Reactivity of nasal cavity mucosa in the nasal cow's milk allergen provocation test.

Introduction: The nasal allergen provocation test plays an important role in differential diagnostics of rhinitis. Due to its informative potential, the test is also becoming increasingly used in other areas of diagnostics, including the diagnostics of food allergies. Aim: To assess the reactivity of nasal mucosa to the cow's milk protein allergens (as being widely used in powdered form in the food industry). Material and methods: The study material consisted of a group of 31 healthy subjects not sensitized to environmental allergens including cow's milk protein allergens. The study method involved an incremental nasal provocation test with cow's milk protein evaluated using the visual analog scale and acoustic rhinometry. Results: A total of 29 out of 31 volunteers presented with a significant decrease in nasal patency (control solution: 1.112 ±0.161 vs. local allergen application 1.005 ±0.157; p < 0.004) as measured by acoustic rhinometry following the allergen dose of 12.5 µg. Slight changes in complaints were observed using the visual analog scale. Exposure to the widespread food allergens (including powdered cow's milk allergens) presents a potential risk of positive response in non-sensitized individuals. Conclusions: Further studies on dose standardization are necessary in the study area.

The importance of specific IgE antibodies in the epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and asthma (ECAP survey): part four. The relationship between the concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum and types of asthma.

Introduction: Specific immunoglobulins E (sIgE) are important parameters for the estimation of severity of allergic diseases. Aim: To determine the relationship between the concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum and types of asthma. Material and methods: The concentration of sIgE antibodies against allergens Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cat dander, timothy grass, and Alternaria alternata were determined in the serum of 4077 respondents randomly selected from 8 regions (ECAP study). The positive results of sIgE (≥ 0.35 IU/ml or ≥ 0.7 IU/ml) were correlated to clinical diagnosis (types of asthma, skin-prick tests). Results: sIgE antibodies against any allergen were detected in 9.9% (classes 1-6)/7.6% (classes 2-6) of healthy respondents. Comparing sIgE antibodies of respondents with intermittent asthma to sIgE antibodies of respondents with persistent asthma, no statistically significant differences were identified. Relating to allergens of D. pteronyssinus, cat dander, and A. alternata, sIgE antibodies were more frequently detected in respondents with atopic asthma and a negative skin-prick test as compared to healthy respondents with a negative skin-prick test (p < 0.005 to p < 0.001). Relating to allergens of D. pteronyssinus, cat dander, and timothy grass, sIgE antibodies were more frequently detected in respondents with atopic asthma and a weakly positive skin-prick test as compared to healthy respondents with weakly positive skin-prick test (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Conclusions: Regarding subjects with a negative or weakly positive skin test, when sIgE antibodies to the same allergen are detected, asthma is much more likely to occur.

The importance of specific IgE antibodies in the epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and asthma (ECAP survey): part five. The relationship between the concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum and types of rhinitis.

Introduction: Specific immunoglobulins E (sIgE) are important parameters for the estimation of severity of allergic diseases. Aim: To determine the relationship between the concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum and types of rhinitis. Material and methods: The concentration of sIgE antibodies against allergens Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cat dander, timothy grass, and Alternaria alternata were determined in the serum of 4077 respondents randomly selected from 8 regions (ECAP study). The positive results of sIgE (≥ 0.35 IU/ml or ≥ 0.7 IU/ml) were correlated to clinical diagnosis (types of rhinitis, skin-prick tests). Results: sIgE antibodies are more frequently detected in respondents with intermittent/seasonal allergic rhinitis and a negative skin-prick test as compared to healthy respondents with a negative skin-prick test (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Relating to allergens of D. pteronyssinus and cat dander, sIgE antibodies are more frequently detected in respondents with persistent/perennial allergic rhinitis and a negative or weakly positive skin-prick test as compared to healthy respondents with a negative or weakly positive skin-prick test (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Conclusions: The occurrence of intermittent/seasonal allergic rhinitis is much more probable in respondents with a negative skin-prick test, when IgE antibodies against the same allergen are detected. And the occurrence of persistent/perennial allergic rhinitis is much more probable in respondents with a negative or weakly positive skin-prick test with allergens of D. pteronyssinus or cat dander, when IgE antibodies against the same allergen are detected.

Place of residence, gender, month of birth and age influence on the concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum. The Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP survey): part three.

