Vimentin expression correlates with immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Although vimentin is often expressed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the association between vimentin expression and immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) efficacy remains unclear. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter study enrolled patients with NSCLC who received ICI treatment between December 2015 and July 2020. The authors constructed tissue microarrays and performed immunohistochemical staining with vimentin. They analyzed the relationship between vimentin expression rate and objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: Immunohistochemically evaluable specimens on microarray blocks were available for 397 patients, of whom 343 (86%) were negative (<10%), 30 (8%) were positive (10%-49%), and 24 (6%) were highly positive (≥50%) for vimentin expression. Both rates of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) tumor proportion score ≥1% and ≥50% were significantly higher in the vimentin-positive group (≥10%) than the vimentin-negative group (<10%) (96% vs. 78%, p = .004; 64% vs. 42%, p = .006, respectively). In patients treated with ICI monotherapy, ORR, PFS, and OS were significantly better in the vimentin-positive group (10%-49%) than in the vimentin-negative group (<10%) (54% vs. 25%, p = .003, median = 7.9 vs. 3.2 months, p = .011; median = 27.0 vs. 13.6 months, p = .015, respectively), whereas there was no significant difference in PFS and OS between the vimentin highly positive group (≥50%) and the vimentin-negative group (<10%) (median = 3.4 vs. 3.2 months, p = .57; median = 7.2 vs. 13.6 months, p = .086, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Vimentin expression correlated with PD-L1 expression and ICI efficacy. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: We constructed tissue microarrays and performed immunohistochemical staining with vimentin on 397 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who were treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI). The vimentin-positive group who were treated with ICI monotherapy showed significantly better objective response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival than the vimentin negative group. The measurement of vimentin expression will aid in determining appropriate immunotherapy strategies.

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression and immunotherapy efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer.

It is unclear whether tumor vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression affects the therapeutic efficacy of immune-checkpoint inhibitors and antiangiogenic agents. This retrospective, multicenter study included patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer who were treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors. We constructed tissue microarrays and performed immunohistochemistry with an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 antibody. We analyzed immune and tumor cell staining separately in order to determine their correlation with the objective response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival in patients receiving immune-checkpoint inhibitors. Of 364 patients, 37 (10%) expressed vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in immune cells and 165 (45%) in tumor cells. The objective response rate, progression-free survival, and overall survival were significantly worse in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy who expressed vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in immune cells than those who did not (10% vs 30%, p = 0.028; median = 2.2 vs 3.6 months, p = 0.012; median = 7.9 vs 17.0 months, p = 0.049, respectively), while there was no significant difference based on tumor cell expression (24% vs 30%, p = 0.33; median = 3.1 vs 3.5 months, p = 0.55; median = 13.6 vs 16.8 months, p = 0.31). There was no significant difference in overall survival between patients treated with and without antiangiogenic agents in any treatment period based on vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 expression. Immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy was limited in patients expressing vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 in immune cells.

Phase 1b study of ramucirumab in combination with erlotinib or osimertinib for untreated EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer patients with asymptomatic brain metastases.

OBJECTIVES: The study was designed to investigate the safety of ramucirumab administered in combination with erlotinib or osimertinib for patients with untreated EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and asymptomatic brain metastases, a patient subgroup in which these regimens have remained untested. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This phase 1b study (RELAY-Brain) consisted of two cohorts with three patients each. Patients with asymptomatic brain metastases received ramucirumab every 2 weeks plus either daily oral erlotinib or osimertinib until disease progression or intolerable toxicity. The primary objective was to assess dose-limiting toxicity (DLT), defined as central nervous system (CNS) hemorrhage of grade ≥ 2. RESULTS: Six patients were enrolled. Neither DLT nor serious or unexpected adverse events were observed. One treatment-related adverse event of grade ≥ 3 (hypertension of grade 3) was apparent. Common adverse events were generally manageable. The median number of ramucirumab administrations was 18.5 (range, 13 to 31), and there were no detected episodes of CNS hemorrhage. Five of the six patients showed an objective systemic response. Although only one patient had a measurable CNS lesion at baseline, a confirmed intracranial partial response was observed. CONCLUSION: Ramucirumab in combination with erlotinib or osimertinib showed safety for EGFR-mutated NSCLC with brain metastases.

