The effect of Fe-Zn mole ratio (2:1) bimetallic nanoparticles supported by hydroxyethyl cellulose/graphene oxide for high-efficiency removal of doxycycline.

In this research, Hydroxyethyl cellulose - graphene oxide HEC-GO and HEC-GO/Fe-Zn mole ratio (2:1) nanocomposite as adsorbents were fabricated by crosslinking ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) to study the thermodynamic, kinetic and isotherm of doxycycline antibiotic adsorption. The morphology and structure of the adsorbents were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (FE-SEM- EDX), and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The adsorption behavior of doxycycline (DOX) was studied with different parameters including doxycycline concentration, pH, the dose of adsorbent (HEC-GO and HEC-GO/Fe-Zn, mole ratio (2:1)), contact time, and temperature. The optimal conditions for the removal of DOX are pH = 3.0, contact time 100 min, and 20 min for HEC-GO and HEC-GO/Fe-Zn mole ratio (2:1). The removal percentage for HEC-GO and HEC-GO/Fe-Zn mole ratio (2:1) was 97% and 95.5%, respectively. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms such as the Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models were analyzed according to the experimental data. Also, four adsorption kinetics were investigated for removing DOX. The Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models provided the best fit for experimental data for HEC-GO and HEC-GO/Fe-Zn mole ratio (2:1). Thermodynamic data showed that negative values of Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) and the negative value of enthalpy (ΔH°) of the adsorption process for adsorbents. It means that DOX removal was a spontaneous and exothermic reaction.

Azithromycin oral suspension in prevention and management of oral mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the effects of azithromycin suspension on oral mucositis in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). METHODS AND MATERIAL: The study was designed as a single-blind randomized controlled trial in Taleghani medical center affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran. Patients undergoing HSCT were randomly assigned to intervention or control groups. Azithromycin suspension was administered twice daily by gargling for 30 s and swallowing, on the first day of chemotherapy for patients in the intervention group. Graded oral mucositis (OM) occurrence based on National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC) scale (grade 0 to 5) was considered the main outcome, and the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS:0-10) measured the severity of OM symptoms. RESULTS: In a duration of 15 months, 88 patients were randomly assigned and finally 70 patients were evaluable for study outcomes (randomized 1:1 to azithromycin versus no-azithromycin). The incidence and duration of the mucositis significantly improved in the intervention group compared to the control. Azithromycin use was consistent with a lower rate of dryness (P < 0.001), dysphagia (P < 0.001), and loss of sense of taste (P < 0.001). Also, in the intervention group, lower intensity of pain due to mucositis (P = 0.01) and lower duration of mucositis were observed (p = 0.045). No significant adverse drug reaction was observed in patients receiving azithromycin. CONCLUSION: Based on the result from this study, azithromycin suspension is an effective option in the prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced OM. Further study is needed to assess the effect of azithromycin and comparison with other therapeutic options. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials: IRCT201603093210N13.

Fabrication of different adsorbents based on zirconium oxide, graphene oxide, and dextrin for removal of green malachite dye from aqueous solutions.

In this study, graphene oxide and amine graphene were studied by binding to dextrin and zirconium oxide nanoparticles as adsorbent nanocomposites to the removal of dye. Identification and characterization of the synthesized materials were examined using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and BET analyses. Adsorption tests between adsorbents and green malachite (MG) dye solution for the synthesized nanocomposites were performed by considering parameters such as contact time, solution pH, and adsorbent dosage. The data indicated that dye removal increased with increasing the amount of adsorbent dosage. Increased dye removal by increasing the adsorbent dosage can be attributed to the increase of availability of the number of active sites. The active adsorption sites are saturated during the adsorption process, by the molecules of the adsorbate and filled over time. The results showed that the synthesized bio-composite had malachite green removal ability from aqueous media.

Separation of organic contaminant (dye) using the modified porous metal-organic framework (MIL).