Introduction: Specific immunoglobulins E (sIgE) are important parameters to estimate the severity of allergic diseases. Aim: To determine the influence of gender, age and place of residence on the concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum. Material and methods: The concentration of sIgE antibodies against allergens of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cat dander, timothy grass, Alternaria alternata were determined in serum of 4077 respondents randomly selected from 8 regions (ECAP study). The positive results of sIgE (≥ 0.35 IU/ml) were correlated with answers to ECAP questionnaires. Results: IgE antibodies are less frequently detected in respondents living in the country (p < 0.05 to p < 0.005); and they are less frequently detected in respondents living in cities of hardly industrialised regions than in respondents living in cities of industrialised regions (D. pteronyssinus p < 0.05, cat dander p < 0.01). IgE antibodies are more frequently detected in men (p < 0.005 to p < 0.001). IgE antibodies are more frequently detected in respondents born in May-July (timothy grass p < 0.005, Alternaria alternata p < 0.005) and less frequently detected in respondents born in August-October (timothy grass p < 0.005, Alternaria alternata p < 0.05). Conclusions: Characteristics of the urban environment, non-specific factors and gender affect the concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum. Influence of seasonal allergens within the first months of life and/or in the course of the foetal period alters the production of specific IgE antibodies.

Stimulation of an immune system by different types of allergens causes seasonal (late spring and summer) factors to increase probability of allergic rhinitis symptoms. The Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) survey: part two.

INTRODUCTION: Specific immunoglobulins E (sIgE) are important parameters to estimate severity of allergic diseases. AIM: To determine the relationship between the concentration of sIgE antibodies in serum and clinical outcome of allergic diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The concentration of sIgE antibodies against allergens Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cat dander, Timothy grass, Alternaria alternata were determined in serum of 4077 respondents randomly selected from 9 regions (ECAP study). Positive results of sIgE (≥ 0.35 IU/ml) were correlated with answers in ECRHSII and ISAAC questionnaires. RESULTS: IgE antibodies are more frequently detected in respondents aged over 4 years when they had their first attack of asthma (cat dander p < 0.05, Timothy grass p < 0.05). IgE antibodies are less frequently detected in respondents aged over 29 years when they had the first allergic rhinitis symptoms as compared to respondents aged 0-19 years when they had the first allergic rhinitis symptoms (p < 0.05 to p < 0.001). Among respondents showing allergic rhinitis symptoms, IgE antibodies are more frequently detected in respondents showing those symptoms from May to August (p < 0.05 to p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The first attack of asthma appears later mainly in patients whose immune systems are more strongly stimulated by allergens. Development of allergic rhinitis in patients aged over 29 years presumably needs weaker stimulation of their immune systems by allergens than in patients aged 0-19 years. Stimulation of an immune system by different types of allergens modifies its response in such a way that seasonal (late spring and summer) factors increase probability of allergic rhinitis symptoms.

Sensitisation to airborne allergens as a risk factor for allergic rhinitis and asthma in the Polish population.

INTRODUCTION: The patterns of sensitisation to airborne allergens and their association with allergic diseases have been analysed in different geographical regions. AIM: To analyse the impact of sensitisation to airborne allergens on allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma in different age groups of the Polish population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Completed questionnaires of 18,617 subjects (53.8% females), collected within the ECAP, a cross-sectional multicentre study, were analysed. Three groups of respondents were included: 6-7-year-olds (24.2%), 13-14-year-olds (25.4%), 20-44-year-olds (50.4%). The clinical part (an anamnesis, physical examination, spirometry, skin prick tests and an assay of major airborne allergen-specific IgE) was attended by 25.7% of the respondents. RESULTS: The AR was most strongly related to sensitisation to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, with the highest odds ratios of 10 in two younger groups and of 16 for persistent AR in children. It was also the most important risk factor for allergic asthma, with odd ratios from 8.34 in children to 6.40 in adolescents. Sensitisation to grass pollen allergens was a major risk factor for both AR, with odds ratios from 9.16 in adults to 7.87 in adolescents, and asthma, with odds ratios from 6.16 in adolescents to 5.67 in adults. CONCLUSIONS: AR and asthma shared common risk factors, independently of age. Sensitisation to airborne allergens was significantly associated with asthma and, even more strongly, with AR, across all age groups. The AR was the strongest risk factor for allergic asthma in the youngest group. Persistent AR increased asthma risk more than intermittent AR in all age groups.

Prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma in Poland in relation to pollen counts.

