40 W of supercontinuum generated by a self-pulsed pump-sharing oscillator-amplifier.

We demonstrate an all-fiber supercontinuum (SC) source delivering up to 40 W of average power ranging from 750 to 2200 nm. The laser source is based on a self-Q-switched pump-sharing oscillator-amplifier. The self-Q-switched master oscillator generates giant pulses, amplified in the high-power stage. Finally, a passive fiber acts as a nonlinear stage, improving the spectrum flatness as well as the spectral broadening. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a pump-sharing oscillator-amplifier is used for SC generation and is based on the use of a submeter Ytterbium-doped fiber length inside the oscillator.

Design, Synthesis and SAR in 2,4,7-Trisubstituted Pyrido[3,2-d]Pyrimidine Series as Novel PI3K/mTOR Inhibitors.

This work describes the synthesis, enzymatic activities on PI3K and mTOR, in silico docking and cellular activities of various uncommon 2,4,7 trisubstituted pyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidines. The series synthesized offers a chemical diversity in C-7 whereas C-2 (3-hydroxyphenyl) and C-4 groups (morpholine) remain unchanged, in order to provide a better understanding of the molecular determinants of PI3K selectivity or dual activity on PI3K and mTOR. Some C-7 substituents were shown to improve the efficiency on kinases compared to the 2,4-di-substituted pyrimidopyrimidine derivatives used as references. Six novel derivatives possess IC50 values on PI3Kα between 3 and 10 nM. The compounds with the best efficiencies on PI3K and mTOR induced micromolar cytotoxicity on cancer cell lines possessing an overactivated PI3K pathway.

30 TW and 33 fs pulses delivered by a Ti:Sa amplifier system seeded with a frequency-doubled fiber laser.

We report a full experimental comparison study on the injection of a Ti:Sa multi-terawatt amplifier chain with a standard 15 fs Ti:Sa oscillator and 35 fs frequency-doubled fiber oscillator. The study highlights that the Ti:Sa oscillator, with high performance in terms of pulse duration and spectral width, can be replaced by the frequency-doubled fiber oscillator to seed Ti:Sa amplifier chains almost without any compromise on the output pulse duration and picosecond contrast. Finally, we demonstrate for the first time to our knowledge a 30 TW and 33 fs Ti:Sa amplifier injected by a fiber oscillator.

µJ-level Raman-assisted fiber optical parametric chirped-pulse amplification.

We experimentally demonstrate the amplification of chirped pulses in a fiber optical parametric chirped pulse amplifier up to 1 µJ. This high energy level originates from combined Raman and parametric processes in a specially designed solid core photonic bandgap fiber. Output pulses are recompressed up to 560 fs. These performances make this all-fiber system compatible with first stages of bulk amplification chains.

Laboratory calibration of a POCIS-like sampler based on molecularly imprinted polymers for glyphosate and AMPA sampling in water.

For more than 15 years, integrative passive sampling has been successfully used for monitoring contaminants in water, but no passive sampling device exists for strongly polar organic compounds, such as glyphosate. We thus propose a polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS)-like tool dedicated to glyphosate and its main degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and describe the laboratory calibration of such a tool for calculating the sampling rates of glyphosate and AMPA. This passive sampler consists of a POCIS with molecularly imprinted polymer as a receiving phase and a polyethersulfone diffusion membrane. The calibration experiment for the POCIS was conducted for 35 days in a continuous water-flow-through exposure system. The calibration results show that the sampling rates are 111 and 122 mL day-1 for glyphosate and AMPA respectively, highlighting the potential interest in and the applicability of this method for environmental monitoring. The influence of membrane porosity on the glyphosate sampling rate was also tested. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

Microalgae amino acid extraction and analysis at nanomolar level using electroporation and capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection.

Amino acids play a key role in food analysis, clinical diagnostics, and biochemical research. Capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection was used for the analysis of several amino acids. Amino acid labeling with fluorescein isothiocyanate was conducted using microwave-assisted derivatization at 80°C (680 W) during only 150 s. Good electrophoretic resolution was obtained using a background electrolyte composed of sodium tetraborate buffer (100 mM; pH 9.4) and ß-cyclodextrin (10 mM), and the limits of quantification were 3-30 nM. The developed capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence method was used to analyze amino acids in Dunaliella salina green algae grown under different conditions. A simple extraction technique based on electroporation of the cell membrane was introduced. A home-made apparatus allowed the application of direct and alternating voltages across the electrochemical compartment containing a suspension of microalgae in distilled water at 2.5 g/L. A direct voltage of 12 V applied for 4 min gave the optimum extraction yield. Results were comparable to those obtained with accelerated-solvent extraction. The efficiency of electroporation in destroying microalgae membranes was shown by examining the algae surface morphology using scanning electron microscopy. Stress conditions were found to induce the production of amino acids in Dunaliella salina cells.