Severe acute interstitial lung disease after nivolumab in three non-small cell lung cancer patients with imaging findings of airway obstruction adjacent to lung tumors.

Nivolumab has been associated with unique adverse events known as immune-related adverse events. Although interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a life-threatening immune-related adverse event, the risk of ILD during nivolumab treatment is unclear. In this report, we encountered three patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer with signs of lung obstruction caused by tumor-mediated compression on imaging who developed acute ILD within 10 days of commencing nivolumab treatment. The first case involved a 74-year-old Japanese female never-smoker, the second a 67-year-old Japanese female never-smoker, and the third a 75-year-old Japanese female current-smoker. The first patient was administered nivolumab as third-line chemotherapy, the second was administered nivolumab as fifth-line chemotherapy, and the third was administered nivolumab as second-line chemotherapy. Regardless of aggressive treatments for ILD, 2 of 3 patients died. The findings of these cases suggest that obstructive findings in the lungs, which easily cause infections, may be an important risk factor for nivolumab-induced ILD.

Lack of Association Between Immunotherapy and Improvement of Survival for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Patients With Hemodialysis: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The number of patients undergoing hemodialysis continues to increase globally, and the incidence of cancer is high among these patients. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are widely used in patients with advanced cancer, especially non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC); however, their effectiveness in hemodialysis patients is poorly documented. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used data from a nationwide database. Patients diagnosed with NSCLC, undergoing hemodialysis, and who started chemotherapy between September 2008 and January 2023 were included. In the intention to treat (ITT) analysis, patients were divided into immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) and conventional chemotherapy group, and in the chronological analysis, patients were divided into 2 groups before and after ICI approval. Overall survival (OS) was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method with log-rank tests and Cox proportional hazards analyses. A propensity score approach was applied to address confounding factors, and analyses were performed by weighting each patient with the inverse of the estimated propensity score. RESULTS: We identified 322 and 389 patients in the ITT and chronological analyses respectively. In both analyses, there were no notable difference of OS between 2 groups (P values by log-rank test 0.933 and 0.248, respectively). The hazard ratios for OS were 0.980 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.678-1.415) in the ITT analysis and 0.805 (95% CI: 0.531-1.219) in the chronological analysis. CONCLUSION: The ICI treatment and approval were not significantly associated with improvement of survival in patients with NSCLC undergoing hemodialysis.

Effectiveness and Safety of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Alone or in Combination With Chemotherapy in Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma.

Introduction: Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) is a rare subtype of lung cancer associated with poor prognosis and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), alone or in combination with chemotherapy, were found to have clinical benefits in PSC in recent studies. Nevertheless, because these studies included a small number of patients owing to disease rarity, larger studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of ICI-based therapy for PSC. Methods: This multicenter retrospective study evaluated patients with ICI-naive advanced or metastatic PSC who were treated with ICI-based therapy at 25 hospitals in Japan. Results: A total of 124 patients were evaluated. The overall response rate, median progression-free survival (PFS), and median overall survival (OS) were 59.0%, 10.5 months, and 32.8 months, respectively. The PFS and OS rates at 24 months were 35.3% and 51.5%, respectively. Programmed death-ligand 1 expression, concomitant chemotherapy, and the treatment line were not significantly associated with PFS or OS. Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) were observed in 70 patients (56.5%), including 30 (24.2%) with grade 3 to 5 events. Patients with mild irAEs (grades 1-2) had longer PFS and OS than did those with severe (grades 3-5) or no irAEs. In a multivariate analysis, any-grade irAEs and the absence of liver metastases were independently associated with PFS, whereas any-grade irAEs and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status less than or equal to 1 were independently associated with OS. Conclusions: ICI-based therapy was found to have promising effectiveness in patients with advanced or metastatic PSC, regardless of programmed death-ligand 1 expression, concomitant chemotherapy, or treatment line.