Herein, the porous metal-organic framework (MIL-88B: Materials Institute Lavoisier) was synthesized and identified by FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared), SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), EDS (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy), and XRD (X-ray powder diffraction) analyses. Then MIL-88B was modified using 3-aminopropyl trimethoxy silane and presented as NH2-MIL-88B. The synthesized materials were used to separate direct red dye 23 (DR23) as an organic contaminant from water. The effect of various important factors such as the amount of adsorbent, initial concentration of contaminants, and pH was investigated. The results showed that the modified adsorbent (NH2-MIL-88B) had a higher adsorption capacity than the row adsorbent (MIL-88B). The amount of dye adsorption is high at lower pH values. The percentage of DR23 dye removal was complete under optimal conditions. Increasing the amount of adsorbent (0.001-0.003 g) and decreasing the pH (2.1-8.1) increases the percentage of dye removal and increasing the concentration of contaminant (50-125 mg/L) reduces the dye removal in the process. Isotherm data showed that the adsorption process followed the Langmuir model. Also, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were used to investigate the adsorption kinetics. Dye adsorption followed pseudo-second-order kinetics with correlation coefficient (0.99 <). The results showed that the modified adsorbent could be used as a suitable adsorbent with a high adsorption capacity for dye removal from water.

Spatial analysis and human health risk assessment of elements in ground water of District Hyderabad, Pakistan using ArcGIS and multivariate statistical analysis.

Availability of clean drinking water is a basic necessity of human population. Therefore, the current study was taken up for spatial analysis and human health risk assessment of elements in Ground water of District Hyderabad, Pakistan. Evaluation of 10 potential hazardous elements in one hundred eighteen samples of ground water from district Hyderabad, Pakistan was done to assess their natural and anthropogenic origin and possible effects on living organisms and human health. Based on statistical tools of Pearson Co-relation, Metal Clustering and Principal Component Analysis (PCA), three groups of elements were produced; First group included Mn, Fe, B and Cr, the second group contained Cu, Ni and As while third group included Pb, Cd and Zn. Higher Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) values of Cu, Ni, As, Pb, Cd and Zn showed their anthropogenic origin while Mn, Fe, B and Cr were found with lower concentration that indicated their natural origin. Histograms and box-plots of Mn, Fe, B and Cr were found to be normally distributed while these parameters were appeared abnormal for Cu, Ni, As, Pb, Cd and Zn. Risk assessment was quantified by hazard quotient (HQ) and cancer risk for both adult and child. Non-carcinogenic risks as depicted by HQs of all the 10 metal(loid)s were below the recommended HQ threshold of 1 for both child and adult. However, highest HQ was calculated for B (child 0.300 and adult 0.338) followed by the values for Mn and Ni. The potential risks of combined effect of all the 10 metal(loid)s through ingestion of groundwater was assessed using HI and calculated to be 0.694 for adult and 0.566 for child. This indicates the potential health risk of these metal(loid)s to human due to the consumption of the groundwater of district Hyderabad for drinking purpose. Considering the geometric mean for the studied area, carcinogenic risk of As through oral intake was calculated i.e. 1.50 × 10-4 and 2.62 × 10-5 for the adult and child However, this carcinogenic risk is 1.91 × 10-5 and 3.28 × 10-6 for Cd in adult and child and 1.94 × 10-3 and 3.32 × 10-4 for Cr in adult and child, respectively. Since the cancer risk 6exceeded the target risk of 1 × 10-4 for Cr i.e. 1.94 × 10-3 in adult, it can thus be considered as 'non-acceptable'. Spatial maps of elements produced by ArcGIS showed the hotspots of potential hazardous elements such as highest concentration of elements like Zn, Pb and Cd was found in urban areas while highest concentration of Cu, Ni and As was observed near Phulleli canal which passes from Hyderabad City and may contain contamination from waste material of residential area due to their anthropogenic activities.

Remediation of pharmaceuticals from contaminated water by molecularly imprinted polymers: a review.

