Early interruption of exclusive breastfeeding and associated factors, state of São Paulo, Brazil.

Many reports about breastfeeding prevalence and factors associated with weaning have been published in the scientific literature. However, the influence of newborn feeding practices on the duration of exclusive breastfeeding has received less attention. This study provides information about the introduction of liquids, other than the mother's milk, to infants in the first 6 months and factors associated with this practice.

[Overweight, obesity and associated factors in first grade schoolchildren in a city of the metropolitan region of São Paulo, Brazil]. / Prevalência de sobrepeso e fatores associados em crianças ingressantes no ensino fundamental em um município da região metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil.

This study assessed the prevalence of overweight in public school first graders and the association between overweight and socio-environmental factors in a city in Greater Metropolitan São Paulo, Brazil. Children enrolling in public school first grade in Cajamar in 2005 were assessed. Overweight was defined according to body mass index, by gender and age. Socio-environmental information was obtained using a questionnaire applied to 58.6% of the children's mothers. Poisson regression models were used to evaluate associations between overweight in schoolchildren and socio-environmental variables. Seventeen percent of the children were overweight. Factors associated with overweight were: mother's obesity (PR = 3.54; CI: 2.16-5.80), high consumption of junk food (PR = 2.12; CI: 1.30-3.45), more than 4 hours a day watching TV (PR = 2.08; CI: 1.03-4.20), and daily household per capita availability of vegetal oil (around 3 tablespoons) (PR = 1.52; CI: 1.01-2.31). The family environment has a strong influence on overweight in children entering first grade in public schools. Prevention of childhood overweight should preferably target the parents and other caregivers.

Feeding habits of children aged 6 to 12 months and associated maternal factors.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the feeding practices of children aged 6 to 12 months of age and associated maternal factors. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study analyzing data from the 2004 Breastfeeding and the Municipalities Project, which was implemented in 136 municipalities in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, with 24,448 children. The foods these children ate were profiled according to the number of children who had been given breastmilk and/or other foods during the previous 24 hours, and based on this data the probability of consumption of each food at each age was estimated by means of probit analysis. RESULTS: It was observed that 50% of the sample were being given breastmilk, 77% other types of milk, 63% porridge, 87% fruit, 78% soups, 64% the family meal, 58% meals including beans and 36% soup or meals containing meat. The probability of a 6-month-old child being given soup is elevated (78%), while for the family meal it is low (39%), and the probability of being fed breastmilk is 59%, lower than for other milks (70%) and than for porridge (63%). Associations were observed between milk-based meals and primiparous mothers, mothers employed outside the home and mothers who had spent longer in education. Similar findings were observed for soups, added to maternal age of more than 20 years. The family meal was associated with mothers under 20 years old, mothers who were not employed outside the home, mothers with fewer years' education and multiparous mothers. CONCLUSIONS: Excessive consumption was observed of liquid and semi-solid foods, suggesting that appropriate guidance on complementary feeding is needed, taking into account age, primiparity, education and employed mothers.

Actions of the School Health Program and school meals in the prevention of childhood overweight: experience in the municipality of Itapevi, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2014. / Ações do Programa Saúde na Escola e da alimentação escolar na prevenção do excesso de peso infantil: experiência no município de Itapevi, São Paulo, Brasil, 2014.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the experience in the municipality of Itapevi-SP, Brazil, within the framework of School Health Program and school meals related to overweight prevention. METHODS: this cross-sectional study comprised 21 public schools of the first cycle of Primary School who adhered to the School Health Program; the diagnoses, based on 2014 data, included the students' nutritional status, qualitative analysis of school meals, and inclusion of themes related to nutrition and physical activities in curricular and extracurricular activities. RESULTS: overweight was present in 30.6% of the 7,017 students; ultra-processed foods represented 68.4% of the breakfast and afternoon snacks, whilst unprocessed and minimally processed foods were more present in lunch meals (92.4%); themes related to nutrition and the practice of physical activities were present in the curricular activities of 14 schools. CONCLUSION: the assessment of the actions of the School Health Program and school meals shows the need for adjustments on school menus.