Tract creation with a 25-gauge needle for convex endobronchial ultrasound-guided core biopsy in intrapulmonary lesions adjacent to bronchi: three case reports.

Background: The use of endobronchial ultrasound-guided core biopsy (EBUS-CB) using forceps or cryoprobes to obtain true histological samples has improved the diagnostic yield for mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy. Tract creation in the bronchial wall of the central airway is primarily performed using electrocautery devices in EBUS-CB; however, their poor maneuverability and the risk of vascular injury and damage to the tip of the bronchoscope have prevented the application of EBUS-CB for diagnosing intrapulmonary lesions beyond the central locations. This report presents three cases wherein a 25-gauge transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) needle with high flexibility and safety was used to create a tract in the bronchial wall for EBUS-CB of the intrapulmonary lesions adjacent to the bronchi. Case Description: In all cases, EBUS-TBNA using a 25-gauge TBNA needle was performed on the intrapulmonary lesions adjacent to the bronchi, followed by EBUS-CB with 1.9-mm forceps in two cases and also with a 1.1-mm cryoprobe in one case. The EBUS-TBNA specimens revealed no abnormality or only a small number of tumor cells. However, subsequent EBUS-CB, through the tract created by EBUS-TBNA, enabled the collection of a sufficient amount of histological samples with well-preserved histoarchitecture. The histological diagnosis was made via immunostaining, and multigene mutation testing was also successfully analyzed. Conclusions: The use of a 25-gauge needle for creating a tract allows EBUS-CB for the intrapulmonary lesions and may allow for the collection of sufficient histological samples for biomarker analysis and tissue diagnosis.

Clinical significance of KL-6 in immune-checkpoint inhibitor treatment for non-small cell lung cancer.

PURPOSE: Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) functions as a tumor marker, as well as a diagnostic tool for interstitial pneumonia (IP). However, the significance of KL-6 in the immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially in patients without IP, is unknown. METHODS: This multicenter, retrospective study, which included patients with advanced NSCLC who received ICI therapy, analyzed the association between serum KL-6 values and ICI efficacy and the association between serum KL-6 values and ICI-induced interstitial lung disease (ILD) occurrence, focusing primarily on patients without IP. RESULTS: In total, 322 patients had available KL-6 values before ICI therapy. Among 202 patients without IP who received ICI monotherapy, the high-KL-6 group (≥ 500 U/mL) showed significantly shorter progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) than the low-KL-6 group (< 500 U/mL) (median: 2.1 vs. 3.6 months, p = 0.048; median: 9.2 vs. 14.5 months, p = 0.035). There was no significant difference in response rate between the KL-6 high and low groups (19% vs. 29%, p = 0.14). In the multivariate analysis, high KL-6 was a significant predictor of poor PFS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10-2.11, p = 0.012) and OS (HR, 1.51; 95% CI 1.07 - 2.13, p = 0.019) for patients treated with ICI monotherapy. There was no significant difference in the occurrence rate of ILD between the high KL-6 and low KL-6 groups in patients with (20% vs. 15%, p = 1.00) or without IP (12% vs. 12%, p = 1.00). CONCLUSION: In ICI monotherapy for NSCLC without IP, elevated serum KL-6 levels were associated with poorer outcomes.

Influence of Smoking History on the Effectiveness of Immune-checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer: Analysis of Real-world Data.

