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1.
BMC Infect Dis ; 24(1): 16, 2024 Jan 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38166831

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Considering the rapidly spreading monkeypox outbreak, WHO has declared a global health emergency. Still in the category of being endemic, the monkeypox disease shares numerous clinical characters with smallpox. This study focuses on determining the most effective combination of autoregressive integrated moving average model to encapsulate time dependent flow behaviour of the virus with short run prediction. METHODS: This study includes the data of confirmed reported cases and cumulative cases from eight most burdened countries across the globe, over the span of May 18, 2022, to December 31, 2022. The data was assembled from the website of Our World in Data and it involves countries such as United States, Brazil, Spain, France, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, United Kingdom, Germany and Canada. The job of modelling and short-term forecasting is facilitated by the employment of autoregressive integrated moving average. The legitimacy of the estimated models is argued by offering numerous model performance indices such as, root mean square error, mean absolute error and mean absolute prediction error. RESULTS: The best fit models were deduced for each country by using the data of confirmed reported cases of monkeypox infections. Based on diverse set of performance evaluation criteria, the best fit models were then employed to provide forecasting of next twenty days. Our results indicate that the USA is expected to be the hardest-hit country, with an average of 58 cases per day with 95% confidence interval of (00-400). The second most burdened country remained Brazil with expected average cases of 23 (00-130). The outlook is not much better for Spain and France, with average forecasts of 52 (00-241) and 24 (00-121), respectively. CONCLUSION: This research provides profile of ten most severely hit countries by monkeypox transmission around the world and thus assists in epidemiological management. The prediction trends indicate that the confirmed cases in the USA may exceed than other contemporaries. Based on the findings of this study, it remains plausible to recommend that more robust health surveillance strategy is required to control the transmission flow of the virus especially in USA.


Asunto(s)
Modelos Estadísticos , Mpox , Humanos , Factores de Tiempo , Mpox/epidemiología , Predicción , Brotes de Enfermedades
2.
Crit Care ; 26(1): 209, 2022 07 11.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35818054

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, concerted efforts were made by provincial and federal governments to invest in critical care infrastructure and medical equipment to bridge the gap of resource-limitation in intensive care units (ICUs) across Pakistan. An initial step in creating a plan toward strengthening Pakistan's baseline critical care capacity was to carry out a needs-assessment within the country to assess gaps and devise strategies for improving the quality of critical care facilities. METHODS: To assess the baseline critical care capacity of Pakistan, we conducted a series of cross-sectional surveys of hospitals providing COVID-19 care across the country. These hospitals were pre-identified by the Health Services Academy (HSA), Pakistan. Surveys were administered via telephonic and on-site interviews and based on a unique checklist for assessing critical care units which was created from the Partners in Health 4S Framework, which is: Space, Staff, Stuff, and Systems. These components were scored, weighted equally, and then ranked into quartiles. RESULTS: A total of 106 hospitals were surveyed, with the majority being in the public sector (71.7%) and in the metropolitan setting (56.6%). We found infrastructure, staffing, and systems lacking as only 19.8% of hospitals had negative pressure rooms and 44.4% had quarantine facilities for staff. Merely 36.8% of hospitals employed accredited intensivists and 54.8% of hospitals maintained an ideal nurse-to-patient ratio. 31.1% of hospitals did not have a staffing model, while 37.7% of hospitals did not have surge policies. On Chi-square analysis, statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were noted between public and private sectors along with metropolitan versus rural settings in various elements. Almost all ranks showed significant disparity between public-private and metropolitan-rural settings, with private and metropolitan hospitals having a greater proportion in the 1st rank, while public and rural hospitals had a greater proportion in the lower ranks. CONCLUSION: Pakistan has an underdeveloped critical care network with significant inequity between public-private and metropolitan-rural strata. We hope for future resource allocation and capacity development projects for critical care in order to reduce these disparities.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Pandemias , Adulto , Cuidados Críticos , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Pakistán
3.
Sensors (Basel) ; 22(20)2022 Oct 21.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36298402