[Prevalence of overweight and obesity, and associated factors in school children from urban area in Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico, 2004]. / Prevalência de sobrepeso e obesidade e fatores associados em escolares de área urbana de Chilpancingo, Guerrero, México, 2004.

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rates for overweight and obesity among Mexican schoolchildren, identifying factors associated with the outcomes. A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample consisting of 700 schoolchildren. Prevalence rates were calculated according to age and gender, and odds ratios were estimated by point and intervals, using multivariate logistic regression. Overweight and obesity prevalence were 28.1% and 13.7%, respectively. Risk factors for overweight were: mother's schooling (in years); eating while studying or watching TV; scores for risk food items > or = 12 points; sedentary activities > or = 1.6 hours/day, and birth weight > or = 2,890 grams. Obesity risk factors were similar to those related to overweight. Higher frequency of sport activities was detected as a protective factor in both outcomes. The associated factors for overweight and obesity highlighted the focus for health programs to prevent chronic diseases in this population, for which risk factors can already be identified in childhood.

Ações do Programa Saúde na Escola e da alimentação escolar na prevenção do excesso de peso infantil: experiência no município de Itapevi, São Paulo, Brasil, 2014 / Acciones del Programa de Salud Escolar y de la alimentación escolar en la prevención del sobrepeso infantil: experiencia en el municipio de Itapevi, São Paulo, Brasil, 2014 / Actions of the School Health Program and school meals in the prevention of childhood overweight: experience in the municipality of Itapevi, São Paulo State, Brazil, 2014

OBJETIVO: descrever a experiência no desenvolvimento de ações do Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE) e da alimentação escolar relacionadas à prevenção do excesso de peso no município de Itapevi-SP, Brasil. MÉTODOS: o estudo descritivo contemplou 21 escolas públicas do Ciclo 1 do Ensino Fundamental aderidas ao PSE; os diagnósticos, com dados de 2014, incluíram estado nutricional dos escolares, análise qualitativa da alimentação escolar e inserção de temas relacionados à alimentação, nutrição e atividade física nas atividades curriculares e extracurriculares. RESULTADOS: 30,6% dos 7.017 escolares apresentaram excesso de peso; alimentos ultraprocessados estiveram presentes na maioria dos cardápios do desjejum/lanche da tarde (68,4%), enquanto os alimentos in natura e minimamente processados preponderaram no almoço (92,4%); temas relacionados à alimentação, nutrição e prática de atividade física foram contemplados nas atividades curriculares de 14 escolas. CONCLUSÃO: a avaliação das ações do PSE e da alimentação escolar indica a necessidade de ajustes no cardápio escolar.

OBJETIVO: describir la experiencia del municipio de Itapevi-SP, Brasil, en el desarrollo de las acciones del Programa de Salud Escolar (PSE) y de la alimentación escolar relacionada con la prevención del sobrepeso. MÉTODOS: el estudio de diseño transversal contempló 21 escuelas públicas del Ciclo I de la Educación Primaria que han adherido al PSE; los diagnósticos, fueron hechos con datos de 2014, incluyeron estado nutricional, análisis cualitativo de la alimentación escolar; inclusión de temas relacionados con la alimentación, nutrición y actividad física en las actividades curriculares y extracurriculares. RESULTADOS: 30,6% de los 7.017 estudiantes tenían sobrepeso; los alimentos ultraprocesados representaron 68,4% de los alimentos de desayuno/merienda, mientras que los alimentos frescos y mínimamente procesados predominaron en el almuerzo (92,4%); los temas previamente mencionados fueron incluidos en las actividades curriculares de 14 escuelas. CONCLUSIÓN: la evaluación del PSE y de la alimentación escolar indica la necesidad de ajustes en el menú de la escuela.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the experience in the municipality of Itapevi-SP, Brazil, within the framework of School Health Program and school meals related to overweight prevention. METHODS: this cross-sectional study comprised 21 public schools of the first cycle of Primary School who adhered to the School Health Program; the diagnoses, based on 2014 data, included the students' nutritional status, qualitative analysis of school meals, and inclusion of themes related to nutrition and physical activities in curricular and extracurricular activities. RESULTS: overweight was present in 30.6% of the 7,017 students; ultra-processed foods represented 68.4% of the breakfast and afternoon snacks, whilst unprocessed and minimally processed foods were more present in lunch meals (92.4%); themes related to nutrition and the practice of physical activities were present in the curricular activities of 14 schools. CONCLUSION: the assessment of the actions of the School Health Program and school meals shows the need for adjustments on school menus.