BACKGROUND/AIM: There is no real-world data in an Asian population to investigate the difference between the outcome of immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) monotherapy and combination therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) based on smoking status. In this study, we investigated the correlation between smoking status and the efficacy of ICI therapy for NSCLC patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This multicentre retrospective study enrolled patients with recurrent or metastatic NSCLC who were treated using ICI therapy between December 2015 and July 2020. We analysed the objective response rate (ORR) of patients who received ICI monotherapy or combination therapy, based on smoking status using Fisher's exact test, and progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) based on smoking status using the Kaplan-Meier method, the log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS: A total of 487 patients were included in the study. In the ICI monotherapy group, non-smokers showed significantly lower ORR and shorter PFS and OS than smokers (10% vs. 26%, p=0.002; median: 1.8 vs. 3.8 months, p<0.001; median: 8.0 vs. 15.4 months, p=0.026). In the ICI combination therapy group, non-smokers showed significantly longer OS than smokers (median: not reached vs. 26.3 months, p=0.045), and there was no significant difference in ORR and PFS between non-smokers and smokers (63% vs. 51%, p=0.43; median: 10.2 vs. 9.2 months, p=0.81). In the multivariate analysis of patients who received ICI combination therapy, the "non-smoker" status was not significantly associated with PFS [hazard ratio (HR)=1.31; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.70-2.45, p=0.40] and OS (HR=0.40; 95% CI=0.14-1.13, p=0.083). CONCLUSION: Non-smokers showed worse outcomes than smokers with ICI monotherapy, but not with ICI combination therapy.

RBM17 Expression Is Associated With the Efficacy of ICI Monotherapy in NSCLC With Low PD-L1 Expression.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are currently a standard treatment tool for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). RNA-binding motif protein 17 (RBM17), a splicing factor, is frequently over-expressed in NSCLC, but little is known about the role of RBM17 in the efficacy of ICIs for NSCLC. Thus, we investigated the correlation between RBM17 expression and ICI efficacy in NSCLC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Biopsy or surgical specimens were collected from patients with advanced or recurrent NSCLC who received ICI monotherapy or chemo-immunotherapy in a first-line setting. RBM17 expression was examined using immunohistochemistry. The correlation between the efficacy of ICI monotherapy or chemo-immunotherapy and RBM17 expression was evaluated. RESULTS: Among the 218 cases, 115 (52.8%) cases were positive for RBM17 expression. RBM17 expression was not associated with the objective response rate (ORR) or progression-free survival (PFS) in either of the ICI monotherapy or chemo-immunotherapy groups. However, among those with a low PD-L1 expression level (PD-L1 <50%; n=86), RBM17 expression was significantly associated with a better ORR (p=0.045) and a better PFS (p<0.001) in the ICI monotherapy group, and was significantly associated with a poor ORR in the chemo-immunotherapy group (p=0.041). CONCLUSION: RBM17 might be a useful predictive marker for a higher efficacy of ICI monotherapy in NSCLC patients with a low PD-L1 expression level.

Safe Concurrent Use of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs and Pembrolizumab in a Patient with Non-small-cell Lung Cancer Who Was Infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

A 68-year-old Japanese man was diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma stage IVB. We introduced a first-line chemotherapy of four cycles of carboplatin and pemetrexed and pembrolizumab, followed by pemetrexed and pembrolizumab maintenance therapy. Approximately four months after anticancer therapy, a small nodule appeared in the right peripheral S3 lesion. After five months, the nodule was confirmed as a Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) nodule. We initiated anti-TB therapy without stopping pembrolizumab, and the right S3 nodule shrank immediately. This report supports the concurrent use of anti-TB treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor when the TB infection area is limited.

Association of thyroid transcription factor-1 with the efficacy of immune-checkpoint inhibitors in patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: We aimed to identify the relationship between thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) expression of lung adenocarcinoma and the efficacy of immune-checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy. METHODS: This retrospective multicenter study comprised patients with advanced lung adenocarcinoma treated with ICI monotherapy. We collected clinical medical records including data on TTF-1 expression and analyzed the relationship between TTF-1 expression and programmed death-ligand 1 tumor proportion score (PD-L1 TPS), objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). RESULTS: In total, 108 patients with lung adenocarcinoma were analyzed. The rate of TPS ≥1% and ≥50% in patients with positive TTF-1 expression was significantly higher than that in patients with negative TTF-1 expression (88% vs. 60%, p < 0.001; 65% vs. 24%, p < 0.001). The ORR was significantly higher in TTF-1 positive patients than in TTF-1-negative patients (38% vs. 8%, p = 0.003). Among patients with TPS ≥50% and 1%-49%, the ORR in TTF-1 positive and negative patients was 48% (26/54) versus 17% (1/6) (p = 0.21), and 32% (6/19) versus 11% (1/9) (p = 0.37), respectively. The ORR for patients with TPS <1% was 0% in both the TTF-1 negative and positive cases. The median PFS and OS was significantly longer in TTF-1-positive patients than in TTF-1-negative patients (5.4 vs. 1.6 months, p < 0.001; 18.2 vs. 8.0 months, p = 0.041). Multivariate analysis revealed that TTF-1-negative status was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for PFS. CONCLUSION: Patients with TTF-1-positive status receiving ICI monotherapy showed better outcomes than those with TTF-1-negative lung adenocarcinoma.