Advances in capillary electrophoresis for miniaturizing assays on kinase enzymes for drug discovery.

CE has become a frequently used tool for miniaturizing enzyme assays due particularly to its well-recognized low sample consumption. CE-based enzyme assays cover all aspects of kinetic analysis including the evaluation of enzyme activity, substrate and modulator characterization, and identification. These assays are performed to conduct high-quality primary (hit finding) and secondary (confirmation by determining the half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 ) screening. Nowadays, the kinase family is among the most actively studied pharmaceutical targets in oncology, and in neurodegenerative and inflammation diseases. In this article, we review the fundamentals of the different approaches that may be employed for assaying kinase kinetics. Their advantages and limitations will also be discussed by covering the literature of CE-based assays for purified kinases as well as for kinases in living cells. The last section will be devoted to perspectives by showing some applications of multiplexed and of microchip devices for high-throughput screening kinase assays.

Experimental demonstration of spectral sideband splitting in strongly dispersion oscillating fibers.

By using a highly nonlinear, dispersion oscillating optical fiber operating in the telecom C band, we experimentally demonstrate the splitting experienced by quasi-phase matched gain sidebands in the strongly dispersion managed regime of a dispersion oscillating fiber as the power of a continuous-wave pump laser is increased over a certain threshold value. Very good agreement is found between the theoretical predictions and our experimental measurements.

New methods based on capillary electrophoresis for in vitro evaluation of protein tau phosphorylation by glycogen synthase kinase 3-ß.

The hyperphosphorylation of tau protein is associated with the development of the neuronal pathology of Alzheimer's disease. As most conventional methods study only particular phosphorylation sites of tau, it is necessary to develop a simple and reliable assay to determine the phosphorylation of tau at multiple sites. Capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based enzymatic assays are not yet used to monitor tau phosphorylation. The present work aims to develop CE-based assays to evaluate tau phosphorylation by the glycogen synthase kinase 3-ß (GSK3ß). A novel pre-capillary CE assay was first developed. An in-capillary CE-based enzymatic assay was also used since this approach is known to be time- and cost- effective. The enzymatic reaction was monitored by quantifying the product adenosine 5'- diphosphate (ADP). The influence of two classes of glycosaminoglycan (GAG), namely heparin and heparan sulfate, on the phosphorylation reaction was also assessed. Results obtained by both CE approaches were comparable and in excellent agreement with those reported in the literature using conventional radiometric and immunoblotting methods. In fact, CE results confirmed the inductory effect of the sulfated sugars heparin and heparan sulfate on tau hyperphosphorylation, probably because of the exposition of new sites phosphorylatable by GSK3ß. This study shows that simple (no-labeling), rapid (less than 30 min per assay), and eco-friendly (no-radioactivity) CE-based kinase assays can give insight into the abnormal phosphorylation of tau. They can be extended to screen different modulators of tau phosphorylation to highlight their function and to develop effective drugs for neurodegenerative disease treatments.

New in-capillary electrophoretic kinase assays to evaluate inhibitors of the PI3k/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Human kinases are one of the most promising targets for cancer therapy. Methods able to measure the effects of drugs on these cell agents remain crucial for biologists and medicinal chemists. The current work therefore sought to develop an in-capillary enzymatic assay based on capillary electrophoresis (CE) to evaluate the inhibition of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), protein kinase B (Akt), and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). These kinases belong to the same signaling pathway PI3K/Akt/mTOR. For this proposal, the capillary was used as a nanoreactor in which a few nanoliters of the kinase, its substrate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the potent inhibitor were separately injected. A transverse diffusion of laminar flow profiles (TDLFP) approach was employed to mix the reactants. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP ) was detected online at 254 nm. The CE assay was first developed on the α isoform of PI3K. It was compared to five commercial kits frequently used to assess kinase inhibition, based on time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer (TR-FRET) and bioluminescence. Each assay was evaluated in terms of sensitivity (S/B), reproducibility (Z'), and variability (r (2)). This CE method was easily extended to assay the inhibition of the ß, γ, and δ isoforms of PI3K, and of the other kinases of the pathway, Akt1 and mTOR, since it is based on in-capillary mixing by TDLFP and on ADP quantification by simple UV absorption. This work shows for the first time the evaluation of inhibitors of the kinases of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway using a common in-capillary CE assay. Several inhibitors with a wide range of affinity toward these enzymes were tested.

Electrophoretically mediated microanalysis for in-capillary electrical cell lysis and fast enzyme quantification by capillary electrophoresis.

In this study, a novel capillary electrophoresis (CE)-based enzymatic assay was developed to evaluate enzymatic activity in whole cells. ß-Galactosidase expression was used as an example, as it is a biomarker for assessing replicative senescence in mammalian cells. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of para-nitrophenyl-ß-D-galactopyranoside (PNPG) into para-nitrophenol (PNP). The CE-based assay consisted of four main steps: (1) hydrodynamic injection of whole intact cells into the capillary, (2) in-capillary lysis of these cells by using pulses of electric field (electroporation), (3) in-capillary hydrolysis of PNPG by the ß-galactosidase--released from the lysed cells--by the electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA) approach, and (4) on-line detection and quantification of the PNP formed. The developed method was applied to Escherichia coli as well as to human keratinocyte cells at different replicative stages. Results obtained by CE were in excellent agreement with those obtained from off-line cell lysates which proves the efficiency of the in-capillary approach developed. This work shows for the first time that cell membranes can be disrupted in-capillary by electroporation and that the released enzyme can be subsequently quantified in the same capillary. Enzyme quantification in cells after their in-capillary lysis has never been conducted by CE. The developed CE approach is automated, economic, eco-friendly, and simple to conduct. It has attractive applications in bacteria or human cells for early disease diagnostics or insights for development in biology.

In-capillary reactant mixing for monitoring glycerol kinase kinetics by CE.

CE was used for the first time to study the two-substrate enzyme glycerol kinase. The capillary was used as a nanoreactor in which the enzyme and its two substrates glycerol and adenosine-5'-triphosphate were in-capillary mixed to realize the enzymatic assay. For kinetic parameters determination, reactants were injected (50 mbar × 5 s) as follows: (i) incubation buffer; (ii) adenosine-5'-triphosphate; (iii) enzyme, and (iv) glycerol. Enzymatic reaction was then initiated by mixing the reactants using electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (+20 kV for 6 s) followed by a zero-potential amplification step of 3 min. Finally, electrophoretic separation was performed; the product adenosine-5'-diphosphate was detected at 254 nm and quantified. For enzyme inhibition, an allosteric inhibitor fructose-1,6-bisphosphate plug was injected before the first substrate plug and +20 kV for 8 s was applied for reactant mixing. A simple, economic, and robust CE method was developed for monitoring glycerol kinase activity and inhibition. Only a few tens of nanoliters of reactants were used. The results compared well with those reported in literature. This study indicates, for the first time, that at least four reactant plugs can be in-capillary mixed using an electrophoretically mediated microanalysis approach.

Photoacclimation of the polar diatom Chaetoceros neogracilis at low temperature.

Polar microalgae face two major challenges: 1- growing at temperatures (-1.7 to 5°C) that limit enzyme kinetics; and 2- surviving and exploiting a wide range of irradiance. The objective of this study is to understand the adaptation of an Arctic diatom to its environment by studying its ability to acclimate to changes in light and temperature. We acclimated the polar diatom Chaetoceros neogracilis to various light levels at two different temperatures and studied its growth and photosynthetic properties using semi-continuous cultures. Rubisco content was high, to compensate for low catalytic rates, but did not change detectably with growth temperature. Contrary to what is observed in temperate species, in C. neogracilis, carbon fixation rate (20 min 14C incorporation) equaled net growth rate (µ) suggesting very low or very rapid (<20 min) re-oxidation of the newly fixed carbon. The comparison of saturation irradiances for electron transport, oxygen net production and carbon fixation revealed alternative electron pathways that could provide energy and reducing power to the cell without consuming organic carbon which is a very limiting product at low temperatures. High protein contents, low re-oxidation of newly fixed carbon and the use of electron pathways alternative to carbon fixation may be important characteristics allowing efficient growth under those extreme environmental conditions.

Peregrine soliton generation and breakup in standard telecommunications fiber.

We present experimental and numerical results showing the generation and breakup of the Peregrine soliton in standard telecommunications fiber. The impact of nonideal initial conditions is studied through direct cutback measurements of the longitudinal evolution of the emerging soliton dynamics and is shown to be associated with the splitting of the Peregrine soliton into two subpulses, with each subpulse itself exhibiting Peregrine soliton characteristics. Experimental results are in good agreement with simulations.

Synthesis and study of a molecularly imprinted polymer for specific solid-phase extraction of vinflunine and its metabolite from biological fluids.

A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesized in order to specifically extract vinflunine, an anticancer agent, and its metabolite (4-O-deacetylvinflunine) from bovine plasma and artificial urine by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Vinorelbine, a non-fluorinated analogue of vinflunine, was selected as a template for MIP synthesis. The selectivity of MIP versus the template (vinorelbine) and other alkaloids (catharanthine, vinblastine, vincristine, vinflunine and 4-O-deacetylvinflunine) was shown by a SPE protocol carried out with non-aqueous samples. A second protocol was developed for aqueous samples with two consecutive washing steps (AcOH-NH2 OH buffer (pH 7, I=10 mM)-MeOH mixture 95:5 v/v and ACN-AcOH mixture 99:1 v/v) and an elution step (MeOH-AcOH mixture 90:10 v/v). Thus, MIP-SPE of bovine plasma brought high recoveries, 81 and 89% for vinflunine and its metabolite, respectively. This protocol was slightly modified for artificial urine samples in order to obtain a good MIP/NIP selectivity; furthermore, elution recoveries were 73 and 81% for vinflunine and its metabolite, respectively. Repeatability was assessed in both biological matrices and RSD (%) were inferior to 4%. The MIP also showed a suitable linearity (r(2) superior to 0.99), between 0.25 and 10 µg/mL for plasma, and between 1 and 5 µg/mL for artificial urine.

Synthesis of a molecularly imprinted polymer for the solid-phase extraction of betulin and betulinic acid from plane bark.

INTRODUCTION: Plant extracts are usually complex mixtures of various polarity compounds and their study often includes a purification step, such as solid-phase extraction (SPE), to isolate interest compounds prior analytical investigations. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are a new promising type of SPE material which offer tailor-made selectivity for the extraction of trace active components in complex matrices. Numerous specific cavities that are sterically and chemically complementary of the target molecules, are formed in imprinted polymers. A molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) was synthesised in order to trap a specific class of triterpene, including betulin and betulinic acid from a methanolic extract of plane bark. METHODOLOGY: Imprinted polymers were synthesised by thermal polymerisation of betulin as template, methacrylic acid (MAA) or acrylamide (AA) as functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as crosslinking agent and chloroform as porogen. Afterwards, MAA- and AA-MIPs were compared with their non-imprinted polymers (NIPs) in order to assess the selectivity vs betulin and its derivatives. Recovered triterpenes were analysed by HPLC during MIP-SPE protocol. RESULTS: After SPE optimisation, the MAA-imprinted polymer exhibited highest selectivity and recovery (better than 70%) for betulin and best affinity for its structural analogues. Thus, a selective washing step (chloroform, acetonitrile) removed unwanted matrix compounds (fatty acids) from the SPE cartridge. The elution solvent was methanol. Finally, the MAA-MIP was applied to fractionate a plane bark methanolic extract containing betulin and betulinic acid. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated the possibility of direct extraction of betulin and its structural analogues from plant extracts by MIP technology.

Simultaneous enantioselective determination of fenamiphos and its two metabolites in soil sample by CE.

The enantioseparation of fenamiphos and its two main metabolites (fenamiphos sulfoxide and fenamiphos sulfone) were simultaneously achieved by CE by using a dual CD system. A mixture of 25 mM carboxymethyl-beta-CD and 10 mM hydroxypropyl-alpha-CD was added to the acetic acid/ammonia (ionic strength=50 mM, pH 5) buffer and was suitable for the baseline resolution of all stereoisomers of analytes. A further addition of 5% methanol to the BGE increased significantly the resolution between the diastereoisomers of fenamiphos sulfoxide. An overimposed pressure (0.2 psi) was applied during the analysis in order to have better peak efficiencies and small run time. The composition of the sample solvent was found to be a crucial parameter. An amount of 15% MeOH added to the sample was a good alternative to ensure the total solubility of fenamiphos and the baseline separation of fenamiphos sulfoxide enantiomers. The extraction of pesticides from soil samples was also investigated. A methanolic extraction allowed recovering 50-75% of pesticides, which were detected by CE at the parts per million concentration level (3-100 mg/kg) with a good precision (5.1-13.2% RSD). This method was applied to soil samples and was found to be suitable to monitor the enantiomeric degradation of fenamiphos in environmental samples.

