occurs worldwide, but is most prevalent in East Asia, and every year several hundreds of Japanese children are affected by influenza-associated encephalopathy. Mortality has recently declined, but is still high. Many survivors are left with motor and intellectual disabilities, and some with epilepsy. This article reviews various syndromes of acute encephalopathy by classifying them into three major categories. The first group caused by metabolic derangement consists of various inherited metabolic disorders and the classical Reye syndrome. Salicylate is a risk factor of the latter condition. The second group, characterized by a systemic cytokine storm and vasogenic brain edema, includes Reye-like syndrome, hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome, and acute necrotizing encephalopathy. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as diclofenac sodium and mephenamic acid, may aggravate these syndromes. Severe cases are complicated by multiple organ failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Mortality is high, although methylprednisolone pulse therapy may be beneficial in some cases. The third group, characterized by localized edema of the cerebral cortex, has recently been termed acute encephalopathy with febrile convulsive status epilepticus, and includes hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia syndrome and acute infantile encephalopathy predominantly affecting the frontal lobes. Theophylline is a risk factor of these syndromes. The pathogenesis is yet to be clarified, but an increasing body of evidence points to excitotoxicity and delayed neuronal death.
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Encefalopatías Metabólicas/fisiopatología , Edema Encefálico/fisiopatología , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Encéfalo/virología , Convulsiones Febriles/fisiopatología , Virosis/complicaciones , Antiinflamatorios/efectos adversos , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encefalopatías Metabólicas/etiología , Encefalopatías Metabólicas/inmunología , Edema Encefálico/inmunología , Edema Encefálico/virología , Niño , Preescolar , Humanos , Lactante , Gripe Humana/complicaciones , Convulsiones Febriles/inmunología , Convulsiones Febriles/virología , Teofilina/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Acute encephalopathy is the most serious complication of pediatric viral infections, such as influenza and exanthem subitum. It occurs worldwide, but is most prevalent in East Asia, and every year several hundreds of Japanese children are affected by influenza-associated encephalopathy. Mortality has recently declined, but is still high. Many survivors are left with motor and intellectual disabilities, and some with epilepsy. This article reviews various syndromes of acute encephalopathy by classifying them into three major categories. The first group caused by metabolic derangement consists of various inherited metabolic disorders and the classical Reye syndrome. Salicylate is a risk factor of the latter condition. The second group, characterized by a systemic cytokine storm and vasogenic brain edema, includes Reye-like syndrome, hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome, and acute necrotizing encephalopathy. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, such as diclofenac sodium and mephenamic acid, may aggravate these syndromes. Severe cases are complicated by multiple organ failure and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Mortality is high, although methylprednisolone pulse therapy may be beneficial in some cases. The third group, characterized by localized edema of the cerebral cortex, has recently been termed acute encephalopathy with febrile convulsive status epilepticus, and includes hemiconvulsion-hemiplegia syndrome and acute infantile encephalopathy predominantly affecting the frontal lobes. Theophylline is a risk factor of these syndromes. The pathogenesis is yet to be clarified, but an increasing body of evidence points to excitotoxicity and delayed neuronal death.
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Encefalopatías/etiología , Encefalopatías/virología , Gripe Humana/complicaciones , Virosis/complicaciones , HumanosRESUMEN
The surface morphology of epitaxial Fe(001)/MgO(001)/Fe(001) magnetic tunnel junctions, which show the giant tunneling magnetoresistance effect, was investigated by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. It was observed that an epitaxial MgO barrier layer forms flat surface structures. The surface was flatter with distinct steps and terraces after annealing, which would lead to an increase of the tunneling magnetoresistance ratio. Examination of the local electronic structures of 1.05-nm-thick MgO barrier layers by scanning tunneling spectroscopy revealed no pinholes in the layers, so they would be perfect barriers in magnetic tunnel junctions.
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Almacenamiento y Recuperación de la Información , Óxido de Magnesio/química , Magnetismo , Electroquímica/métodos , Electrones , Diseño de Equipo , Hierro/química , Microscopía de Túnel de Rastreo , Nanotecnología/métodos , Propiedades de Superficie , TemperaturaAsunto(s)
Muerte Encefálica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , JapónRESUMEN
A megakaryoblastic cell line, termed T-33, was established from the peripheral blood of a patient with Philadelphia chromosome-positive chronic myelogenous leukemia in megakaryoblastic crisis. T-33 cells have been maintained in RPMI 1640 medium containing 10% fetal calf serum in a single cell suspension with a doubling time of 24-36 h for over 2 years. Giemsa-banded karyotypes were female hyperdiploid with a modal chromosomal number of 51, all cells including Philadelphia chromosome. The cells showed strong positivity for periodic acid-Schiff and alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase, and weak for alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, but were negative for myeloperoxidase. Flow cytometric analysis of cell surface markers showed the existence of HLA-DR, MY-7, MY-9, and a platelet antigen (Yukb), and no markers for T- or B-lymphocytes. Most of the cells fixed with acetone were positive for Factor VIII, platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa, IIIa (Yukb), and Ib, but negative for glycophorin A and hemoglobin. Ultrastructural platelet peroxidase was demonstrated in 2-3% of cells and the percentage of positive cells increased up to 20% after the treatment with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. The cells contained small dense granules negative for platelet peroxidase, their number increasing threefold after 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate treatment. Such treated cells frequently showed a complex of the demarcation membrane in the cytoplasm. T-33 responded thrombin to exhibit calcium influx. This cell line may be useful for the study of the early stage of megakaryocytic differentiation in human megakaryopoiesis.
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Leucemia Megacarioblástica Aguda/patología , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/patología , Antígenos de Superficie/análisis , Diferenciación Celular , Femenino , Humanos , Cariotipificación , Leucemia Megacarioblástica Aguda/genética , Leucemia Megacarioblástica Aguda/inmunología , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/genética , Leucemia Mielógena Crónica BCR-ABL Positiva/inmunología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Peroxidasas/análisis , Glicoproteínas de Membrana Plaquetaria/análisis , Trombina/farmacología , Células Tumorales CultivadasAsunto(s)
Muerte Encefálica/legislación & jurisprudencia , Niño , Humanos , Japón , Trasplante de ÓrganosRESUMEN
Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES), or acute encephalitis with refractory, repetitive partial seizures (AERRPS), is an epileptic encephalopathy beginning with fever-mediated seizures. The etiology remains unclear. To elucidate the genetic background of FIRES/AERRPS (hereafter FIRES), we recruited 19 Japanese patients, genotyped polymorphisms of the IL1B, IL6, IL10, TNFA, IL1RN, SCN1A and SCN2A genes, and compared their frequency between the patients and controls. For IL1RN, the frequency of a variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) allele, RN2, was significantly higher in the patients than in controls (p=0.0067), and A allele at rs4251981 in 5' upstream of IL1RN with borderline significance (p=0.015). Haplotype containing RN2 was associated with an increased risk of FIRES (OR 3.88, 95%CI 1.40-10.8, p=0.0057). For SCN1A, no polymorphisms showed a significant association, whereas a missense mutation, R1575C, was found in two patients. For SCN2A, the minor allele frequency of G allele at rs1864885 was higher in patients with borderline significance (p=0.011). We demonstrated the association of IL1RN haplotype containing RN2 with FIRES, and showed a possible association of IL1RN rs4251981 G>A and SCN2A rs1864885 A>G, in Japanese patients. These preliminary findings suggest the involvement of multiple genetic factors in FIRES, which needs to be confirmed by future studies in a larger number of FIRES cases.