SP142 evaluation contributes to the prediction of immune checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer with high PD-L1 expression assessed by 22C3.

Background: It remains unclear whether assessing programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression by SP142 plus 22C3 adds value for predicting the response to immunotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: This retrospective multicenter study included patients with advanced NSCLC treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitors. We constructed tissue microarrays (TMAs) and performed immunohistochemical staining with 22C3 and SP142 assays. We denoted the PD-L1 tumor proportion score (TPS) obtained from clinical medical records based on 22C3 staining as "22C3 (C)" and that obtained with 22C3 staining using our TMA as "22C3 (TMA)". SP142 staining was evaluated in both tumor cells and immune cells. We assessed the concordance between each PD-L1 assessment method and analyzed the objective response rate (ORR), progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) based on the PD-L1 expression level determined using the 22C3 and SP142 assays. Results: In total, 288 patients were included. Among those with 22C3 (TMA) ≥50%, 60% of patients showed SP142 TC3 or IC3; among patients with 22C3 (C) <1%, 9% and 18% exhibited 22C3 (TMA) ≥1% and SP142 TC1/2/3 or IC1/2/3, respectively. Among patients with 22C3 (C) ≥50% treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy, the SP142 TC1/2/3 or IC1/2/3 group showed significantly better ORR, PFS and OS than the SP142 TC0 and IC0 group (54% vs. 29%, P=0.040, median =11.0 vs. 3.2 months, P=0.002, median =27.9 vs. 12.6 months, P=0.030, respectively). Multivariate analysis revealed that SP142 TC0 and IC0 was an independent unfavorable prognostic factor for PFS and OS in patients with 22C3 (C) ≥50% treated with immune-checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy. For those with 22C3 (C) ≥50% and SP142 TC0 and IC0, immune-checkpoint inhibitor concurrent with chemotherapy tended to result in a longer PFS and OS than immune-checkpoint inhibitor monotherapy (median =13.7 vs. 2.3 months, P=0.054, median = not estimable vs. 12.0 months, P=0.064, respectively). Conclusions: SP142 evaluation contributes to the prediction of immune-checkpoint inhibitor efficacy in NSCLC with high PD-L1 expression assessed by 22C3.

A Multivariable Regression Model-based Nomogram for Estimating the Overall Survival of Patients Previously Treated With Nivolumab for Advanced Non-small-cell Lung Cancer.

AIM: Although nivolumab improves progression-free (PFS) and overall (OS) survival of patients previously treated for metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), approximately 50% of treated patients experience disease progression within 3 months. As predictive biomarkers of response are not yet established, development of biomarkers to predict longer PFS and OS of patients treated with nivolumab is crucial. Therefore, we analyzed the impact of predictive markers of response to nivolumab and quantified the impact of each factor using nomograms. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Clinical data at nivolumab commencement were retrospectively collected from 201 patients treated with nivolumab between December 2015 and July 2016. Immunohistochemistry for programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) was performed using two assay systems (22C3 and 28-8). OS was calculated from nivolumab treatment initiation. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was conducted to identify independent predictors of OS. A nomogram was constructed to estimate OS. RESULTS: The median patient age was 68 years (135 males). Thirty-nine patients had driver mutations (epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase rearrangement). In 22C3 and 28-8 immunostaining assays, 36.3% and 36.8% patients had PD-L1-negative cells, 17.4% and 14.4% had 1-49% PD-L1-positive cells, 11.9% and 14.9% had ≥50% PD-L1-positive cells, and 34.3% and 33.8% had unknown PD-L1 status, respectively. Kendall's rank correlation coefficient between the staining assays was 0.8414. The median OS of the whole patient cohort was 12.27 months [95% confidence interval (CI)=10.87-15.6]. Performance status ≥2 [hazard ratio (HR)=2.15, 95% CI=1.35-3.42, p=0.001) and high baseline lactate dehydrogenase (HR=1.15, 95% CI=1.05-1.26, p=0.004] were independent predictors of shorter OS. There was no significant correlation between PD-L1 status and OS. We constructed a nomogram to estimate the OS of patients previously treated with nivolumab. CONCLUSION: The multivariate analysis-based nomogram might be useful to estimate the OS of patients previously treated with nivolumab for advanced NSCLC.