RESUMEN

The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, electronics, and online connectivity systems. This study explores the role of IoT in clinical laboratory processes; this systematic review was conducted adhering to the PRISMA Statement 2020 guidelines. We included IoT models and applications across preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical laboratory processes. PubMed, Cochrane Central, CINAHL Plus, Scopus, IEEE, and A.C.M. Digital library were searched between August 2015 to August 2022; the data were tabulated. Cohen's coefficient of agreement was calculated to quantify inter-reviewer agreements; a total of 18 studies were included with Cohen's coefficient computed to be 0.91. The included studies were divided into three classifications based on availability, including preanalytical, analytical, and postanalytical. The majority (77.8%) of the studies were real-tested. Communication-based approaches were the most common (83.3%), followed by application-based approaches (44.4%) and sensor-based approaches (33.3%) among the included studies. Open issues and challenges across the included studies included scalability, costs and energy consumption, interoperability, privacy and security, and performance issues. In this study, we identified, classified, and evaluated IoT applicability in clinical laboratory systems. This study presents pertinent findings for IoT development across clinical laboratory systems, for which it is essential that more rigorous and efficient testing and studies be conducted in the future.


Asunto(s)
Internet de las Cosas , Seguridad Computacional , Laboratorios Clínicos , Privacidad , Programas Informáticos
4.
J Pak Med Assoc ; 65(12): 1266-70, 2015 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26627505

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To compare the duration and effects of aqueous methanol Acacia-nilotica leaves extract and glibenclamide as hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic activity in diabetic rats. METHODS: The experimental study was conducted at Shifa International Hospital in collaboration with National Institute of Health, Islamabad, from September 2010 to August 2011.Male Sprague Dawley albino rats were taken and divided into 8 equal groups. Groups I and II were the normal and diabetic control rats. Diabetes mellitus was induced in group II to VIII by administering 110 mg/kg body weight alloxanand at day 4, fasting blood glucose level of >200 mg/dl confirmed diabetes. Acacia-nilotica leaves extract was given to group III, IV and V and glibenclamide to group VI to VIII for a period of 1-3 weeks. Blood samples were analysed for lipid profile using enzymatic calorimetric method and serum insulin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on days 0, 7, 14, and 21. RESULTS: There were 64 rats in the study, with 8(12.5%) in each group. Statistically significant decreases in fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipids, low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein and an increase in high density lipoprotein and serum insulin levels were observed in diabetic rats compared to diabetic controls after 2 weeks of treatment with plant extract and glibenclamide (p<0.05 each).When plant extract and drug treated diabetic rats were compared, a significant difference in the levels of blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were noted after 2 and 3 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Acacia-nilotica leaves extract resulted in hypoglycaemic and hypolipidaemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats similar to glibenclamide.


Asunto(s)
Acacia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Gliburida/uso terapéutico , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Fitoterapia , Aloxano , Animales , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangre , Lípidos/sangre , Masculino , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Hojas de la Planta , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley
5.
J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad ; 26(4): 539-42, 2014.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25672183

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: In Pakistan there is a dearth of male practitioners in obstetrics and gynaecology (ObG) to cater for emergent needs. The Study was done to explore views of male medical students towards ObG as part of curriculum and to identify the problems during clerkship and its impact on selection of ObG as career. METHODS: The study used a 20-item questionnaire-based survey at Shifa College of Medicine from November 2010 to December 2011. Third and fourth year male students (n=124) who completed ObG rotation were the participants. Inquiries were made regarding patient doctor interaction under residents and faculty members, perception of gender- bias during clerkship, inclusion of ObG in curriculum and subsequently as career. Results were analyzed using binary regression analysis. RESULTS: Sixty percent students were satisfied though embarrassed and under pressure during gynaecological examination in consultant supervision. Another 61% said that ObG should be a part of curriculum (p-0.013) and necessary for male students (p-0.008). 62% of the respondents were of the view that faculty has a major role in encouraging the students to take up ObG as career. 84% students replied in negative to adopt it as profession (p 0.002). CONCLUSION: Although basic obstetric curricular objectives are important for medical practitioners, our social set up discourages male students to have concrete clinical interaction. The faculty needs to take a special supportive role to encourage learning and motivation for this specialty.