The release of pharmaceuticals into the environment induces adverse effects on the metabolism of humans and other living species, calling for advanced remediation methods. Conventional removal methods are often non-selective and cause secondary contamination. These issues may be partly solved by the use of recently-developped adsorbents such as molecularly imprinted polymers. Here we review the synthesis and application of molecularly imprinted polymers for removing pharmaceuticals in water. Molecularly imprinted polymers are synthesized via several multiple-step polymerization methods. Molecularly imprinted polymers are potent adsorbents at the laboratory scale, yet their efficiency is limited by template leakage and polymer quality. Adsorption performance of multi-templated molecularly imprinted polymers depends on the design of wastewater treatment plants, pharmaceutical consumption patterns and the population serviced by these wastewater treatment plants.

Decreased in-hospital mortality associated with aspirin administration in hospitalized patients due to severe COVID-19.

Hypercoagulability and thrombosis caused by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are related to the higher mortality rate. Because of limited data on the antiplatelet effect, we aimed to evaluate the impact of aspirin add-on therapy on the outcome of the patients hospitalized due to severe COVID-19. In this cohort study, patients with a confirmed diagnosis of severe COVID-19 admitted to Imam Hossein Medical Center, Tehran, Iran from March 2019 to July 2020 were included. Demographics and related clinical data during their hospitalization were recorded. The mortality rate of the patients was considered as the primary outcome and its association with aspirin use was assessed. Nine hundred and ninety-one patients were included, of that 336 patients (34%) received aspirin during their hospitalization and 655 ones (66%) did not. Comorbidities were more prevalent in the patients who were receiving aspirin. Results from the multivariate COX proportional model demonstrated a significant independent association between aspirin use and reduction in the risk of in-hospital mortality (0.746 [0.560-0.994], p = 0.046). Aspirin use in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 is associated with a significant decrease in mortality rate. Further prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to assess the efficacy and adverse effects of aspirin administration in this population.

Emerging novel polymeric adsorbents for removing dyes from wastewater: A comprehensive review and comparison with other adsorbents.

Dye molecules are one of the most hazardous compounds for human and animal health and the excess intake of these materials can create toxic impacts. Several studies show the practicality of the adsorption process for dye uptake from wastewaters. In recent years, various adsorbents were used to be efficient in this process. Among all, polymeric adsorbents demonstrate great applicability in different environmental conditions and attract many researchers to work on them, although there is not enough reliable and precise information regarding these adsorbents. This study aims to investigate some influential parameters such as their type, physical properties, experimental conditions, their capacity, and further modeling along with a comparison with non-polymeric adsorbents. The influence of the main factors of adsorption capacity was studied and the dominant mechanism is explained extensively.

The effects of vitamin E on colistin-induced nephrotoxicity in treatment of drug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections: A randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: Nephrotoxicity remains a major long-standing concern for colistin, and it is critical to find agents that can prevent it. The present study aims to investigate the effect of vitamin E on the prevention of colistin-induced nephrotoxicity based on its antioxidant and free radical scavenging properties. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was designed for 52 patients taking colistin. These patients were categorized into two groups of equal size, receiving colistin or colistin plus vitamin E (α-Tocopherol). Vitamin E with doses of 400 units was administrated daily either orally or by a nasogastric tube if needed. The incidence of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) and its duration was recorded based on RIFLE criteria. RESULTS: The Incidence of AKI based on RIFLE criteria was 42.3% and 46.2% in intervention and control groups, respectively. The analysis showed no significant difference in the prevalence of AKI for the two groups (P = 0.78). There was no significant difference in the duration of AKI neither (P = 0.83). CONCLUSION: Although vitamin E is a powerful biological antioxidant, the effects of Vitamin E prophylaxis on colistin-induced nephrotoxicity was not taken into consideration in this study.