Which Is Better EGFR-TKI Followed by Osimertinib: Afatinib or Gefitinib/Erlotinib?

BACKGROUND/AIM: Treatment with EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) shows a durable response against NSCLC harboring EGFR mutation; however, treatment resistance occurs within 1-1.5 years following first-line EGFR-TKIs [first- and second-generation (G) TKIs]. When resistant NSCLC exhibits T790M mutations, osimertinib is the standard therapy. However, intratumoral heterogeneity and clonal evolution may occur in NSCLC. Afatinib may overcome tumor heterogeneity, leading to T790M colonal purity. We aimed to determine whether NSCLC treatment with afatinib followed by osimertinib (afatinib group) provides higher therapeutic efficacy than other 1st-G EFGR-TKIs followed by osimertinib (1st-G group). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This multicenter retrospective study evaluated outcomes between afatinib group and 1st-G group. We analyzed clinical data from NSCLC patients receiving osimertinib after progression following 1st- or 2nd-G EGFR-TKIs between March 28, 2016 and March 31, 2018. Patients with performance status (PS) 0-2 were enrolled to reduce bias of patients' conditions. RESULTS: We enrolled 111 patients treated with osimertinib. The median age was 69 (range: 39-88) years. Out of 111 patients, 33 (29.7%) were men, 100 (90%) had PS 0-1, and 35 (31.5%) were in the afatinib group. The objective RR and DCR were significantly higher in the afatinib group than in the 1st-G group [82.9% vs. 53.9% (p=0.0065); 91.4% vs. 71.1% (p=0.032)]. The median PFS tended higher in the afatinib group than in the 1st-G group (15.6 vs. 8.9 months, p=0.195). CONCLUSION: Afatinib followed by osimertinib may provide better outcomes for T790M-positive NSCLC than 1st-G EGFR-TKIs. Afatinib followed by osimertinib may be a therapeutic option for NSCLC harboring EGFR mutation.

Clinical Characteristics of Liver Metastasis in Nivolumab-treated Patients with Non-small Cell Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Recent studies have revealed that liver metastasis is associated with poor outcomes after treatment using immune checkpoint inhibitors, although the cause remains unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively identified 201 patients at three Japanese Centers who received nivolumab for advanced non-small cell lung cancer between December 2015 and July 2016. The patients' baseline clinical characteristics and subsequent outcomes were compared according to liver metastasis status. RESULTS: Liver metastasis was associated with inferior progression-free survival (PFS) and a lower response rate. Additionally, liver metastasis was significantly associated with younger age, poorer Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS), and more metastatic sites. Multivariate analyses revealed that poor PFS was independently associated with poor baseline ECOG PS (p=0.039) and high number of metastatic sites (p=0.007), although liver metastasis (p=0.2) was not. CONCLUSION: Baseline clinical characteristics were a strong predictor of outcome in nivolumab-treated patients with liver metastasis.

Pretreatment advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) for predicting early progression in nivolumab-treated patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.

Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression status is inadequate for indicating nivolumab in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Because the baseline advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI) is reportedly associated with patient outcomes, we investigated whether the pretreatment ALI is prognostic in NSCLC patients treated with nivolumab. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients treated with nivolumab for advanced NSCLC between December 2015 and May 2016 at three Japanese institutes. Multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the impact of the pretreatment ALI (and other inflammation-related parameters) on progression-free survival (PFS) and early progression (i.e., within 8 weeks after starting nivolumab). A total of 201 patients were analyzed; their median age was 68 years (range, 27-87 years), 67% were men, and 24% had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 2 or higher. An ECOG performance status ≥2, serum albumin <3.7 g/dL, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio ≥4, and ALI <18 were significantly associated with poor PFS and early progression on univariate analysis. Multivariate analyses revealed that pretreatment ALI <18 was independently associated with inferior PFS (median, 1.4 vs. 3.7 months, P < 0.001) and a higher likelihood of early progression (odds ratio, 2.76; 95% confidence interval 1.44-5.34; P = 0.002). The pretreatment ALI was found to be a significant independent predictor of early progression in patients with advanced NSCLC receiving nivolumab, and may help identify patients likely to benefit from continued nivolumab treatment in routine clinical practice.

Association Between Imaging Findings of Airway Obstruction Adjacent to Lung Tumors and the Onset of Interstitial Lung Disease After Nivolumab.

BACKGROUND: Compared to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown a significant efficacy in the treatment of lung cancer. Although interstitial lung disease (ILD) is an important adverse event in immunotherapy, risk factors for ILD remain unclear. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this multicenter cohort study (UMIN000025908), 201 patients who were treated with nivolumab were retrospectively reviewed. Associations between the incidence of ILD and patient characteristics were evaluated. ILD grade and progression-free survival were analyzed according to the presence or absence of imaging findings of airway obstruction adjacent to lung tumors (IAOT). RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis, the odds ratio (OR) of ILD for patients with a history of radiation pneumonitis or IAOT was 3.96 (p=0.012) and 6.59 (p=0.004), respectively. ILD occurred in six (37.5%) out of 16 patients with IAOT and 19 (10.3%) out of 185 patients without IAOT. Three out of the six patients with ILD and IAOT had ILD of grade 4 or more. The median progression-free survival of patients with and without IAOT was 0.9 and 3.2 months, respectively (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: IAOT was strongly associated with the occurrence of ILD after therapy with nivolumab.

Metastatic site as a predictor of nivolumab efficacy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer: A retrospective multicenter trial.

PURPOSE: To conduct a retrospective multicenter trial to determine the significance of metastatic site as a predictor of nivolumab efficacy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. METHODS: This study was conducted across three medical centers in Japan. We retrospectively reviewed all patients who commenced nivolumab treatment at these centers between December 17, 2015 and July 31, 2016. Clinical data were collected, including age, sex, smoking status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, and metastatic site (lymph nodes, liver, brain, bone, lungs [intrapulmonary metastasis], and malignant pleural effusion) at the time of commencing nivolumab treatment. Patients were followed-up until March 31, 2017. RESULTS: Two hundred and one patients were enrolled. The median age at the time of commencing nivolumab treatment was 68 (range, 27-87) years. One hundred and thirty-five patients were male, 157 patients had a history of smoking, 153 patients had a performance status of 0-1, and 42 patients had squamous cell carcinoma. The median progression-free survival of all patients was 2.5 months. In the univariate analysis, a performance status of ≥2 (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.89, 95.0% confidence interval [CI]: 1.33-2.69; p < 0.001) and liver (HR: 2.09, 95.0% CI: 1.35-3.25; p < 0.001) and lung (HR: 1.57, 95.0% CI: 1.14-2.16; p < 0.01) metastases correlated with a significantly shorter progression-free survival in nivolumab-treated patients. In the multivariate analysis, a performance status of ≥2 (HR: 1.54, 95.0% CI: 1.05-2.25; p < 0.05) and liver (HR: 1.90, 95.0% CI: 1.21-2.98; p < 0.01) and lung (HR: 1.41, 95.0% CI: 1.00-1.99; p < 0.05) metastases were independently correlated with a significantly shorter progression-free survival in nivolumab-treated patients. CONCLUSION: Liver and lung metastases and a poor performance status are independent predictors of nivolumab efficacy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer.