RESUMEN
Follicular helper T cells (TFH cells) are the prototypic helper T cell subset specialized to enable B cells to form germinal centers (GCs) and produce high-affinity antibodies. We found that expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) by T cells was essential for TFH cell differentiation. More specifically, we show that after immunization of mice with protein, the miRNA cluster miR-17â¼92 was critical for robust differentiation and function of TFH cells in a cell-intrinsic manner that occurred regardless of changes in proliferation. In a viral infection model, miR-17â¼92 restrained the expression of genes 'inappropriate' to the TFH cell subset, including the direct miR-17â¼92 target Rora. Removal of one Rora allele partially 'rescued' the inappropriate gene signature in miR-17â¼92-deficient TFH cells. Our results identify the miR-17â¼92 cluster as a critical regulator of T cell-dependent antibody responses, TFH cell differentiation and the fidelity of the TFH cell gene-expression program.
Asunto(s)
Diferenciación Celular/inmunología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , MicroARNs/inmunología , Miembro 1 del Grupo F de la Subfamilia 1 de Receptores Nucleares/inmunología , Linfocitos T Colaboradores-Inductores/inmunología , Inmunidad Adaptativa/inmunología , Animales , Infecciones por Arenaviridae/inmunología , Infecciones por Arenaviridae/virología , Citometría de Flujo , Inmunohistoquímica , Virus de la Coriomeningitis Linfocítica/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Ratones Transgénicos , Miembro 1 del Grupo F de la Subfamilia 1 de Receptores Nucleares/genética , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Linfocitos T Colaboradores-Inductores/citologíaRESUMEN
Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) are required for immune homeostasis. Chromatin remodeling is essential for establishing diverse cellular identities, but how the epigenetic program in Treg cells is maintained throughout the dynamic activation process remains unclear. Here we have shown that CD28 co-stimulation, an extracellular cue intrinsically required for Treg cell maintenance, induced the chromatin-modifying enzyme, Ezh2. Treg-specific ablation of Ezh2 resulted in spontaneous autoimmunity with reduced Foxp3(+) cells in non-lymphoid tissues and impaired resolution of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Utilizing a model designed to selectively deplete wild-type Treg cells in adult mice co-populated with Ezh2-deficient Treg cells, Ezh2-deficient cells were destabilized and failed to prevent autoimmunity. After activation, the transcriptome of Ezh2-deficient Treg cells was disrupted, with altered expression of Treg cell lineage genes in a pattern similar to Foxp3-deficient Treg cells. These studies reveal a critical role for Ezh2 in the maintenance of Treg cell identity during cellular activation.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD28/inmunología , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Complejo Represivo Polycomb 2/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Animales , Autoinmunidad/genética , Autoinmunidad/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Ensamble y Desensamble de Cromatina , Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , Proteína Potenciadora del Homólogo Zeste 2 , Femenino , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/biosíntesis , Factores de Transcripción Forkhead/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Factor de Crecimiento Similar a EGF de Unión a Heparina/genética , Tolerancia Inmunológica/genética , Tolerancia Inmunológica/inmunología , Depleción Linfocítica , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Transgénicos , Complejo Represivo Polycomb 2/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Linfocitos T Reguladores/citologíaRESUMEN
Interleukin (IL)-2 promotes regulatory T-cell development and function, and treatment with IL-2 is being tested as therapy for some autoimmune diseases. However, patients receiving IL-2 treatment also experience eosinophilia due to an unknown mechanism. Here, we show that patients receiving low-dose IL-2 have elevated levels of serum IL-5, and this correlates with their degree of eosinophilia. In mice, low-dose IL-2-anti-IL-2 antibody complexes drove group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2) to produce IL-5 and proliferate. Using genetic approaches in mice, we demonstrate that activation of ILC2 was responsible for the eosinophilia observed with IL-2 therapy. These observations reveal a novel cellular network that is activated during IL-2 treatment. A better understanding of the cross talk between these cell populations may lead to more effective targeting of IL-2 to treat autoimmune disease.
Asunto(s)
Eosinofilia/tratamiento farmacológico , Eosinofilia/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Interleucina-2/farmacología , Interleucina-5/inmunología , Linfocitos/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos/inmunología , Anticuerpos/farmacología , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Eosinofilia/patología , Humanos , Interleucina-2/antagonistas & inhibidores , Interleucina-2/inmunología , Linfocitos/patología , RatonesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Historical estimates have attributed 5% to 10% of new human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) to unsafe blood transfusions. Although frequently cited, the validity of this statistic is uncertain or outdated. Recent estimates suggest blood transfusion's contribution to new HIV infections in the region may be much lower. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We searched the peer-reviewed and gray literature for quantitative estimates of the specific contribution of unsafe blood transfusion to the proportion of new HIV infections occurring in SSA. The sources and methods used to generate attribution estimates were evaluated against published country-specific HIV prevalence data. RESULTS: Despite multiple secondary citations, a primary published source attributing 5% to 10% of new HIV infections to blood transfusions in SSA could not be established for the current era. The United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS (UNAIDS) modes of transmission (MOT) reports representing 15 countries suggest that between 0 and 1.1% of new HIV infections per year (median, 0.2% or approx. two out of 1000 new infections each year) may be attributable to blood transfusions. CONCLUSION: Recent modeled estimates suggest that blood transfusions account for a very low proportion of new HIV infections in SSA, likely an order of magnitude lower than 5% to 10%. Direct quantification of risk is challenging given the paucity of data on the variables that impact transfusion-associated HIV. Specifically, data on HIV incidence in blood donors, blood bank laboratory test performance, and posttransfusion surveillance are lacking. Findings suggest an urgent need for improved surveillance and modeling of transfusion-associated HIV transmission in the region.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH/transmisión , Reacción a la Transfusión , África del Sur del Sahara/epidemiología , Transfusión Sanguínea/estadística & datos numéricos , Monitoreo Epidemiológico , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , HumanosRESUMEN
microRNAs (miRNA) are essential for regulatory T cell (Treg) function but little is known about the functional relevance of individual miRNA loci. We identified the miR-17-92 cluster as CD28 costimulation dependent, suggesting that it may be key for Treg development and function. Although overall immune homeostasis was maintained in mice with miR-17-92-deficient Tregs, expression of the miR-17-92 miRNA cluster was critical for Treg accumulation and function during an acute organ-specific autoimmune disease in vivo. Treg-specific loss of miR-17-92 expression resulted in exacerbated experimental autoimmune encephalitis and failure to establish clinical remission. Using peptide-MHC tetramers, we demonstrate that the miR-17-92 cluster was specifically required for the accumulation of activated Ag-specific Treg and for differentiation into IL-10-producing effector Treg.
Asunto(s)
Encefalomielitis Autoinmune Experimental/inmunología , MicroARNs/inmunología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Adulto , Animales , Presentación de Antígeno , Proteínas Reguladoras de la Apoptosis/genética , Proteína 11 Similar a Bcl2 , Antígenos CD28/inmunología , Células Cultivadas , Receptores Coestimuladores e Inhibidores de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Epítopos de Linfocito T/inmunología , Eliminación de Gen , Heterocigoto , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidad Clase II/inmunología , Homeostasis , Humanos , Interleucina-10/biosíntesis , Activación de Linfocitos , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , MicroARNs/genética , Glicoproteína Mielina-Oligodendrócito/inmunología , Fosfohidrolasa PTEN/deficiencia , Fragmentos de Péptidos/inmunología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/genética , ARN Largo no Codificante , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Human postmortem studies of natural dengue virus (DENV) infection have reported systemically distributed viral antigen. Although it is widely accepted that DENV infects mononuclear phagocytes, the sequence in which specific tissues and cell types are targeted remains uncharacterized. We previously reported that mice lacking alpha/beta and gamma interferon receptors permit high levels of DENV replication and show signs of systemic disease (T. R. Prestwood et al., J. Virol. 82:8411-8421, 2008). Here we demonstrate that within 6 h, DENV traffics to and replicates in both CD169(+) and SIGN-R1(+) macrophages of the splenic marginal zone or draining lymph node, respectively, following intravenous or intrafootpad inoculation. Subsequently, high levels of replication are detected in F4/80(+) splenic red pulp macrophages and in the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and Peyer's patches. Intravenously inoculated mice begin to succumb to dengue disease 72 h after infection, at which time viral replication occurs systemically, except in lymphoid tissues. In particular, high levels of replication occur in CD68(+) macrophages of the kidneys, heart, thymus, and gastrointestinal tract. Over the course of infection, proportionately large quantities of DENV traffic to the liver and spleen. However, late during infection, viral trafficking to the spleen decreases, while trafficking to the liver, thymus, and kidneys increases. The present study demonstrates that macrophage populations, initially in the spleen and other lymphoid tissues and later in nonlymphoid tissues, are major targets of DENV infection in vivo.
Asunto(s)
Virus del Dengue/metabolismo , Dengue/virología , Macrófagos/citología , Bazo/citología , Animales , Transporte Biológico , Médula Ósea/virología , Antígenos CD58/biosíntesis , Moléculas de Adhesión Celular/biosíntesis , Dengue/metabolismo , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Cinética , Lectinas Tipo C/biosíntesis , Ganglios Linfáticos/virología , Macrófagos/virología , Ratones , Ganglios Linfáticos Agregados/virología , Receptores de Superficie Celular/biosíntesis , Lectina 1 Similar a Ig de Unión al Ácido Siálico/biosíntesis , Bazo/virología , Distribución Tisular , Replicación ViralRESUMEN
We previously reported that mice lacking alpha/beta and gamma interferon receptors (IFN-α/ßR and -γR) uniformly exhibit paralysis following infection with the dengue virus (DENV) clinical isolate PL046, while only a subset of mice lacking the IFN-γR alone and virtually no mice lacking the IFN-α/ßR alone develop paralysis. Here, using a mouse-passaged variant of PL046, strain S221, we show that in the absence of the IFN-α/ßR, signaling through the IFN-γR confers approximately 140-fold greater resistance against systemic vascular leakage-associated dengue disease and virtually complete protection from dengue-induced paralysis. Viral replication in the spleen was assessed by immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry, which revealed a reduction in the number of infected cells due to IFN-γR signaling by 2 days after infection, coincident with elevated levels of IFN-γ in the spleen and serum. By 4 days after infection, IFN-γR signaling was found to restrict DENV replication systemically. Clearance of DENV, on the other hand, occurred in the absence of IFN-γR, except in the central nervous system (CNS) (brain and spinal cord), where clearance relied on IFN-γ from CD8(+) T cells. These results demonstrate the roles of IFN-γR signaling in protection from initial systemic and subsequent CNS disease following DENV infection and demonstrate the importance of CD8(+) T cells in preventing DENV-induced CNS disease.
Asunto(s)
Sistema Nervioso Central/inmunología , Virus del Dengue/fisiología , Dengue/inmunología , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades/inmunología , Parálisis/inmunología , Receptores de Interferón/metabolismo , Replicación Viral/fisiología , Traslado Adoptivo , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Línea Celular , Sistema Nervioso Central/virología , Dengue/complicaciones , Dengue/patología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Citometría de Flujo , Inmunohistoquímica , Interferón gamma/sangre , Interferón gamma/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Mutantes , Parálisis/etiología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Receptor de Interferón alfa y beta/genética , Análisis de Regresión , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Bazo/virología , Receptor de Interferón gammaRESUMEN
The contribution of T cells to the host response to dengue virus (DENV) infection is not well understood. We previously demonstrated a protective role for CD8(+) T cells during primary DENV infection using a mouse-passaged DENV strain and IFN-α/ßR(-/-) C57BL/6 mice, which are susceptible to DENV infection. In this study, we examine the role of CD4(+) T cells during primary DENV infection. Four I-A(b)-restricted epitopes derived from three of the nonstructural DENV proteins were identified. CD4(+) T cells expanded and were activated after DENV infection, with peak activation occurring on day 7. The DENV-specific CD4(+) T cells expressed intracellular IFN-γ, TNF, IL-2, and CD40L, and killed peptide-pulsed target cells in vivo. Surprisingly, depletion of CD4(+) T cells before DENV infection had no effect on viral loads. Consistent with this observation, CD4(+) T cell depletion did not affect the DENV-specific IgG or IgM Ab titers or their neutralizing activity, or the DENV-specific CD8(+) T cell response. However, immunization with the CD4(+) T cell epitopes before infection resulted in significantly lower viral loads. Thus, we conclude that whereas CD4(+) T cells are not required for controlling primary DENV infection, their induction by immunization can contribute to viral clearance. These findings suggest inducing anti-DENV CD4(+) T cell responses by vaccination may be beneficial.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD4-Positivos/inmunología , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Vacunas contra el Dengue/inmunología , Dengue/inmunología , Animales , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Antígenos Virales/inmunología , Dengue/sangre , Virus del Dengue/inmunología , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Epítopos de Linfocito T/inmunología , Citometría de Flujo , Inmunohistoquímica , Activación de Linfocitos/inmunología , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Carga ViralRESUMEN
Background: Cutaneous mucormycosis, while less common than sinonasal or pulmonary infections, can cause widespread tissue necrosis after seemingly innocuous encounters. The most common location of cutaneous mucormycosis is the extremities, and extensive infection has been reported after trauma or orthopedic procedures. Case Report: A 60-year-old female with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus sustained an open patella fracture after a fall. She underwent washout and internal fixation with cannulated screws and cable tension band wiring. The patient's recovery was complicated by asymptomatic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection and repeated wound dehiscence, with growth of Mucor species initially presumed to be a contaminant. Despite serial washout and debridement, repeat dehiscence and patella exposure were noted. Free tissue transfer to the genicular vessels was selected for coverage of the extensor tendon, patella, and fracture line. In repeat skin cultures, Mucor indicus and Staphylococcus epidermidis grew from the wound. Topical voriconazole and a 6-week course of intravenous isavuconazole and oral doxycycline were started when the Mucor cultures were identified. Conclusion: This case highlights an approach to an indolent mucormycosis infection in the skin over a patella fracture in a patient with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus, including the sequence of surgical care, debridement, and selection of antimicrobials. Major amputation and orthopedic revision were avoided. This patient also underwent successful free tissue transfer after testing positive for COVID-19.
RESUMEN
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are crucial for regulatory T cell (Treg) stability and function. We report that microRNA-10a (miR-10a) is expressed in Tregs but not in other T cells including individual thymocyte subsets. Expression profiling in inbred mouse strains demonstrated that non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice with a genetic susceptibility for autoimmune diabetes have lower Treg-specific miR-10a expression than C57BL/6J autoimmune resistant mice. Inhibition of miR-10a expression in vitro leads to reduced FoxP3 expression levels and miR-10a expression is lower in unstable "exFoxP3" T cells. Unstable in vitro TGF-ß-induced, iTregs do not express miR-10a unless cultured in the presence of retinoic acid (RA) which has been associated with increased stability of iTreg, suggesting that miR-10a might play a role in stabilizing Treg. However, genetic ablation of miR-10a neither affected the number and phenotype of natural Treg nor the capacity of conventional T cells to induce FoxP3 in response to TGFß, RA, or a combination of the two. Thus, miR-10a is selectively expressed in Treg but inhibition by antagomiRs or genetic ablation resulted in discordant effects on FoxP3.