A novel prognostic model of de novo metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer to optimize treatment intensity.

BACKGROUND: The treatment and prognosis of de novo metastatic hormone-sensitive prostate cancer (mHSPC) vary. We established and validated a novel prognostic model for predicting cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with mHSPC using retrospective data from a contemporary cohort. METHODS: 1092 Japanese patients diagnosed with de novo mHSPC between 2014 and 2020 were registered. The patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy and first-generation anti-androgens (ADT/CAB) were assigned to the Discovery (N = 467) or Validation (N = 328) cohorts. Those treated with ADT and androgen-receptor signaling inhibitors (ARSIs) were assigned to the ARSI cohort (N = 81). RESULTS: Using the Discovery cohort, independent prognostic factors of CSS, the extent of disease score ≥ 2 or the presence of liver metastasis; lactate dehydrogenase levels > 250U/L; a primary Gleason pattern of 5, and serum albumin levels ≤ 3.7 g/dl, were identified. The prognostic model incorporating these factors showed high predictability and reproducibility in the Validation cohort. The 5-year CSS of the low-risk group was 86% and that of the high-risk group was 22%. Approximately 26.4%, 62.7%, and 10.9% of the patients in the Validation cohort defined as high-risk by the LATITUDE criteria were further grouped into high-, intermediate-, and low-risk groups by the new model with significant differences in CSS. In the ARSIs cohort, high-risk group had a significantly shorter time to castration resistance than the intermediate-risk group. CONCLUSIONS: The novel model based on prognostic factors can predict patient outcomes with high accuracy and reproducibility. The model may be used to optimize the treatment intensity of de novo mHSPC.

[A Case of Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor-Related Aortitis that Developed during the Treatment of Advanced Prostate Cancer with Neuroendocrine Differentiation].

An 81-year-old man with prostate cancer (cT3aN0M0), who had been undergoing hormonal therapy for 4 years and had maintained low prostate specific antigen levels, developed metastasized pelvic lymph nodes. A tissue biopsy revealed neuroendocrine differentiation of prostate cancer in the metastatic lymph nodes. Consequently, chemotherapy with carboplatin＋etoposide was initiated. During the first course, filgrastim was administered for 2 days due to a drop in his neutrophil count to 230/µl. During the second course, pegfilgrastim was administered as prophylaxis on day 4. However, on day 10 of the second course, he started to develop a fever and fatigue. Suspecting infection, antibiotics were administered, but failed to ameliorate his symptoms. On day 14, plain computed tomography revealed signs of aortic inflammation. Given the lack of improvement even after one week of antibiotic therapy, steroid treatment was initiated on the suspicion of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) -induced aortitis, which rapidly improved his symptoms. Therefore, when encountering a case in which a fever remains unresponsive to antibiotics during chemotherapy with G-CSF agents, a differential diagnosis of aortic inflammation caused by G-CSF agents needs to be considered.

The efficacy of sequential therapy with docetaxel and cabazitaxel for castration-resistant prostate cancer: A retrospective multi-institutional study in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the efficacy of docetaxel (DOC) and cabazitaxel (CBZ) and examined the factors associated with the prognosis of patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) receiving DOC-CBZ sequential treatment in Japanese real-world data. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated data for 146 patients who received DOC followed by CBZ. The correlations of prostate specific antigen (PSA) decrease rate and time to progression between DOC and CBZ treatment were examined. Combined progression-free survival (PFS) of DOC-CBZ and overall survival (OS) from the initiation of DOC and the diagnosis of CRPC were evaluated and compared between patients with high and low PSA levels at the start of DOC and CBZ treatment. RESULTS: No correlations of PSA decrease rate and time to progression were observed between DOC and CBZ. The patients for whom DOC was started in higher PSA levels had significantly shorter combined PFS (p = 0.003) and OS from the initiation of DOC (p = 0.002). In patients who started DOC at high PSA levels, those who switched to CBZ at low PSA levels had longer OS than those who switched at high PSA levels (p = 0.048). The OS from CRPC of patients who started DOC at low PSA levels was significantly longer than those that started at high PSA levels (p = 0.030). CONCLUSIONS: For patients for whom DOC was not effective, sequential CBZ might have change to be effective. The PSA levels at the start of DOC and CBZ might be a potential prognostic biomarker.

[A Case of Prostatic Cancer that Had Bilateral Ureteral Metastases at Initial Diagnosis].