Asunto(s)
Educación de Pregrado en Medicina , Ginecología/educación , Obstetricia/educación , Estudiantes de Medicina/psicología , Actitud , Selección de Profesión , Prácticas Clínicas , Humanos , Masculino , Pakistán , Percepción , Adulto Joven
6.
J Coll Physicians Surg Pak ; 34(6): 697-701, 2024 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38840354

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To assess if limiting elective surgeries during specific pandemic phases significantly affected COVID-19 incidence among operating room (OR) staff. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. Place and Duration of the Study: Operation Theatre (OT), The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan, from May 2020 to 2021. METHODOLOGY: This retrospective study compared two pandemic waves: Wave 1, during which elective surgeries were restricted (REL), and Wave 2, during which elective surgeries were continued routinely (EL). Exposure levels were measured based on OR activity. Incidence rates were calculated per 100 OR staff, per 100 ORs, and per 100 surgeries for both Groups. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference emerged in COVID-19 incidence among OR staff between REL (13.8 per 100 staff) and EL (14.4 per 100 staff) Groups (p = 0.825). However, the EL Group exhibited a significantly lower incidence risk per running OR (5.6 per 100 ORs vs. REL's 12 per 100 ORs, p <0.001). Additionally, the EL Group showed a lower incidence per 100 surgeries (1.5 vs. REL's 2.9, p <0.002). CONCLUSION: Restricting elective surgeries during the early pandemic phase did not significantly reduce COVID-19 incidence among OR staff. Infections were primarily linked to interactions with colleagues and the community, emphasising the need for a balanced pandemic response considering patient care and the consequences of surgery restrictions. KEY WORDS: COVID-19 infection, Operating room staff, COVID-19 waves, COVID-19 transmission, Hospital epidemiology, Pandemic response.


Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Electivos , Quirófanos , SARS-CoV-2 , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Humanos , COVID-19/prevención & control , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/transmisión , Pakistán/epidemiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Incidencia , Control de Infecciones/métodos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Pandemias , Personal de Salud
7.
Heliyon ; 10(13): e33190, 2024 Jul 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39035502

RESUMEN

The COVID-19 pandemic has great effects for economies internationally. This study studies the interconnection between COVID-19 metrics and Pakistan's premier stock exchange, the Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) with the object of identifying the most effective machine learning (ML) model for predicting KSE developments in the pandemic. Our investigation periods the peak COVID-19 period from March 1, 2020, to November 26, 2021, applying data from both the KSE 100 index and COVID-19 associated variables. Five various ML methods were applied involving Linear Regression (LR), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Random Forest (RF), Regression Tree (Rtree), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) and measured their performance employing critical accuracy metrics such as Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), Mean Squared Error (MSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and R-squared (R2). The outcomes discover that the RF model outperformed its equivalents realizing an R2 of 0.91 with k = 5. These results conflict with a previous study that supported a negative impact of COVID-19 on improved stock markets. The visions from this study can assist investors in managing strategic investment decisions and assist policymakers in making measures to reduce the pandemic's effects on the stock market.

8.
J Perioper Pract ; : 17504589241232507, 2024 Apr 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38634434

RESUMEN

Perioperative fluid administration plays an essential role in head and neck cancer free flap surgery. The impact of intraoperative fluid administration on postoperative complications in head and neck cancer free flap surgery remains ill-defined. All adult patients who underwent a free flap surgery for head and neck cancer between January 2014 and December 2018 were included in the study. A total of 224 patients met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of patients was 45.0 years, and the majority were male (85.7%). Buccal mucosa squamous cell carcinoma (83%) was the most common diagnosis, and anterolateral thigh flap (46.4%) was the most routinely performed procedure. Perioperatively, ringer's lactate was used most abundantly (68.3%). A total of 101 complications were reported in the postoperative period, consisting of 67 medical complications and 34 surgical complications. In conclusion, there is no statistically significant association between the quantity of fluid administration and postoperative complications.