Promising effects of atorvastatin on mortality and need for mechanical ventilation in patients with severe COVID-19; a retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: Considering the anti-inflammatory effect of atorvastatin and the role of medical comorbidities such as hypertension and coronary artery disease on the prognosis of the COVID-19 patients, we aimed to assess the effect of atorvastatin add-on therapy on mortality caused by COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study, including patients who were hospitalised with confirmed diagnosis of severe COVID-19. Baseline characteristics and related clinical data of patients were recorded. Clinical outcomes consist of in-hospital mortality, need for invasive mechanical ventilation and hospital length of stay. COX regression analysis models were used to assess the association of independent factors to outcomes. RESULTS: Atorvastatin was administered for 421 of 991 patients. The mean age was 61.640 ± 17.003 years. Older age, higher prevalence of hypertension and coronary artery disease reported in patients who received atorvastatin. These patients have shorter hospital length of stay (P = .001). Based on COX proportional hazard model, in-hospital use of atorvastatin was associated with decrease in mortality (HR = 0.679, P = .005) and lower need for invasive mechanical ventilation (HR = 0.602, P = .014). CONCLUSIONS: Atorvastatin add-on therapy in patient with severe COVID-19 was associated with lower in-hospital mortality and reduced the risk of need for invasive mechanical ventilation which supports to continue the prescription of the medication.

Thermal Degradation Kinetics and Modeling Study of Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWP)/Graphene Nanocomposite.

The incorporation of nanofillers such as graphene into polymers has shown significant improvements in mechanical characteristics, thermal stability, and conductivity of resulting polymeric nanocomposites. To this aim, the influence of incorporation of graphene nanosheets into ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) on the thermal behavior and degradation kinetics of UHMWPE/graphene nanocomposites was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that graphene nanosheets were uniformly spread throughout the UHMWPE's molecular chains. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) data posited that the morphology of dispersed graphene sheets in UHMWPE was exfoliated. Non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) studies identified a more pronounced increase in melting temperatures and latent heat of fusions in nanocomposites compared to UHMWPE at lower concentrations of graphene. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetric (DTG) revealed that UHMWPE's thermal stability has been improved via incorporating graphene nanosheets. Further, degradation kinetics of neat polymer and nanocomposites have been modeled using equations such as Friedman, Ozawa-Flynn-Wall (OFW), Kissinger, and Augis and Bennett's. The "Model-Fitting Method" showed that the auto-catalytic nth-order mechanism provided a highly consistent and appropriate fit to describe the degradation mechanism of UHMWPE and its graphene nanocomposites. In addition, the calculated activation energy (Ea) of thermal degradation was enhanced by an increase in graphene concentration up to 2.1 wt.%, followed by a decrease in higher graphene content.

Surveying the efficiency of Platanus orientalis bark as biosorbent for Ni and Cr(VI) removal from plating wastewater as a real sample.

Heavy metals make up one of the most important pollutants in industrial wastewater. For wastewater, adsorbent materials developed from suitable biomass can be effective in removing the heavy metal ions. In this study, the powder of the bark of Platanus orientalis was used as a biosorbent to remove Cr(VI) and Ni from a nickel-chromium plating wastewater as a real sample for the first time. Two different adsorbents were used in analyzing the data: modified and non-modified bark. The extent of adsorption was dependent on the pH (in the range of 1.5, 3, 5, 7, and 9), the time of contact (in the range of 30, 60, 90, 120 min), and the adsorbent dosage (different doses of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 g L-1). The concentration of unabsorbed metals was measured by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES, Model Thermo iCAP 6000). The maximum removal of Cr(VI) was obtained 89.6% for non-modified bark and 90.7% for modified bark both at pH of 5 in 2 g L-1 of adsorbent dosage in 300 min. While, the maximum Ni removal was obtained 74.5 and 56.5% for non-modified and modified bark, respectively, at pH 3 in 2 g L-1 adsorbent dosage in 90 min. Based on the results, Freundlich isotherm appears better fitted in adsorption with a better correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.998) than that of Langmuir model with a correlation coefficient of R2 = 0.996. The qmax for Ni1 and Ni2 were 126.58 and 285.714 mg g-1 and the qmax for Cr1 and Cr2 were 13.423 and 19.920 mg g-1, respectively. The FTIR studies indicated that S-O stretching group from sulfonate, surface O=H stretching, and also aliphatic C-H stretching are responsible for the adsorption. The SEM results obviously show the difference between the biomass surface before and after loading of ions. Ultimately, the present study concluded that P. orientalis could be a cheap and efficient biosorbent to adsorb and remove Cr(VI) and Ni from the plating wastewater; however, it seems more efficient for Cr(VI) with an average removal power of 90.15% than Ni with an average removal power of 65.75%.