Ureteral metastases from prostate cancer are uncommon. We report a case of prostate cancer with bilateral ureteral metastases. A 76-year-old man visited our hospital because of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) level of 40.7 ng/ml. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography revealed bilateral ureteral tumors causing bilateral hydronephrosis. Magnetic resonance imaging and prostate biopsy showed prostate cancer involving the bladder neck with bone metastases. Voided urine cytology suggested urothelial carcinoma. Retrograde pyelography demonstrated left ureteral filling defect and right lower ureteral stenosis. Left ureteral tumor and concomitant prostate cancer were suspected ; thus, combined androgen blockade therapy was initiated, and left nephroureterectomy was subsequently performed. Pathological and immunohistochemical examination of the left ureteral tumor revealed PSA-positive adenocarcinoma. The contralateral ureteral lesion was presumed to be metastasis from the same origin ; hence, prostate cancer with bilateral ureteral metastases was diagnosed. Although the mechanism is unknown, ureteral metastasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of prostate cancer patients with ureteral tumor.

[A Consideration for the Surgical Approach in Laparoscopic Total Pelvic Exenteration after Radiotherapy : A Case Report].

A 66-year-old woman underwent concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for stage IIA cervical cancer. However, two recurrent masses were detected at the vaginal stump 6 years after CCRT, and we performed laparoscopic total pelvic exenteration to obtain a complete cure. Because the terminal ileum appeared white secondary to the effects of radiotherapy, we constructed an ileal conduit using the ileum, approximately 40 cm toward the mouth from the ileocecum. We performed transperineal resection of the vagina and urethra and intersphincteric resection as anal-preservation surgery along with transverse colostomy. We used a right short gracilis myocutaneous flap to reconstruct the pelvic floor and perineum. The operation time was 816 min, and the estimated blood loss was 1,168 ml. On histopathological examination of the resected specimen, the parauterine tissue showed a positive surgical margin. Patients with recurrent cervical cancer after CCRT show poor prognosis. Complete resection with a negative margin is associated with more favorable prognosis in patients with recurrent pelvic masses. Compared with an open procedure, laparoscopic pelvic exenteration is safe and feasible in these patients. Selection of an optimal surgical approach, urinary diversion, and pelvic floor reconstruction is important for complete resection and prevention of perioperative complications.

[Complete Transurethral Resection of Large Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Preoperatively Suspected to Be Muscle-Invasive Disease : A Case Report and Literature Review].

A 69-year-old man presented with gross hematuria. Cystoscopy revealed a large papillary tumor occupying the bladder. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a large bladder tumor more than 8cm in maximum diameter,suspected to be muscle-invasive disease. We performed the 1st transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) for the main purpose of pathological confirmation. Histopathological findings of the resected specimens showed urothelial carcinoma,low grade pTa. We performed subsequent treatments with TURBT twice,resulting in complete resection. The histopathological findings showed the same results as those of the 1st TURBT conclusively,which was consistent with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. He received intravesical instillation of pirarubicin eight times in total and has remained free from recurrence for more than 26 months after the final TURBT.

[Spontaneous Resolution of Renal Artery Pseudoaneurysm after Robotic-Assisted Partial Nephrectomy].

Partial nephrectomy (PN) for small renal tumors has become increasingly common. Complications of PN include renal artery pseudoaneurysm (PA), a potentially life-threatening condition. However, the true incidence and natural history of PA after PN remain unclear. Therefore, we conducted a retrospective study of the radiographic characteristics of robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) observed during the postoperative period. We selected 36 consecutive patients with renal carcinoma who underwent RAPN at our institution between December 2016 and May 2019. Patients with contraindications for the use of contrast medium were excluded. A total of 31 eligible patients underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA) during the early postoperative period after RAPN and the incidence of PA was evaluated. Among the patients with PASs, asymptomatic PAs were followed without intervention and their clinical course was assessed using CTA at 1 to 3 months postoperatively. PA was identified in 5 out of 31 (16.1%) patients after RAPN. Median duration between PN and the first CTA was 6 days (range, 1-8). Median PA size was 13 mm (range, 8-17). All (100%) PAs were asymptomatic and resolved spontaneously, as verified by CTA during the late postoperative period. Median duration between identification of PA on early postoperative CTA and subsequent resolution was 92 days (range, 35-106). Our findings indicated that asymptomatic PA after PN can be followed without intervention.

[Needle Lost during Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy : A Case Report].

A 66-year-old man, who presented with prostate cancer, underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. During surgery, a suture needle was lost after an assistant surgeon removed it from the AirSeal® access port. We were not able to find the needle using a portable radiograph with no contrast optimization. After disassembling the device, the needle was found in the groove of the port top. It should be acknowledged that the needle can become stuck in the AirSeal® port, even though it does not have a valve structure. An X-ray radiograph, with an appropriate gradation setting could be useful to retrieve suture needles.

[A Case of Metastatic Mucinous Adenocarcinoma Derived from the Right Ovary to the Ileal Ureter].

A 76-year-old woman presented with temporary right back pain and renal dysfunction. She had undergone ileal ureter interposition for right ureteral resection due to retroperitoneal liposarcoma about forty years ago. Abdominal computed tomographic (CT) scan showed right hydronephrosis and a stenosis in the middle of the ileal ureter. The symptoms were relieved, and the patient was followed. Six months later, however, a contrast enhanced lesion was newly observed at the stenosis of the ileal ureter, and nineteen months later, right ovarian tumor and peritoneal dissemination were subsequently observed. Aiming at diagnosis and cytoreduction, right nephroureterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy were performed. Histopathological findings of the resected tumors showed common characteristics of infiltrating and proliferating adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry findings showed that Cytokeratin 7 and Cytokeratin 20 stained positive. On the other hand, Mucin 2 and Special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 2 were not found. The histopathological diagnosis was metastatic mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ovary with ileal ureter and a wide peritoneal dissemination. The patient rejected adjuvant chemotherapy and a new lesion was found in the pelvic fourmonths afterthe surgery.

[A Case of Malignant Lymphoma with an Elevated Serum IgG4].

A man in his 60s was referred to our hospital for further examination of left hydronephrosis and renal dysfunction. An enhanced abdominal computed tomographic scan showed that the patient had chronic abdominal aortic dissection and a non-enhancing retroperitoneal soft tissue occupying the front of the abdominal aorta as well as the bilateral common iliac arteries. The left ureter was compressed by the soft tissue at the fourth lumbar level. No tumor markers were significantly elevated and idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis was suspected to be the cause. Before starting treatment, however, right hydronephrosis was newly observed. We placed bilateral ureteral stents and reviewed our diagnosis. Elevated serum IgG4 and accumulation of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose in the soft tissue were the points at issue. To determine the diagnosis, we performed open wedge biopsy. Histopathological findings showed mainly fibrous connective tissue with lymphocytic infiltration, which was positive for CD10, CD20, and bcl-2. These findings indicated follicular lymphoma. Induction chemotherapy was performed with 6 cycles of rituximab/cyclophosphamide/vincristine/prednisolone. The soft tissue tumor shrank markedly and the patient has been free from bilateral ureteral stents.

[A Case Report : Metastatic Carcinoma of the Collecting Ducts of Bellini in a Hemodialysis Patient Treated with Temsirolimus].

Carcinoma of the collecting ductsof Bellini isa rare histological subtype of renal cell carcinoma and mostly has unfavorable prognosis. Radical nephrectomy is generally chosen for the 1st line treatment but therapeutic approaches for the metastasis/recurrence have not been established. We report a case of carcinoma of collecting ducts of Bellini in a patient receiving hemodialysis treated with temsirolimus. A 62- year-old man receiving hemodialysis was admitted to our hospital with drug-resistant anemia and high-grade cyclic fever. Computed tomography revealed the right renal tumor and multiple metastatic lung tumors. Open radical nephrectomy wasperformed. Pathological findingswere compatible with carcinoma of the collecting ducts of Bellini. He was given weekly temsirolimus treatment. The disease progressed modestly but kept the stable disease (SD) status for six months. He died of the cancer 11 months after the initial diagnosis.

[A Case of Partial Prostatectomy for Advanced Rectal Cancer Involving the Prostate in the Jack-Knife Position].

A 72-year-old man was diagnosed with advanced rectal cancer possibly involving the prostate on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings. Following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT), he underwent curative surgery. Confirming negative surgical margin through intraoperative pathological evaluation, colorectectomy with partial prostatectomy was performed in the jack-knife position. No evidence of local recurrence of the tumor was observed one year after surgery without symptoms of the urinary tract. Partial prostatectomy is a choice to be taken into account in the treatment of advanced rectal cancer achieving both the good surgical outcome and the patient's quality of life (QOL).

Robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy for a neuroendocrine tumor in a horseshoe kidney: a case report.

Neuroendocrine tumors of the kidney are exceedingly rare. We report the first case of robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy for such tumors in horseshoe kidneys. A 65-year-old woman was incidentally found to have a 27 mm renal mass in the isthmus of her horseshoe kidney during computed tomography. Based on contrast-enhanced computed tomography results, we initially suspected renal cell carcinoma originating from the horseshoe kidney. Subsequently, robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy with isthmus transection was performed. Intraoperatively, we adjusted the port position for camera insertion and the patient's positioning to facilitate better visualization for dorsal isthmus and vessel dissection. Pathological examination and immunohistochemical analysis revealed a well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor. Therefore, robotic-assisted partial nephrectomy is a safe and effective approach for managing neuroendocrine tumors in the isthmus of horseshoe kidneys. Given the nonspecific clinical presentation of renal neuroendocrine tumors and their rarity, the optimal management of these tumors remains controversial.

A case of successful treatment of Fournier's gangrene through conservative management and elective debridement.

Introduction: Fournier's gangrene refers to a necrotizing fasciitis that mainly affects the perineal region and a condition that requires immediate debridement. This case involved elective debridement of Fournier's gangrene after the general condition was improved through antibiotic treatment instead of requesting an emergency debridement. Case presentation: The patient was an 85-year-old man with a performance status of 4 admitted to a nursing home. He was transferred by ambulance with a fever. Blood tests showed a markedly elevated inflammatory response, and computed tomography revealed widespread aerodermectasia around the right testis to the lower abdomen. The patient was diagnosed with Fournier's gangrene. However, his family declined emergency surgical debridement. The patient's general condition was improved with antibiotics, and debridement was eventually performed. After 52 days of hospitalization, the patient was transferred to another hospital. Conclusion: This study describes the successful treatment of Fournier's gangrene through conservative treatment followed by elective debridement.

Risk factors for intravesical recurrence in patients with high-grade T1 bladder cancer in the second TUR era.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to elucidate risk factors for intravesical recurrence of high-grade T1 bladder cancer in the second transurethral resection era. METHODS: The analysis included 73 patients with high-grade T1 bladder cancer on initial transurethral resection. The median follow-up period was 49.2 months. Recurrence-free survival, progression-free survival and risk factors related to the presence of residual tumors or recurrence-free survival were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The pathological findings for second transurethral resection were pT0 36 (49%), pTis/a 21 (29%), pT1 13 (18%) and pT2 3 (4%), respectively. The risk factor for residual tumors at second transurethral resection was the presence of concomitant carcinoma in situ at the initial transurethral resection (P < 0.01). The bladder was preserved in all 57 patients with pT0/is/a tumors on second transurethral resection, and 43 patients (75%) received intravesical BCG therapy. Of these patients, 3-year recurrence-free survival and 3-year progression-free survival rates were 81 and 96%, respectively. In addition, the presence of pTis/a residual tumors on second transurethral resection had a significant impact on the recurrence. Five of the 13 patients with pT1 on second transurethral resection were immediately treated by radical cystectomy or radiation therapy combined with chemotherapy, and two (25%) of the eight who were treated by intravesical BCG therapy had progression including distant metastasis. CONCLUSIONS: High recurrence-free survival and progression-free survival were achieved by a second transurethral resection and intravesical BCG therapy in the patients with pT0/is/a on the second transurethral resection. In this group, the residual tumors at second transurethral resection are risk factors for intravesical recurrence.

Bladder paraganglioma: A case of acute respiratory distress syndrome triggered by large bladder tumor transurethral resection with mild symptoms and atypical imaging.

Introduction: Bladder paraganglioma is exceedingly rare, accounting for <0.05% of bladder tumors. This is a case of paraganglioma with no symptom other than palpitations during urination, with atypical imaging, resulting in acute respiratory distress syndrome after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor. Case presentation: A 46-year-old man underwent transurethral resection of the bladder tumor for a bladder tumor 61 × 52 mm in size on contrast-enhanced computed tomography. The patient only had micturition attacks and was suspected to have urothelial carcinoma on magnetic resonance imaging. The patient had acute respiratory distress syndrome after the operation which improved conservatively. The 123Iodine metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy, urinalysis, and pathological examination revealed bladder paraganglioma. Robot-assisted radical cystectomy and ileal neobladder reconstruction were performed. Conclusion: This study reported bladder paraganglioma with no symptoms other than micturition attacks in which acute respiratory distress syndrome occurred after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor.

A case of one-stage laparoscopic drainage and ureterocystoneostomy for iatrogenic ureteral injury associated with infected urinoma.

Introduction: Iatrogenic ureteral injury is a rare but often encountered complication of abdominal and gynecological surgery. This is a case of iatrogenic ureteral injury with infected urinoma treated with one-stage laparoscopic drainage and ureterocystoneostomy. Case presentation: An 80-year-old man with rectal cancer had robot-assisted low anterior rectum resection and left lateral lymph node dissection after colostomy and preoperative chemoradiotherapy. On the 14th postoperative day, he had a fever, and a noncontrast-enhanced computed tomography scan revealed a low-density polycystic area in the left pelvic cavity. Retrograde pyelography revealed contrast medium leaking from the left lower ureter, preventing ureteral stent placement. We identified it as a delayed ureteral injury with infected urinoma and performed laparoscopic one-stage drainage and ureterocystoneostomy. Conclusion: This study reported a case of one-stage laparoscopic drainage and ureterocystoneostomy for iatrogenic ureteral injury with infected urinoma.

Posterior musculofascial plate reconstruction promotes early restoration of continence and prevents severe incontinence in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.

The objective of the present study was to assess the efficacy of posterior reconstruction of Denonvilliers' musculofascial plate for restoring urinary continence after laparoscopic radical prostatectomy. A total of 48 consecutive patients who underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy were retrospectively reviewed. Of them, 23 underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy without posterior reconstruction of Denonvilliers' musculofascial plate (group 1) and 25 underwent laparoscopic radical prostatectomy with posterior reconstruction of Denonvilliers' musculofascial plate (group 2). Patients' demographics were analyzed and continence rates between the two groups at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after surgery were compared. Patients in group 2 had significantly larger prostates than in group 1. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the other patient characteristics. The urinary continence rates were significantly higher in group 2 than in group 1 at 1, 3 and 12 months after surgery, and the rates of severe incontinence were significantly lower in group 2 at all time-points considered. These findings suggest that posterior reconstruction of Denonvilliers' musculofascial plate helps in restoring early continence and decreasing severe incontinence in patients undergoing laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.

Complete atrioventricular dissociation and sinus arrest after pheochromocytoma resection.

INTRODUCTION: Although preoperative bradycardia has been reported in several pheochromocytoma cases, postoperative bradycardia has not. This is the first case report of complete atrioventricular dissociation and sinus arrest occurring after pheochromocytoma resection. CASE PRESENTATION: A 38-year-old woman was referred for a left adrenal incidentaloma. Twenty-four hour urinary collection showed elevated noradrenaline. Iodine-123-meta-iodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy showed high tracer uptake in the left adrenal region. Open left adrenalectomy was performed, and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of pheochromocytoma. Thirty minutes following surgery, complete atrioventricular dissociation and sinus arrest developed. Vagal reflex attenuation due to decreased noradrenaline after tumor removal and perioperative pain and fear were believed to be the causes. A temporary pacemaker was implanted to prevent sudden death due to vagal overstimulation. CONCLUSION: Vagal reflex attenuation after pheochromocytoma resection can result in complete atrioventricular dissociation and sinus arrest. Adequate preoperative preparation and close monitoring during and after surgery are imperative.

Spontaneous remission of rectal ulcer associated with SpaceOAR® hydrogel insertion in radiotherapy for prostate cancer.

INTRODUCTION: The SpaceOAR® hydrogel system separates the prostate and rectum to reduce rectal irradiation during prostate radiotherapy. However, it could induce rectal toxicity. CASE PRESENTATION: A 75-year-old man with localized prostate cancer underwent external beam radiotherapy with the use of SpaceOAR® System. However, postimplant magnetic resonance imaging showed hydrogel infiltration to the rectum. Three months after implantation, he complained of bowel symptoms, including bloody stool. Colonofiberscopy and computed tomography revealed a rectal ulcer associated with SpaceOAR® hydrogel insertion. He was treated with fasting, fluid replacement, and blood transfusion. One year after implantation, complete healing was confirmed during outpatient follow-up. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first report of a rectal ulcer associated with SpaceOAR® hydrogel insertion assessed by magnetic resonance imaging beforehand. Postimplant magnetic resonance imaging evaluation might be a useful follow-up tool in such cases.