9.
Heliyon ; 10(1): e21980, 2024 Jan 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38226244

RESUMEN

This research is based on the analysis of Monkeypox transmission, from may 7, 2022 to October 11, 2022, in 30 most affected countries around the globe. The most affected countries are selected through the cut point of at least 100 reported confirmed cases of infected persons over the aforementioned time span. We novely argue the exhibition of distributional similarities between the viral flow and well known power law in context of this neglected zoonotic disease. Moreover, model-based evidence suggesting the capability of pathogen to spread far and wide around its nucleus, are collected and presented. It is estimated that 70 % of the reported confirmed cases belonged to 20 % of the top most affected countries. Also, 70 % of the reported transmission was inflicted in 34 % of the days of reporting at least one case, on average.

10.
Ecancermedicalscience ; 18: 1655, 2024.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38425766

RESUMEN

Background: Anal cancers are uncommon neoplasms that make up to <1% of all tumours globally. Concurrent chemoradiation remains the standard of care treatment for patients who present with non-metastatic anal squamous cell carcinomas (ASCCs). Methods: We aimed to evaluate the response rate and 2-year survival outcome of the definitive chemoradiation approach in patients with non-metastatic ASCCs of our population. We conducted a cross-sectional review of these patient populations who were treated and then followed after completion of treatment at our institute during the last 10 years. Results: A total of 17 patients were enrolled after fulfillment of the eligibility criteria. The responses were documented in 16 patients through magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography of the pelvis, done at 3 months of treatment completion. More than 80% of the patients had complete radiological responses. Among the surviving participants, the 2-year disease-free survival rate was found to be more than two-thirds. Approximately 20% of the study participants had disease recurrence during the subsequent clinic visits following treatment completion. Conclusion: This review emphasises the impact of definitive chemo-radiation in achieving radiological and clinical responses in patients with non-metastatic ASCCs. Moreover, to our knowledge, this is the first review to highlight anal cancer's incidence and characteristics in Pakistan.

11.
Resusc Plus ; 20: 100775, 2024 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39309746

RESUMEN

Background: In hospital cardiac arrest is associated with poor survival despite basic and advanced life support measures. This study aimed to identify the clinical characteristics and outcomes of cardiac arrests occurring during in-hospital admission to the tertiary care center in Pakistan. Method: A retrospective, cross-sectional study at Aga Khan University Hospital from 2021 to 2023 analyzed 230 cardiac arrest cases. Data included demographics, arrest type, timing, initial rhythm, resuscitation duration, and arrest location. American Heart Association guidelines were adhered to for life support. The main outcomes focused on the return of spontaneous circulation survival to hospital discharge. Results: During the study, 230 cardiac arrests were observed: 152 in adults (mean age 57.8, 142 shockable cases, ROSC 52.6 %, alive at discharge 28.3 %) and 78 in pediatric patients (mean age 4.99, non-shockable rhythm 85.9 %, ROSC 51.3 %, alive at discharge 17.9 %). Adult Charles comorbidity index: 2.88 (SD±2.08), pediatric index: 0.610 (SD±0.88). Survival rates were lower with a high comorbidity index and code duration > 20 min. Conclusion: The study provides valuable observational data that challenges global survival rates for in-hospital cardiac arrest. It highlights how factors like being in monitored units and the presence of rapid response teams can lead to higher survival rates. The research underscores the influence of comorbidities, initial rhythms, and the duration of resuscitation efforts on patient outcomes, emphasizing the need for more research, especially in settings with limited resources.