Tacrolimus-induced cholestatic hepatotoxicity after renal transplantation: a case report.

BACKGROUND: In this manuscript, we report a case of tacrolimus-associated hepatotoxicity in a kidney transplant recipient. CASE PRESENTATION: In this case report, a 56 years old Arab male patient who received a kidney transplant presented with icterus, weakness, and lethargy two weeks after transplantation and tacrolimus initiation. In laboratory analysis hyperbilirubinemia and a rise in hepatic enzymes were observed. All possible causes of hepatotoxicity were examined. The panel for infectious causes was negative. Drug-induced liver injury was diagnosed. The patient's immunosuppressive regimen was changed to a cyclosporine-based regimen and after this change bilirubin and hepatic enzymes decreased and the patient was discharged without signs and symptoms of hepatitis. CONCLUSION: It seems that the patient's hyperbilirubinemia was due to tacrolimus, and the patient's bilirubin decreased after stopping tacrolimus.

Fabrication and implementation of bimetallic Fe/Zn nanoparticles (mole ratio 1:1) loading on hydroxyethylcellulose - Graphene oxide for removal of tetracycline antibiotic from aqueous solution.

Tetracycline (TC) as an antibiotic with high consumption causes the spread of contamination in an aqueous solution. In recent decades, antibiotics are the main cause of hindering the growth of microorganisms. Also, they are one of the important groups of pharmaceuticals with extensive usage in human and veterinary medicine. In the first work of its kind, we used a suitable adsorbent of biodegradable hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) with graphene oxide (GO) by crosslinking ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) and the Fe/Zn with mole ratio 1:1 bimetallic nanoparticles with HEC-GO support. The materials were identified using FTIR, FE-SEM, EDX, TEM, and TG- DSC analyses. The factors affecting the adsorption process (contact time, initial concentration of TC, solution pH, adsorbent dosage, and reaction temperature) were evaluated in a series of batch systems. The adsorption data showed that the high adsorption capacity was obtained on the HEC-GO and HEC-GO/Fe-Zn (mole ratio 1:1) nanocomposites at pH 3. Also, the contact time as the main factor affecting the adsorption process by adsorbents was investigated and the best contact time was 100 and 20 min. The TC removal percentages of both adsorbents were 85% and 95% for HEC-GO and HEC-GO/Fe-Zn, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity for TC was evaluated by the isotherm models. The experimental data fitted well with the Langmuir model. In addition, pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, intraparticle diffusion, and the Elovich models were applied to kinetic data. The data indicated that TC adsorption on HEC-GO and HEC-GO/Fe-Zn (mole ratio 1:1) followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The thermodynamic parameters implied that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. Nano-biocomposite (HEC-GO/Fe-Zn) can be used as an adsorbent to remove water pollutants.

Roles of Clinical Features and Chest CT in Predicting the Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19 Developing AKI.

This research aimed to evaluate the clinical features and computed tomography (CT) scans associated with poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients with acute kidney injury (AKI). A total of 351 COVID-19 patients (100 AKI, 251 non-AKI) hospitalized at Imam Hossein Teaching Hospital affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences were included. To investigate the factors associated with in-hospital mortality in COVID-19 patients developing AKI, COX univariate and multivariate regression models were applied after controlling other confounding variables. C-reactive protein CRP, lactate, and procalcitonin levels were significantly higher in AKI patients than in non-AKI patients (P < .05). In addition, AKI patients had higher frequencies of lymphopenia and leukocytosis (P < .05). The troponin levels and WBC were the most significant factors for predicting mortality in patients with AKI. Our findings showed that AKI per se is much more important than any other prognostic factor affecting non-AKI patients. However, AKI patients with higher CRP, PCT, and lactate levels had a poor prognosis.  DOI: 10.52547/ijkd.7241.

Novel chitosan/γ-alumina/carbon quantum dot hydrogel nanocarrier for targeted drug delivery.

Curcumin (CUR) is among the most natural and effective antitumor drugs for cancer treatment. These drugs have low solubility and short half-lives that reduce their effectiveness in drug release systems. Herein, a hydrogel nanocarrier containing chitosan (CS), alumina (γ-Al2O3), and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) was prepared by the water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) double nanoemulsion method. DLS revealed a nanocarrier size of 227 nm, with a zeta potential of -37.8 mV, which corroborates its stability. FE-SEM showed its quasi-spherical shape, FT-IR and XRD confirmed the presence of all the components in the nanocomposite and gave information about the intermolecular interactions between them and the crystalline nature of the nanocarrier, respectively. The drug loading (48 %) and entrapment efficiency (86 %) were higher than those reported previously for other CUR nanocarriers. The drug release profile revealed a controlled and stable release, and a pH-sensitive behavior, with faster CUR release in an acid environment. The breast cancer cell line was examined by cytotoxicity and cell apoptosis analyses. The results showed that the slow release over time and the programmed cell death were due to interactions between CUR and the nanocarrier. Considering the results obtained herein, CS/γAl2O3/CQDs/CUR can be considered as a promising new nanosystem for tumor treatment.

Sinopharm (HB02)-associated vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia is associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines. It has been reported by vector-based vaccines. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report about vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia in whole-virus vaccines. We are presenting the first case of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia with this type of vaccine. CASE PRESENTATION: An 18-year-old male Caucasian patient with complaints of severe abdominal, low back, and lower extremity pain presented to the medical center. He received the first dose of the Sinopharm (HB02) vaccine against coronavirus disease 2019 10 days before hospital attendance. In the laboratory examination, decreased platelet count and increased D-dimer were observed. During hospital admission, the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism was reached. He received vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia therapy consisting of intravenous immune globulin and direct oral anticoagulant. Platelet count increased and he was discharged after 1 month. CONCLUSION: This case highlights the possibility of vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia occurrence by whole-virus coronavirus disease 2019 vaccines. Compared with vector-based vaccines, this phenomenon is rare for whole-virus vaccines. More studies on this type of vaccine regarding thrombotic thrombocytopenia should be considered.

Bioengineered exosomal-membrane-camouflaged abiotic nanocarriers: neurodegenerative diseases, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

A bio-inspired strategy has recently been developed for camouflaging nanocarriers with biomembranes, such as natural cell membranes or subcellular structure-derived membranes. This strategy endows cloaked nanomaterials with improved interfacial properties, superior cell targeting, immune evasion potential, and prolonged duration of systemic circulation. Here, we summarize recent advances in the production and application of exosomal membrane-coated nanomaterials. The structure, properties, and manner in which exosomes communicate with cells are first reviewed. This is followed by a discussion of the types of exosomes and their fabrication methods. We then discuss the applications of biomimetic exosomes and membrane-cloaked nanocarriers in tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, imaging, and the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Finally, we appraise the current challenges associated with the clinical translation of biomimetic exosomal membrane-surface-engineered nanovehicles and evaluate the future of this technology.

Electrochemical sensors based on carbon nanostructures for the analysis of bisphenol A-A review.

Overuse of Bisphenol A (BPA), a proven endocrine disruptor, has become a serious public health problem across the world. It has the potential to harm both the environment and human health, notably reproductive disorders, heart disease, and diabetes. Accordingly, much attention has been paid to the detection of BPA to promote food safety and environmental health. Carbon based nanostructures have proven themselves well in a variety of applications, such as energy storage, catalysis and sensors, due to their remarkable properties. Therefore, researchers have recently focused on fabricating electrochemical BPA sensors based on carbon nanostructures due to their unique advantages, such as real-time monitoring, simplicity, high selectivity, high sensitivity and easy operation. The purpose of the current review was to summarize the recent findings on carbon nanostructures for electrochemically sensing the BPA, as well as relevant future prospects and ongoing challenges.