Sensitivity improvement by using contactless conductivity rather than indirect UV detection for the determination of enantiomeric purity of amines by CE.

A capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) system for CE with a flexible detection cell was applied for the enantioseparation of small chiral underivatized amines using chiral crown ether or CD as chiral selector. Since these compounds are poorly UV-active, C4D was an alternative detection mode. The composition (ionic strength, pH, chiral selector) of the electrolyte was optimized in order to be suitable for C4D. (-)-(18-crown-6)-2,3,11,12-tetracarboxylic acid was required as chiral selector to resolve the enantiomers of small polar amines. However, trimethyl-beta-CD was suitable to separate amines possessing hydrophobic carbon chains. The performance of C4D was compared with indirect UV detection in terms of sensitivity, repeatability and accuracy. The linearity range of C4D was very large (1.5-1600 microg/mL) compared with the indirect UV linearity range (25-400 microg/mL) and allowed the determination of the enantiomeric purity of isopinocampheylamine up to 0.25%. The CE-C4D method has been fully validated by applying a novel strategy using accuracy profiles. All relative biases of the developed method were included within the +/-15% limits of acceptance. C4D is a good alternative to indirect UV detection for the enantioseparation of non-UV absorbing amines since the method development is fast and easy and, the sensitivity is improved by a factor of 100 compared with that of the indirect UV mode.

Effect of modified di- and trisaccharides on hyaluronidase activity assessed by capillary electrophoresis-based enzymatic assay.

The activity of eukaryote hydrolase-type of hyaluronidases was studied using a miniaturized capillary electrophoresis (CE) assay developed in our laboratory. Few nanoliters of reagents are sufficient and no labeling is required for this assay. The effect of natural and original synthetic effectors of hyaluronidase was evaluated. These di- and trisaccharides from linkage region of proteoglycans were synthesized in 30-40 steps from monomeric units using classical protection, deprotection, glycosylation and deoxygenation reactions. The influence of the chain length (di/trisaccharide), the modification type (methoxy/deoxy) and its position (2/4/6) was studied. The inhibition and/or activation percentages were determined at two concentrations of effectors; 0.2 mM and 2 mM. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) values were evaluated (n = 2) for the most effective inhibitors (∼1 mM) and activators (∼0.2 mM). Results showed that hyaluronidase was mostly inhibited in a concentration-dependent fashion by a deoxy modification and activated by a methoxy modification. Trisaccharides were found to be more effective on hyaluronidase activity than disaccharides. Position 4 was found to be more favorable for hyaluronidase activity than position 6 and the activity in position 2 was negligible. For a better understanding of the enzyme function mode, the inhibition constant (Ki) was also evaluated by CE (Ki ∼ 2 mM). These results are of great interest especially as few activators of hyaluronidase are presented in the literature.

Capillary electrophoresis with dual detection UV/C4D for monitoring myrosinase-mediated hydrolysis of thiol glucosinolate designed for gold nanoparticle conjugation.

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) with dual UV and conductivity detection was used for the first time to monitor the functionalization of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), a process catalyzed by an enzyme, myrosinase (Myr). A thiol glucosinolate (GL-SH) designed by our group was used as substrate. Hydrolysis of free and immobilized GL-SH was characterized using off-line and on-line CE-based enzymatic assays. The developed approaches were validated using sinigrin, a well-referenced substrate of Myr. Michaelis-Menten constant of the synthetized GL-SH was comparable to sinigrin, showing that they both have similar affinity towards Myr. It was demonstrated that transverse diffusion of laminar flow profiles was well adapted for in-capillary Mixing of nanoparticles (AuNPs) with proteins (Myr) provided that the incubation time is inferior to 20 min. Only low reaction volume (nL to few µL) and short analysis time (<5 min) were required. The electrophoretic conditions were optimized in order to evaluate and to confirm the AuNPs stability before and after functionalization by CE/UV based on surface plasmon resonance band red-shifting. The hydrolysis of the functionalized AuNPs was subsequently evaluated using the developed CE-C4D/UV approach. Repeatabilities of enzymatic assays, of electrophoretic analyses and of batch-to-batch functionalized AuNPs were excellent.