Regional and socioeconomic distribution of household food availability in Brazil, in 2008-2009.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the regional and socioeconomic distribution of household food availability in Brazil. METHODS: Data from the 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey on food and beverage acquisition for household consumption, conducted by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), were analyzed. The amounts of foods, recorded during seven consecutive days in the 55,970 sample households, were converted into calories and nutrients. Food quality indicators were constructed and analyzed according to the regional and socioeconomic strata of the Brazilian population. RESULTS: The amount of energy from protein was adequate in all regional and socioeconomic strata. On the other hand, an excess of free sugars and fats was observed in all regions of the country, especially in the Southern and Southeastern regions. The proportion of saturated fats was high in urban areas and consistent with the greater contribution of animal-derived products. Limited availability of fruits and vegetables was found in all regions. An increase in the fat content and reduction in carbohydrate content of the diet were observed with the increase in income. CONCLUSIONS: The negative characteristics of the Brazilian diet observed at the end of the first decade of the 21st century indicate the need to prioritize public policies for the promotion of healthy eating.

Availability of added sugars in Brazil: distribution, food sources and time trends.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the regional and socio-economic distribution of consumption of added sugar in Brazil in 2002/03, particularly products, sources of sugar and trends in the past 15 years. METHODS: The study used data from Household Budget Surveys since the 1980s about the type and quantity of food and beverages bought by Brazilian families. Different indicators were analyzed: % of sugar calories over the total diet energy and caloric % of table sugar fractions and sugar added to processed food/ sugar calories of diet. RESULTS: In 2002/03, of the total energy available for consumption, 16.7% came from added sugar in all regional and socio-economic strata. The table sugar/ sugar added to processed food ratio was inversely proportional to increase in income. Although this proportion fell in the past 15 years, sugar added to processed food doubled, especially in terms of consumption of soft drinks and cookies. CONCLUSIONS: Brazilians consume more sugar than the recommended levels determined by the WHO and the sources of consumption of sugar have changed significantly.

[Dietary patterns and correlates in adults living in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil: the OBEDIARP Project]. / Padrões de consumo de alimentos e fatores associados em adultos de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil: Projeto OBEDIARP.

This study aimed to identify and analyze correlates of dietary patterns in residents of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional study including both men and women aged > 30 years (n = 930, weighted sample = 2,197). Factor analysis was applied to identify food consumption patterns, using a semi-quantitative questionnaire. Four patterns were identified: (a) obesogenic: associated with more physical activity, more schooling, and age < 40 years; (b) healthy: associated with female gender, individuals without overweight, older adults, central obesity, more physical activity, and higher socioeconomic status; (c) mixed: without overweight, female gender, and younger adults; and (d) popular: associated with absence of hypercholesterolemia and lower family income. The results highlight the need to encourage eating healthy foods in order to prevent chronic non-communicable diseases.

Per capita versus adult-equivalent estimates of calorie availability in household budget surveys.

This study aims to estimate an adult-equivalent scale for calorie requirements and to determine the differences between adult-equivalent and per capita measurements of calorie availability in the Brazilian population. The study used data from the 2002-2003 Brazilian Household Budget Survey. The calorie requirement for a reference adult individual was based on the mean requirements for adult males and females (2,550kcal/day). The conversion factors were defined as the ratios between the calorie requirements for each age group and gender and that of the reference adult. The adult-equivalent calorie availability levels were higher than the per capita levels, with the largest differences in rural and low-income households. Differences in household calorie availability varied from 22kcal/day (households with adults and an adolescent) to 428kcal/day (households with elderly individuals), thus showing that per capital measurements can underestimate the real calorie availability, since they overlook differences in household composition.