12.
Burns ; 50(6): 1504-1512, 2024 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38604825

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: South Asian region contributes 59 % to the global mortality due to burns. However, we find a paucity of literature on the outcomes of burns from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). South Asian Burn Registry (SABR) is a facility-based burns registry that collected data on in-patient burn care. This study assesses factors associated with mortality, length of hospital stay at the burns center, and functional status of burn patients. METHODS: Prospective data was collected from two specialized public sector burn centers between September 2014 - January 2015 from Bangladesh and Pakistan. Multivariable logistic, linear, and ordinal logistic regression was conducted to assess factors associated with inpatient-mortality, length of hospital stay, and functional status at discharge, respectively. RESULTS: Data on 883 patients was analyzed. Increased association with mortality was observed with administration of blood product (OR:3, 95 % CI:1.18-7.58) and nutritional support (OR:4.32, 95 % CI:1.55-12.02). Conversely, antibiotic regimens greater than 8 days was associated with decreased mortality (OR:0.1, 95 % CI:0.03-0.41). Associated increase in length of hospital stay was observed in patients with trauma associated with their burn injury, history of seizures (CE:47.93, 95 % CI 12.05-83.80), blood product (CE:22.09, 95 % CI:0.83-43.35) and oxygen administration (CE:23.7, 95 % CI:7.34-40.06). Patients who developed sepsis (OR:6.89, 95 % CI:1.92-24.73) and received blood products during hospitalization (OR:2.55, 95 % CI:1.38- 4.73) were more likely to have poor functional status at discharge. CONCLUSION: This study identified multiple factors associated with worse clinical outcomes for burn patients in South Asia. Understanding these parameters can guide targeted efforts to improve the process and quality of burn care in LMICs.


Asunto(s)
Unidades de Quemados , Quemaduras , Tiempo de Internación , Sistema de Registros , Humanos , Quemaduras/terapia , Quemaduras/mortalidad , Quemaduras/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Tiempo de Internación/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Bangladesh/epidemiología , Pakistán/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Modelos Logísticos , Estudios Prospectivos , Unidades de Quemados/estadística & datos numéricos , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Apoyo Nutricional/estadística & datos numéricos , Apoyo Nutricional/métodos , Transfusión Sanguínea/estadística & datos numéricos , Niño , Superficie Corporal , Preescolar , Sepsis/epidemiología , Lactante , Análisis Multivariante , Anciano , Modelos Lineales , Mortalidad Hospitalaria , Sur de Asia
13.
Am J Infect Control ; 52(7): 819-826, 2024 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38336128

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs) pose a significant risk to critically ill patients, particularly in intensive care units (ICU), and are a significant cause of hospital-acquired infections. We investigated whether implementation of a multifaceted intervention was associated with reduced incidence of CLABSIs. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study over nine years. We implemented a bundled intervention approach to prevent CLABSIs, consisting of a comprehensive unit-based safety program (CUSP). The program was implemented in the Neonatal ICU, Medical ICU, and Surgical ICU departments at the Aga Khan University Hospital in Pakistan. RESULTS: The three intervention ICUs combined were associated with an overall 36% reduction in CLABSI rates and a sustained reduction in CLABSI rates for > a year (5 quarters). The Neonatal ICU experienced a decrease of 77% in CLABSI rates lasting ∼1 year (4 quarters). An attendance rate above 88% across all stakeholder groups in each CUSP meeting correlated with a better and more sustained infection reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Our multifaceted approach using the CUSP model was associated with reduced CLABSI-associated morbidity and mortality in resource-limited settings. Our findings suggest that a higher attendance rate (>85%) at meetings may be necessary to achieve sustained effects post-intervention.


Asunto(s)
Infecciones Relacionadas con Catéteres , Control de Infecciones , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Humanos , Infecciones Relacionadas con Catéteres/prevención & control , Infecciones Relacionadas con Catéteres/epidemiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Pakistán/epidemiología , Control de Infecciones/métodos , Cateterismo Venoso Central/efectos adversos , Infección Hospitalaria/prevención & control , Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Incidencia , Países en Desarrollo , Bacteriemia/prevención & control , Bacteriemia/epidemiología , Sepsis/prevención & control , Sepsis/epidemiología
14.
J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad ; 25(1-2): 141-4, 2013.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25098079