INTRODUCTION: Despite the known role of pollen allergens in causing allergy symptoms in sensitized individuals, there are few publications investigating the relationship between pollen exposure in different regions and the prevalence of inhalant allergy. AIM: To assess the association between the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma and the degree of exposure to pollen in various regions of Poland. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Completed questionnaires of 9,443 subjects living in four urban centres (Wroclaw, Katowice, Warsaw, Bialystok), collected within part of the ECAP project, were analyzed. Children aged 6-7 (n = 2,278), adolescents aged 13-14 (n = 2,418), and adults aged 20-44 (n = 4,747) constituted 24.2%, 25.6% and 50.3% of the respondents, respectively. The clinical part (including skin prick tests, an assay of Timothy grass-specific IgE), was attended by 24% of the respondents. Data from 6-year pollen monitoring served to characterize birch and grass pollen seasons. RESULTS: We found insignificant negative associations between the duration of birch pollen season and the prevalence of declared allergic rhinitis and asthma during the season across all age groups. There were insignificant inverse associations between the number of days with above-threshold and high grass pollen concentrations, total grass pollen count and the prevalence of declared allergic rhinitis and asthma during the season across all age groups. Associations noted in the clinical part were also non-significant; however, these trends were not uniform across the age groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings do not confirm the hypothesis of a positive association between pollen exposure and the prevalence of allergic rhinitis and asthma.

Dilemmas associated with local allergic rhinitis.

Local allergic rhinitis (LAR) in patients with no systemic markers of atopy is a very interesting phenomenon due to the lack of any definitive explanation for the mechanism of this IgE-dependent reaction. Some of the recent attempts to explain this phenomenon consider LAR to be closely associated with an allergic reaction, some suggest that this phenomenon is a spontaneous process in the nasal mucosa. Future attempts to elucidate the complexity of inflammatory reactions will undoubtedly establish a clear differential diagnostics algorithm for rhinitis.

The importance of specific IgE antibodies in epidemiology of allergic rhinitis and asthma - the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) survey: part one. Influence of allergy risk factors on concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum.

INTRODUCTION: Specific immunoglobulins E (sIgE) are important parameters to estimate severity of allergic diseases. AIM: To determine the influence of allergy risk factors on the concentration of specific IgE antibodies in serum. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The concentration of sIgE antibodies against allergens Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, cat dander, timothy grass, Alternaria alternata were determined in serum of 4077 respondents randomly selected from 9 regions (ECAP study). The positive results of sIgE (≥ 0.35 IU/ml) were correlated to answers in questionnaires ECRHSII and ISAAC. RESULTS: sIgE are more frequently detected in respondents declaring an allergic disease of a father than of a mother (D. pteronyssinus p < 0.05, A. alternata p < 0.01). An early beginning to attend school, kindergarten or nursery increases the frequency of sIgE detection (p < 0.05). If the number of children who slept in the same room as a respondent before the respondent was five years old, was lower, sIgE antibodies are more frequently detected (p < 0.05). Relating to: 1) all 4 allergens, sIgE are the most frequently detected in respondents declaring absence of a carpet/rug at home (p < 0.05), 2) cat dander - less frequently detected in respondents who have a cat at home at the age of 1-4 years (p < 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Carpets/rugs capture a portion of mite, epidermal, mould allergens located at home, wherefore absence of a carpet or rug causes greater stimulation of an immune system by these allergens; as a consequence, IgE antibodies are the most frequently detected in respondents. Household contacts of the respondents, at the age of 1-4 years, with cats induced partial immune tolerance to cat dander.

Dissociating polysensitization and multimorbidity in children and adults from a Polish general population cohort.

Background: Links between multimorbidity of allergic diseases and allergen sensitization are still under debate, especially in adults. This study aimed to establish a relationship between polysensitization and allergic multimorbidity in children and adults and the allergens involved in multimorbidity. Material and method: A cross-sectional multicentre study enrolled children aged 6-7 and 13-14 years and adults aged 20-44 years from a Polish national cohort. The diagnosis of allergic diseases was made by a physician. Skin prick tests to 13 allergens and serum IgE levels to 4 allergens were tested. Results: Among the 3856 participants, single disease (asthma, allergic rhinitis or atopic dermatitis) was diagnosed in 27.7% subjects and allergic multimorbidity in 9.3%. Allergic multimorbidity occurred more commonly in children than in adults (p < 0.01). Asthma or atopic dermatitis alone were not associated with polysensitization. Rhinitis and multimorbidity were associated with polysensitization. Allergic multimorbidity occurred in 2.2% of participants with negative skin prick tests, 9.8% of those with one positive prick test (SPT ≥ 3 mm) and 20.6% of polysensitized ones (p < 0.001). There was an increasing risk of multimorbidity depending on the number of positive prick tests for both SPT ≥ 3 mm (OR 9.6-16.5) and SPT ≥ 6 mm (OR 5.9-13.7). A statistically significant relationship was found between allergic multimorbidity and sensitization to cat and mite allergens. Conclusions: Multimorbidity is associated with polysensitization especially in children compared with adults in Polish population cohort. New insights into single disease patterns were found: bronchial asthma is the strongest risk factor for the development of multimorbidity in comparison with allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis.