Fruit and vegetable intake by adults in Ribeirão Preto, Southeastern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess fruit and vegetable intake by adults and identify sociodemographic and life style variables associated with this intake. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was performed in the urban area of the city of Ribeirão Preto, Southeastern Brazil, in 2006. Sample was selected using three-stage cluster sampling, with census tracts as primary units. Sample was comprised of 930 participants aged 30 years and more and the design effect was considered in data analysis. Fruit and vegetable intake was based on a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, using mean scores of frequency of fruit and vegetable intake, daily intake and minimum intake of such foods as indicators. The independent variables analyzed were as follows: age group, marital status, level of education, per capita household income, nutritional status, smoking and physical activity. Mean scores of frequency of intake were estimated by point and 95% confidence intervals. Prevalence ratios were also estimated by point and 95% confidence intervals to analyze association, using Poisson regression. Linear trend tests were applied, adopting a 5% confidence level. RESULTS: Only 24% of men and 38% of women met the minimum recommendation for fruit and vegetable intake; there was a positive association with age and per capita income. Women with a higher level of education and men who lived with a female partner consumed more fruits and vegetables than others. Physical activity, smoking and nutritional status were not associated with the minimum recommended fruit and vegetable intake. CONCLUSIONS: Socioeconomic factors have an important influence on fruit and vegetable intake and, as these are subject to intervention, they can contribute to the adoption of healthy eating habits.

[Diabetes mellitus prevalence and associated factors in adults in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil, 2006: OBEDIARP Project]. / Prevalência de diabetes mellitus e identificação de fatores associados em adultos residentes em área urbana de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil, 2006: Projeto OBEDIARP.

To identify diabetes mellitus prevalence and associated factors, a cross-sectional epidemiological study was developed including participants aged 30 years and older living in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. Using three-stage cluster sampling, probability weights were applied, resulting in a weighted sample of 2,197 participants. Diabetes mellitus diagnosis was based on previous medical history or World Health Organization (WHO) cut-offs after oral glucose tolerance test. To investigate associated factors, crude and adjusted prevalence ratios were estimated by points and confidence intervals, using Poisson regression. Diabetes mellitus prevalence was 15.02%. After adjusting for potential confounding, factors associated with diabetes mellitus in the final model were: age; family history of diabetes mellitus; waist hip ratio; waist height ratio; number of medicines taken; and use of outpatient services. The results showed high diabetes mellitus prevalence and identified associated factors amenable to intervention.

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves to identify birth weight cutoffs to predict overweight in Mexican school children.

OBJECTIVE: To identify birth weight cutoffs to predict overweight in school children and adolescents from Chilpancingo, Mexico, in 2004. METHODS: Six hundred and sixty-two male and female children between 5 and 13 years old were selected by probability sampling. Birth weight measures were extracted from vaccination cards. The school children's nutritional status was defined using specific body mass index (BMI) cutoffs according to sex and age. Predicting equations were built using linear regression models. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated and two-graph (TG) ROC curves were plotted, respectively, to detect global accuracy and to identify birth weight cutoffs corresponding to the intersection of sensitivity and specificity curves. RESULTS: Overweight prevalence was higher in female (46%) than male school children (38.5%). Among adolescents, overweight prevalence was also higher in females (43.5%) than males (38.9%). BMI average and birth weight deciles showed a linear relation. Areas under ROC curves showed values > or = 78% in each stratum of sex and age, depicting a difference by sex in adolescents. TG-ROC curves showed that birth weight cutoffs were slightly higher in boys than in girls, and the sensitivity/specificity intersections were > or = 0.70. CONCLUSIONS: The study results showed that birth weight cutoffs can be used as overweight markers in childhood and adolescence, being useful as a screening strategy to detect risk groups.

[Effects of delayed cord clamping on hemoglobin and ferritin levels in infants at three months of age]. / Efeitos do clampeamento tardio do cordão umbilical sobre os níveis de hemoglobina e ferritina em lactentes aos três meses de vida.

This study assessed the effect of delayed (1 minute after delivery) clamping of the umbilical cord on hemoglobin and ferritin levels in infants at three months of age. Mothers and their infants born through vaginal delivery, at term, and without congenital anomalies (325 pairs) were recruited at a hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, in 2006 (164 in the delayed clamping subgroup and 161 in the early clamping subgroup). Maternal hemoglobin at delivery, umbilical cord hemoglobin, and ferritin were recorded. At three months follow-up, venous blood samples were drawn from 224 (69%) infants for hemoglobin and ferritin measurement. Socioeconomic, maternal reproductive, anthropometric, and infant feeding variables were studied. Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the data. The effect of delayed clamping at birth, measured at three months, was only significant for ferritin (p = 0.040), and the concentration was higher (23.29ng/mL) in this subgroup as compared to the early clamping subgroup. Delayed umbilical cord clamping can serve as a strategy to improve infant iron status and prevent iron deficiency.

Distribuição regional e socioeconômica da disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos no Brasil em 2008-2009 / Regional and socioeconomic distribution of household food availability in Brazil, in 2008-2009 / Distribución regional y socioeconómica de la disponibilidad domiciliaria de alimentos en Brasil, 2008-2009

OBJETIVO: Descrever a distribuição regional e socioeconômica da disponibilidade domiciliar de alimentos no Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo com dados secundários da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009, realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística sobre aquisições de alimentos e bebidas para consumo domiciliar. As quantidades de alimentos, registradas durante sete dias consecutivos nos 55.970 domicílios brasileiros amostrados, foram transformadas em calorias e nutrientes. Indicadores de qualidade da dieta foram construídos e analisados segundo estratos socioeconômicos e regionais da população brasileira. RESULTADOS: O teor protéico da disponibilidade alimentar mostrou-se adequado em todos os estratos regionais e econômicos. Em contrapartida, observou-se excesso de açúcares livres e de gorduras em todas as regiões, especialmente nas regiões Sul e Sudeste. A proporção de gorduras saturadas foi elevada no meio urbano e consistente com a maior participação de produtos de origem animal. A presença insuficiente de frutas, legumes e verduras foi comum em todas as regiões. Intensificação do teor de gorduras e diminuição do teor de carboidratos da dieta foram observadas com o aumento da renda. CONCLUSÕES: As características negativas da qualidade da dieta da população brasileira observadas ao final da primeira década do século XXI conferem alta prioridade para políticas públicas de promoção da alimentação saudável.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the regional and socioeconomic distribution of household food availability in Brazil. METHODS: Data from the 2008-2009 Household Budget Survey on food and beverage acquisition for household consumption, conducted by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics), were analyzed. The amounts of foods, recorded during seven consecutive days in the 55,970 sample households, were converted into calories and nutrients. Food quality indicators were constructed and analyzed according to the regional and socioeconomic strata of the Brazilian population. RESULTS: The amount of energy from protein was adequate in all regional and socioeconomic strata. On the other hand, an excess of free sugars and fats was observed in all regions of the country, especially in the Southern and Southeastern regions. The proportion of saturated fats was high in urban areas and consistent with the greater contribution of animal-derived products. Limited availability of fruits and vegetables was found in all regions. An increase in the fat content and reduction in carbohydrate content of the diet were observed with the increase in income. CONCLUSIONS: The negative characteristics of the Brazilian diet observed at the end of the first decade of the 21st century indicate the need to prioritize public policies for the promotion of healthy eating.

OBJETIVO: Describir la distribución regional y socioeconómica de la disponibilidad domiciliaria de alimentos en Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudio con datos secundarios de la Investigación de Presupuestos Familiares 2008-2009, realizada por el Instituto Brasileño de Geografía y Estadística sobre adquisiciones de alimentos y bebidas para consumo domiciliario. Las cantidades de alimentos, registradas durante siete días consecutivos en los 55.970 domicilios brasileños muestreados, fueron transformadas en calorías y nutrientes con el auxilio de tablas de composición alimentaria. Indicadores de calidad de la dieta fueron construidos y analizados según estratos socioeconómicos y regionales de la población brasileña. RESULTADOS: La proporción proteica de la disponibilidad alimentaria se mostró adecuada en todos los estratos regionales y económicos. En contrapartida, se observó exceso de azúcares libres en todas las regiones y de grasas especialmente en las regiones Sur y Sureste. La proporción de grasas saturadas fue elevada en el medio urbano y consistente con la mayor participación de productos de origen animal. La presencia insuficiente de frutas, legumbres y verduras fue común en todas las regiones. Intensificación de la proporción de grasas y disminución de la proporción de carbohidratos de la dieta fueron observados con el aumento de la renta. CONCLUSIONES: Las características negativas de la calidad de dieta de la población brasileña observadas al final de la primera década del siglo XXI confieren alta prioridad para políticas públicas de promoción de la alimentación saludable.

Disponibilidade de "açúcares de adição" no Brasil: distribuição, fontes alimentares e tendência temporal / Availability of added sugars in Brazil: distribution, food sources and time trends

OBJETIVOS: Estimar o consumo de "açúcar de adição" pela população brasileira, nos estratos regionais e socioeconômicos, destacando suas principais fontes alimentares e verificar a tendência do seu consumo nas últimas décadas. MÉTODOS: Contou-se com informações das Pesquisas de Orçamentos Familiares a partir da década de 80 sobre o tipo e a quantidade de alimentos e bebidas adquiridos pelas famílias brasileiras. Os indicadores analisados foram: por cento das calorias de açúcar no total calórico da dieta e por cento calórico das frações de açúcar de mesa e de açúcar adicionado aos alimentos pela indústria/kcal açúcar da dieta. RESULTADOS: Em 2002/03, 16,7 por cento das calorias totais eram provenientes de "açúcar de adição" e sua participação mostrou-se elevada em todos os estratos regionais e de renda. A razão açúcar de mesa/açúcar adicionado pela indústria se inverte com o aumento da renda. A participação do açúcar de mesa nos últimos 15 anos foi reduzida, enquanto a contribuição do açúcar adicionado aos alimentos dobrou, especialmente por meio do consumo de refrigerantes e biscoitos. CONCLUSÕES: O consumo de açúcar no Brasil excede largamente a recomendação da OMS e verificou-se importante alteração nas fontes de consumo.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the regional and socio-economic distribution of consumption of added sugar in Brazil in 2002/03, particularly products, sources of sugar and trends in the past 15 years. METHODS: The study used data from Household Budget Surveys since the 1980s about the type and quantity of food and beverages bought by Brazilian families. Different indicators were analyzed: percent of sugar calories over the total diet energy and caloric percent of table sugar fractions and sugar added to processed food/ sugar calories of diet. RESULTS: In 2002/03, of the total energy available for consumption, 16.7 percent came from added sugar in all regional and socio-economic strata. The table sugar/ sugar added to processed food ratio was inversely proportional to increase in income. Although this proportion fell in the past 15 years, sugar added to processed food doubled, especially in terms of consumption of soft drinks and cookies. CONCLUSIONS: Brazilians consume more sugar than the recommended levels determined by the WHO and the sources of consumption of sugar have changed significantly.

Segurança alimentar em domicílios por idosos, Brasil / Food security in households headed by elderly, Brazil

A segurança alimentar nos domicílios chefiados por idosos tem uma dimensão especial no que se refere às condições de saúde e bem-estar, uma vez que parece evidente a importância de garantir a este contingente populacional a possibilidade de continuar a contribuir na sociedade de forma ativa e produtiva. Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de insegurança alimentar em domicílios cujos chefes são idosos, segundo características sociodemográficas. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo descritivo com domicílios cujos chefes têm 60 anos ou mais de idade declarada, selecionados da Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra de Domicílios - PNAD 2004. Empregou-se a Escala Brasileira de Insegurança Alimentar, classificando-se os domicílios em segurança alimentar e insegurança alimentar leve, moderada e grave. A análise descritiva dos dados incluiu a distribuição de frequência dos domicílios de acordo com os níveis de insegurança alimentar nos estratos das variáveis sociodemográficas, levando-se em consideração o efeito do desenho. Resultados: O estudo mostrou que 29,8% dos domicílios se encontravam na condição de insegurança alimentar e que tal condição estava significativamente associada com regiões menos abastadas (Norte/Nordeste, rural), com os segmentos populacionais mais desfavorecidos (mais pobres e menos escolarizados) e, ainda com características de gênero (mulheres) e raciais (indígenas, pardos e pretos) as quais sabidamente ocupam os níveis inferiores da hierarquia social. Conclusão: A distribuição da insegurança alimentar em domicílios chefiados por idosos segue tendência similar dos domicílios brasileiros, ratificando a maior prevalência desta condição nos estratos socioeconômicos mais desfavorecidos da população ou entre características associadas à pobreza.

Padrões de consumo de alimentos e fatores associados em adultos de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil: Projeto OBEDIARP / Dietary patterns and correlates in adults living in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil: the OBEDIARP Project

This study aimed to identify and analyze correlates of dietary patterns in residents of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil. This was a cross-sectional study including both men and women aged > 30 years (n = 930, weighted sample = 2,197). Factor analysis was applied to identify food consumption patterns, using a semi-quantitative questionnaire. Four patterns were identified: (a) obesogenic: associated with more physical activity, more schooling, and age < 40 years; (b) healthy: associated with female gender, individuals without overweight, older adults, central obesity, more physical activity, and higher socioeconomic status; (c) mixed: without overweight, female gender, and younger adults; and (d) popular: associated with absence of hypercholesterolemia and lower family income. The results highlight the need to encourage eating healthy foods in order to prevent chronic non-communicable diseases.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever e identificar fatores associados aos padrões de consumo de alimentos de residentes no Município de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado entre sujeitos de ambos os sexos e com idade > 30 anos (n = 930; n ponderado = 2.197). Empregou-se a análise fatorial na identificação dos padrões de consumo obtidos por questionário semiquantitativo. Identificaram-se quatro padrões: (a) obesogênico: mais frequente entre os mais ativos, com maior escolaridade e idade < 40 anos; (b) saudável: mais frequente entre mulheres, naqueles sem excesso de peso, mais velhos, com obesidade central, mais ativos e com melhor condição socioeconômica; (c) misto: mais prevalente entre os sem excesso de peso, entre mulheres e entre os mais jovens; (d) popular: mais frequente entre os sem hipercolesterolemia e com menor renda familiar. Esses resultados evidenciam a necessidade de estimular a ingestão de alimentos saudáveis de forma a prevenir o aparecimento de doenças crônicas.

Consumo de frutas e hortaliças por adultos em Ribeirão Preto, SP / Consumo de frutas y hortalizas por adultos en Ribeirao Preto, Sureste de Brasil / Fruit and vegetable intake by adults in Ribeirão Preto, Southeastern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o consumo de frutas e hortaliças por adultos e identificar variáveis sociodemográficas e de estilo de vida associadas ao consumo desses alimentos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, de base populacional, realizado na área urbana de Ribeirão Preto, SP, em 2006, com amostra selecionada por conglomerados, em três estágios, tendo como unidade primária o setor censitário. A amostra foi composta por 930 participantes com 30 anos e mais; na análise de dados levou-se em consideração o efeito de desenho. O consumo de frutas e hortaliças baseou-se em questionário de freqüência semiquantitativo, utilizando-se como indicadores os escores médios de freqüência de consumo de frutas e hortaliças, consumo diário e consumo mínimo desses alimentos. As variáveis independentes analisadas foram: faixa etária, estado marital, escolaridade, renda familiar per capita, estado nutricional, tabagismo e atividade física. Médias dos escores de freqüência de consumo foram estimadas por pontos e por intervalos com 95 por cento de confiança. Para o estudo de associação, razões de prevalências foram estimadas por pontos e por intervalos com 95 por cento de confiança, utilizando-se regressão de Poisson. Testes de tendência linear foram aplicados, adotando-se nível de significância de 5 por cento...