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: In Pakistan maternal mortality rate (MMR) is very high and more than one in five women die from pregnancy related causes; solution to this is to have low fertility rate. The emergency contraceptives (ECs) can be used to prevent unwanted pregnancies. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice about ECs among doctors. METHODS: Institution-based cross-sectional descriptive study on knowledge, attitude and practice of ECs was conducted at Rawal Hospital from Feb to May, 2012. Data was collected using structured questionnaire and analysed using SPSS-16. RESULTS: Fifty-seven percent of the respondents were > 30 years of age, 94% were Muslim, 81% were married and 51% were women. Ninety-seven percent had heard of ECs before, only 17% knew Intra-uterine contraceptive device (IUCD) a method of EC. Sixty-one percent responded that IUCD should be removed if patient gets pregnant (p = 0.007) and according to 31% ECs were not abortifacient (p = 0.045). Regarding attitude, 55.5% of the participants supported its use (p = 0.027) and agreed to its easy accessibility (p = 0.004). Thirty-eight percent responded an increased dose of birth control pills as a form of EC (p = 0.008), while 40% did not agree that ECs are effective when taken before intercourse (p = 0.011). CONCLUSION: Knowledge and practice of ECs is very low among doctors but a positive attitude is there. Evidence-based knowledge to family physicians regarding emergency contraception is strongly recommended to reduce the chances of MMR.


Asunto(s)
Actitud del Personal de Salud , Competencia Clínica , Anticoncepción Postcoital , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Pakistán , Embarazo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Centros de Atención Terciaria
15.
BMJ Open ; 13(12): e076971, 2023 12 06.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38056938

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Adverse events are a major cause of patient harm in the hospitalised setting. Low-income and middle-income countries account for a disproportionate share of the global burden of adverse events. However, patient safety research is still centred around high-income countries and high-resource health systems. The methods and data produced from these efforts are ill-suited to low-income and middle-income systems due to the social and technical differences between these settings. We aim to use our pilot-tested, locally developed methodology to estimate the frequency and characteristics of adverse events in hospitalised patients in a lower-middle-income country to inform patient safety policies and initiatives. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This multi-centre study will employ a two-step chart review methodology to identify adverse events in a representative sample of patients admitted at five hospitals between 1 January 2019 and 31 December 2019. The first step will include assessing patient files against a list of triggers to detect adverse events and the second step will involve an in-depth review of the events to capture pertinent characteristics. The triggers have been adapted from validated tools used in other studies. The reviewing team will be trained on the use of research tools and operational definitions to ensure that data are collected uniformly. The main outcome of interest is the rate at which adverse events occur in hospitalised patients. Further analysis will look to identify and quantify associations between the main outcome of interest and a variety of variables such as patient age and gender using tests of independence and regression techniques. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study protocol has been approved by the Ethics Review Committee at Aga Khan University (Reference number: 2023-6324-24566). The findings of this study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and disseminated to the public through national and international conferences, workshops, websites and social media.


Asunto(s)
Pacientes Internos , Proyectos de Investigación , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Seguridad del Paciente , Renta , Estudios Multicéntricos como Asunto
16.
BMJ Open Qual ; 12(1)2023 03.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36931633

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Patient safety is a top priority for many healthcare organisations worldwide. However, most of the initiatives aimed at the measurement and improvement of patient safety culture have been undertaken in developed countries. The purpose of this study was to measure the patient safety culture at a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan using the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC). METHODS: The HSOPSC was used to measure the patient safety culture across 12 dimensions at Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi. 2,959 individuals, who had been working at the hospital, were administered the HSOPSC in paper form between June and September 2019. RESULTS: The response rate of the survey was 50%. In the past 12 months, 979 respondents (33.1%) had submitted at least one event report. Results showed that the personnel viewed the patient safety culture at their hospital favourably. Overall, respondents scored highest in the following dimensions: 'feedback and communication on error' (91%), 'organisational learning and continuous improvement' (85%), 'teamwork within units' (83%), 'teamwork across units' (76%). The dimensions with the lowest positive per cent scores included 'staffing' (40%) and 'non-punitive response to error' (41%). Only the reliability of the 'handoffs and transitions', 'frequency of events reported', 'organisational learning' and 'teamwork within units' was higher than Cronbach's alpha of 0.7. Upon regression analysis of positive responses, physicians and nurses were found to have responded less favourably than the remaining professional groups for most dimensions. CONCLUSION: The measurement of safety culture is both feasible and informative in developing countries and could be broadly implemented to inform patient safety efforts. Current data suggest that it compares favourably with benchmarks from hospitals in the USA. Like the USA, high staff workload is a significant safety concern among staff. This study lays the foundation for further context-specific research on patient safety culture in developing countries.