Correction to: Dissociating polysensitization and multimorbidity in children and adults from a Polish general population cohort.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13601-019-0246-y.].

Extent of protective or allergy-inducing effects in cats and dogs.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to assess the effect of fur-bearing pets, including cats and dogs, on the health of individuals with allergic conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group comprised 18,617 individuals (16,562 from urban and 2,055 from rural areas). The tool used in the study was the European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) and International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) study questionnaire, adapted to European conditions (Middle and Eastern Europe) and used as part of the study Implementation of a System for the Prevention and Early Detection of Allergic Diseases in Poland. RESULTS: The factors determining the keeping of fur-bearing pets in a household included a larger living space and the number of cigarettes smoked, which were observed especially in urban settings. The keeping of fur-bearing animals in rural areas acts preventively against allergic conditions, while in urban areas, these animals were a factor clearly aggravating symptoms of bronchial asthma - the risk of cough (OR 1.921; CI 10-3.36; P=0.02) and wheezing (OR 2.60; CI 1.22-5.54; P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Fur-bearing animals kept in rural settings exhibit preventive effects on the development of allergies; whereas in urban areas they exacerbate allergic symptoms, especially the symptoms of bronchial asthma.

Haplotype dependent association of rs7927894 (11q13.5) with atopic dermatitis and chronic allergic rhinitis: A study in ECAP cohort.

The T allele of rs7927894 (at 11q13.5) was associated with atopic dermatitis and other allergic diseases. Our purpose was to replicate the association with allergic phenotypes and explore the role of rs7927894 in predisposing to persistent allergic rhinitis and atopic asthma. We also wanted to explore if other SNPs at 11q13.5 contributed to effect of rs7927894. We studied patients with atopic dermatitis (N = 270), atopic asthma (N = 486), persistent allergic rhinitis (N = 589) and controls matched for age, sex and region (N = 540, N = 372 and N = 1178, respectively). We found that rs7927894 T was associated with atopic dermatitis (OR = 1.39, CI: 1.12-1.73, P = 0.003) and independently with persistent allergic rhinitis (OR = 1.24, CI:1.07-1.43, P = 0.0043, Pcorrected = 0.013) but not atopic asthma. Analysis of additional tagging SNPs (rs7930763, rs2513517, rs7125552) showed that effect of rs7927894 T was limited to haplotypes encoding G at rs7125552. In conclusion, rs7927894 T is associated not only with atopic dermatitis but also persistent allergic rhinitis. Since these effects are haplotype dependent rs7927894 alone does not account for the association between 11q13.5 and atopic dermatitis/persistent allergic rhinitis.

Filaggrin gene defects are independent risk factors for atopic asthma in a Polish population: a study in ECAP cohort.

BACKGROUND: FLG null variants of which 2282del4 and R501X are the most frequent in Caucasians are established risk factors for atopic dermatitis (AD) with an effect probably mediated through impairment of epidermal barrier. Among subjects with AD FLG defects are also consistently associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis (AR) but it is less clear to what extent these associations are also present independently from skin disease. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of 2282del4 and R501X in predisposing to these allergic phenotypes in a Polish population. METHODOLOGY: 2282del4 and R501X were typed among 3,802 participants of the Epidemiology of Allergic Diseases in Poland (ECAP) survey, a cross-sectional population-based study using ECRHS II and ISAAC questionnaires, and ambulatory examination. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: The FLG null variants were associated with AD (OR = 2.01, CI: 1.20-3.36, P = 0.007), allergic rhinitis (in particular persistent form, OR = 1.69, CI:1.12-2.54, P = 0.011), and asthma (in particular atopic asthma, OR = 2.22, CI:1.24-3.96, P = 0.006). Association with atopic asthma (but not persistent allergic rhinitis) was also present in the absence of AD, (OR = 2.02, CI: 1.07-3.81, P = 0.027) as well as in the absence of AD and history of broadly defined inflammatory skin disease (OR = 2.30, CI: 1.07-4.93, P = 0.03). Association to atopic asthma would have not been found if diagnosis was made by questionnaire only (OR = 1.15, CI: 0.58-2.32, P = 0.8). We did not observe an association between FLG variants and allergic sensitizations (P = 0.8) or total IgE. (P = 0.6). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: In a Polish population FLG 2282del4 and R501X carriage increases risk for development of AD and atopic asthma (also in the absence of AD or history thereof). This suggests that interventions aimed at restoring epidermal barrier may have a general role in asthma prophylaxis/treatment.