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1.
Arch Virol ; 168(2): 61, 2023 Jan 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36631547

RESUMEN

Although rabies is endemic in Malawi, there have been no studies in which rabies virus was systematically investigated and characterized in multiple animal hosts in that country. In order to provide molecular epidemiological data on rabies virus in Malawi, 683 suspected rabies case reports from 2008 to 2021 were examined, and 46 (dog = 40, cow = 5, and cat = 1) viable rabies-positive brain samples archived at the Central Veterinary Laboratory (CVL), Lilongwe, Malawi, were analyzed genetically. The results showed an increase in the submission of brain samples from 2008 to 2010, with the highest number of submissions observed in 2020. Of the 683 case reports analyzed for the period under review, 38.1% (260/683) (CI: 34.44 - 41.84) were confirmed by direct fluorescent antibody test. Among the confirmed cases, 65.4% (170/260) (CI: 59.23 - 71.09) were canine rabies. Further, phylogenetic analysis revealed that sequences from different animal hosts clustered together within the Africa 1b lineage, suggesting that the strains circulating in livestock are similar to those in domestic dogs. This finding supports the hypothesis that canine rabies is spilling over to livestock and emphasizes the need for further studies to provide data for effective control of rabies in Malawi.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Virus de la Rabia , Rabia , Femenino , Bovinos , Animales , Perros , Virus de la Rabia/genética , Rabia/epidemiología , Rabia/veterinaria , Filogenia , Malaui/epidemiología , Epidemiología Molecular , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Ganado
2.
Sci One Health ; 3: 100074, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39262844

RESUMEN

In sub-Saharan Africa, limited studies have investigated zoonotic pathogens that may be harboured by ticks infesting reptiles such as tortoises. Here, we report the presence of pathogenic Rickettsia in ticks (Amblyomma marmoreum) collected from the leopard tortoise (Geochelone pardalis) in rural Zambia. Using polymerase chain reaction, 56% (49/87) of ticks were positive for the Rickettsia outer membrane protein (ompB) gene. Multi-locus sequence and phylogenetic analysis based on the ompB, ompA, and citrate synthase (gltA) genes showed that the ticks carried R. africae, and other Rickettsia spp. closely related to R . raoultii, R . massiliae, R . tamurae and R . monacensis. Given the proximity between humans, livestock, and wildlife in these habitats, there exists a considerable risk of transmission of zoonotic Rickettsia to human populations in this rural setting. These results call for heightened awareness and further research into the dynamics of tick-borne diseases in regions where humans and animals coexist, particularly in the context of tortoise-associated ticks as vectors. Understanding and addressing these potential disease vectors is crucial for effective public health measures and the prevention of Rickettsia zoonoses.

3.
Antibiotics (Basel) ; 13(5)2024 May 20.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38786195

RESUMEN

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among Escherichia coli from food animals is a rising problem, and heavy antimicrobial use in poultry is a contributing factor. In Zambia, studies linking poultry-associated AMR and antibiotic use (AMU) are rare. This study aimed to investigate commercial and medium-/small-scale poultry farmers' usage of antimicrobials based on a questionnaire survey in ten districts of Zambia. In addition, the study characterized extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli isolates obtained from poultry in the same districts. Data regarding knowledge and usage of antimicrobials were collected from commercial and medium-/small-scale poultry farmers using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. At the same time, cloacal samples were collected and analyzed. One hundred and fifty E. coli isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using eight antibiotic classes. The isolates were further screened for ESBL production by streaking them on cefotaxime (CTX)-supplemented MacConkey agar, then subjecting them to sequencing on a NextSeq. The questionnaire survey showed that more medium-/small-scale than commercial poultry farmers used antimicrobials (OR = 7.70, 95% CI = 2.88-20.61) but less prescriptions (OR = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.00-0.08). Susceptibility testing revealed that resistance was highest to ampicillin (128/148, 86.5%) and tetracycline (101/136, 74.3%) and that the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) (28/30, 93.3%) was high. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of eight (8/30, 26.7%) isolates with CTX Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ≥ 4 µg/mL revealed the presence of ESBL-encoding genes blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-55, and blaTEM. WGS also detected other AMR genes for quinolones, aminoglycosides, phenicols, tetracycline, macrolides, and folate-pathway antagonists. Altogether, the questionnaire survey results showed a higher proportion of AMU and lower prescription usage among medium-/small-scale farmers. In addition, our results emphasize the circulation of ESBL-producing E. coli strains with associated MDR. It is critical to educate farmers about AMR risks and to encourage responsible usage of antimicrobials. Furthermore, there is a need to strengthen regulations limiting access to antimicrobials. Finally, there is a need to establish a one health system to guide public health response.

4.
Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports ; 39: 100847, 2023 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36878632

RESUMEN

Rickettsiales of the genus Anaplasma are globally distributed tick-borne pathogens of animals and humans with complex epidemiological cycles. Anaplasmosis is an important livestock disease in Zambia but its epidemiological information is inadequate. This study aimed to detect and characterize the species of Anaplasma present in domestic and wild ruminants in Zambia with a focus on the infection risk posed by the translocation of sable antelope (Hippotragus niger) from North-Western Province to Lusaka Province. Archived DNA samples (n = 100) extracted from whole blood (sable n = 47, cattle n = 53) were screened for Anaplasmataceae using 16S rRNA partial gene amplification followed by species confirmation using phylogenetic analysis. Out of the 100 samples, Anaplasma species were detected in 7% (4/57) of the cattle and 24% (10/43) of the sable antelope samples. Of the 14 positive samples, five were determined to be A. marginale (four from cattle and one from sable), seven were A. ovis (sable) and two were A. platys (sable). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA partial gene sequences revealed genetic proximity between A. ovis and A. marginale, regardless of host. The detection of Anaplasma in wildlife in Zambia shows the risk of transmission of Anaplasma species associated with wildlife translocation.


Asunto(s)
Antílopes , Mustelidae , Humanos , Animales , Bovinos , Ovinos , Anaplasma/genética , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Zambia/epidemiología , Filogenia
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