Asunto(s)
Seguridad del Paciente , Administración de la Seguridad , Humanos , Pakistán , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Centros de Atención Terciaria , Encuestas y Cuestionarios
17.
J Patient Saf ; 19(6): 408-414, 2023 10 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37602696

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Training nursing students on quality and patient safety (PS) is crucial to ensuring safe healthcare practices given the key role nurses play on the healthcare team. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of quality and PS course on the knowledge, and system thinking of students at different stages of the undergraduate nursing course. METHODS: A 4.5-day quality improvement and PS course was conducted at the Aga Khan University School of Nursing and Midwifery for 146 second- and 139 fourth-year students. Students' knowledge, self-assessment of knowledge and skills, and system thinking were assessed using pretest and posttest. RESULTS: Of the total of 20 points, the course significantly improved students' knowledge by a mean of 4.91 points for second-year students (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.32-5.51) and 3.46 points for fourth-year students (95% CI, 2.90-4.02) between pretest and posttest. For systems thinking, the Systems Thinking Scale scores increased by 0.41 points (95% CI, 0.29-0.52) for second-year students and 0.33 points (95% CI, 0.22-0.44) for fourth-year students out of the total of 5 points. The self-assessment scores significantly increased on postcourse assessment for second (P < 0.05) and fourth-year students (P < 0.001). Positive experience reported by students in the narrative reflections complemented these results. CONCLUSIONS: There was a significant increase in nursing students' knowledge, self-efficacy, and system thinking after participating in this short PS course. Replication at a national level may improve safety knowledge and skills among nursing students with subsequent gains in the safety of healthcare delivery in Pakistan.


Asunto(s)
Bachillerato en Enfermería , Estudiantes de Enfermería , Humanos , Seguridad del Paciente , Curriculum , Instituciones de Salud
18.
Front Vet Sci ; 9: 762449, 2022.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35937290

RESUMEN

Clostridium perfringens produces core virulence factors that are responsible for causing hemorrhagic abomasitis and enterotoxemia making food, animals, and humans susceptible to its infection. In this study, C. perfringens was isolated from necropsied intestinal content of buffalo and cattle belonging to four major bovine-producing regions in the Punjab Province of Pakistan for the purpose offind out the genetic variation. Out of total 160 bovine samples (n: 160), thirty-three (n: 33) isolates of C. perfringens were obtained from buffalo (Bubales bubalis) and cattle (Bos indicus) that were further subjected to biochemical tests; 16S rRNA based identification and toxinotyping was done using PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) and PFGE (Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis) pulsotypesfor genetic diversity. Occurrence of C. perfringens was found to be maximum in zone-IV (Bhakkar and Dera Ghazi Khan) according to the heatmap. Correlation was found to be significant and positive among the toxinotypes (α-toxin, and ε-toxin). Response surface methodology (RSM) via central composite design (CCD) and Box-Behnken design (BBD) demonstrated substantial frequency of C. perfringens based toxinotypes in all sampling zones. PFGE distinguished all isolates into 26 different pulsotypes using SmaI subtyping. Co-clustering analysis based on PFGE further decoded a diversegenetic relationship among the collected isolates. This study could help us to advance toward disease array of C. perfringens and its probable transmission and control. This study demonstrates PFGE patterns from Pakistan, and typing of C. perfringens by PFGE helps illustrate and mitigate the incidence of running pulsotypes.