OBJECTIVE: To assess fruit and vegetable intake by adults and identify sociodemographic and life style variables associated with this intake. METHODS: A population-based cross-sectional study was performed in the urban area of the city of Ribeirão Preto, Southeastern Brazil, in 2006. Sample was selected using three-stage cluster sampling, with census tracts as primary units. Sample was comprised of 930 participants aged 30 years and more and the design effect was considered in data analysis. Fruit and vegetable intake was based on a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, using mean scores of frequency of fruit and vegetable intake, daily intake and minimum intake of such foods as indicators. The independent variables analyzed were as follows: age group, marital status, level of education, per capita household income, nutritional status, smoking and physical activity. Mean scores of frequency of intake were estimated by point and 95 percent confidence intervals. Prevalence ratios were also estimated by point and 95 percent confidence intervals to analyze association, using Poisson regression. Linear trend tests were applied, adopting a 5 percent confidence level...

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el consumo de frutas y hortalizas por adultos e identificar variables sociodemográficas y de estilo de vida asociadas al consumo de estos alimentos. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, de base poblacional, realizado en el área urbana de Ribeirao Preto, Sureste de Brasil, en 2006, con muestra seleccionada por conglomerados, en tres fases, teniendo como unidad primaria el sector del censo. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 930 participantes con 30 años y más y, en el análisis de datos se tomó en consideración el efecto del diseño. El consumo de frutas y hortalizas se basó en cuestionario de frecuencia semi-cuantitativa, utilizándose como indicadores los escores promedios de frecuencia de consumo de frutas y hortalizas, consumo diario y consumo mínimo de esos alimentos. Las variables independientes analizadas fueron: grupo etario, estado marital, escolaridad, renta familiar per capita, estado nutricional, tabaquismo y actividad física. Promedio de los escores de frecuencia de consumo fueron estimados por puntos y por intervalos con 95 por ciento de confianza. Para el estudio de asociación, razones de prevalencias fueron estimadas por puntos y por intervalos con 95 por ciento de confianza utilizándose regresión de Poisson. Pruebas de tendencia linear fueron aplicados, adoptándose nivel de significancia de 5 por ciento...

Per capita versus adult-equivalent estimates of calorie availability in household budget surveys / Estimativa domiciliar da disponibilidade calórica per capita versus adulto-equivalente em pesquisa de orçamento familiar

This study aims to estimate an adult-equivalent scale for calorie requirements and to determine the differences between adult-equivalent and per capita measurements of calorie availability in the Brazilian population. The study used data from the 2002-2003 Brazilian Household Budget Survey. The calorie requirement for a reference adult individual was based on the mean requirements for adult males and females (2,550kcal/day). The conversion factors were defined as the ratios between the calorie requirements for each age group and gender and that of the reference adult. The adult-equivalent calorie availability levels were higher than the per capita levels, with the largest differences in rural and low-income households. Differences in household calorie availability varied from 22kcal/day (households with adults and an adolescent) to 428kcal/day (households with elderly individuals), thus showing that per capital measurements can underestimate the real calorie availability, since they overlook differences in household composition.

Objetivou-se estimar uma escala adulto-equivalente de necessidade energética e determinar as diferenças entre medidas adulto-equivalente e per capita para disponibilidade energética da população brasileira. Utilizaram-se dados da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares de 2002/2003. A necessidade energética de um indivíduo adulto de referência baseou-se na média das necessidades de homens e mulheres adultos (2.550kcal/dia). Os fatores de conversão foram definidos como a razão entre a necessidade energética de cada grupo de idade e sexo e aquela do adulto de referência. Os valores de disponibilidade de energia adulto-equivalente foram superiores aos per capita, sendo as maiores diferenças nos domicílios da área rural e de menor renda. As diferenças na disponibilidade energética domiciliar variavam entre 22kcal/dia (domicílio contendo adultos e adolescente) e 428kcal/dia (domicílio onde residem idosos), demonstrando que medidas per capita podem subestimar a disponibilidade energética real, uma vez que ignoram diferenças na composição dos domicílios.