19.
J Pak Med Assoc ; 61(3): 247-51, 2011 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21465938

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the hypoglycaemic and anti-platelet aggregation effect of aqueous methanol extract of Acacia Nilotica (AN) leaves compared with glyburide on streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. METHODS: Diabetes mellitus was induced in 90 out of 120 albino rats by administering 50 mg/kg body weight (b.w) streptozotocin and was confirmed by measuring fasting blood glucose level >200 mg/dL on 4th post-induction day. The rats were equally divided into 4 groups, A (normal control), B (diabetic control), C (diabetic rats treated with AN extract) and group D (diabetic rats treated with glyburide). The rats of group C and D were given 300 mg/kg b.w AN extract and 900 microgm/kg b.w glyburide respectively for 3 weeks. Blood glucose was measured by glucometer, platelet aggregation by Dia-Med method and insulin and beta-thromboglobulin by ELISA technique. RESULTS: A significant increase (p<0.05) in fasting blood glucose, beta-thromboglobulin and platelet aggregation and a significant decrease (p<0.05) in insulin levels was observed in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats than the normal controls. The rats treated with AN extract and glyburide showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in fasting blood glucose and increase (p<0.05) in insulin levels than the diabetic control rats. However, the levels in both the treatment groups remained significantly different than the normal controls. A significant decrease (p<0.05) in beta-thromboglobulin levels was seen in diabetic rats treated with glyburide than the diabetic control rats and diabetic rats treated with AN extract. CONCLUSIONS: AN leaves extract result into hypoglycaemic and anti-platelet aggregation activity in diabetic rats as that of glyburide.


Asunto(s)
Acacia/química , Glucemia/análisis , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangre , Gliburida/farmacología , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Insulina/sangre , Agregación Plaquetaria/efectos de los fármacos , beta-Tromboglobulina/análisis , Animales , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Hojas de la Planta/química , Ratas , Estreptozocina
20.
J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad ; 23(2): 3-7, 2011.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24800330

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: To consider new hypoglycaemic, anti-hyperlipidaemic and anti-platelet aggregation sources, aqueous methanol extract of Acacia Nilotica (AN) leaves was investigated in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. METHODS: Diabetes mellitus was induced in 90 out of 120 male albino rats by administering 50 mg/Kg bodyweight (bw) streptozotocin intraperitonealy, and was confirmed by measuring fasting blood glucose level > 200 mg/dL on 4th post-induction day. The rats were equally divided into 4 groups, A (normal control), B (diabetic control), C (diabetics rats treated with plant extract) and group D (diabetics rats treated with glyburide). The rats of group C and D were given single dose of 300 mg/Kg bw, AN extract, and 900 microg/Kg bw glyburide respectively for 3 weeks. Blood glucose levels were measured by glucometer, platelet aggregation by DiaMed method, beta-thromboglobulin and insulin by ELISA technique, and lipid components were measured by enzymatic calorimetric method. RESULTS: Significant differences (p < 0.05) were noticed in blood glucose, serum insulin, platelet aggregation and triglyceride levels in diabetic rats treated with AN extract and glyburide as compared to diabetic controlled rats. A significant difference (p < 0.05) in beta-thromboglobulin and LDL levels was also noticed in rats treated with glyburide than the diabetic controlled rats. The levels of fasting blood glucose, beta-thromboglobulin and platelet aggregation were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) in diabetic rats treated with glyburide than AN extract treated rats. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of AN leaves extract showed hypoglycaemic and anti-platelet aggregation activity in diabetic rats as that of glyburide.


Asunto(s)
Acacia/química , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Gliburida/farmacología , Hiperglucemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Hiperlipidemias/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Hojas de la Planta/química , Agregación Plaquetaria/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Glucemia/análisis , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/sangre , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Masculino , Ratas , Estreptozocina , beta-Tromboglobulina/análisis
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