ANMCO/SIMEU consensus document on the use of reversal agents for antithrombotic therapies in patients with ongoing bleeding or at high risk of haemorrhagic events.

In recent decades, an incredible evolution in antithrombotic therapies used for treating patients with atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation, and venous thromboembolism has been observed, leading to the availability of increasingly safe drugs. Nonetheless, bleeding complications remain a significant concern, with considerable health, social, and economic implications. To improve the acute management of patients experiencing or at risk for major bleeding events, specific reversal agents for antithrombotic drugs have been recently developed. While these agents demonstrate effectiveness in small-scale pharmacodynamic studies and clinical trials, it is imperative to balance the benefits of reversing antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapy against the risk of prothrombotic effects. These risks include the potential loss of antithrombotic protection and the prothrombotic tendencies associated with bleeding, major surgery, or trauma. This joint document of the Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists (Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri) and the Italian Society of Emergency Medicine (Società Italiana di Medicina d'Emergenza-Urgenza) delineates the key features and efficacy of available reversal agents. It also provides practical flowcharts to guide their use in patients with active bleeding or those at elevated risk of major bleeding events.

Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists position paper-obesity in adults: a clinical primer.

Obesity is a chronic and relapsing disease characterized by the interaction between individual predispositions and an obesogenic environment. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of energetic homoeostasis paved the way to more effective therapeutic approaches compared with traditional treatments. Since obesity is a complex disease, it necessitates a multi-disciplinary approach whose implementation remains challenging. Nonetheless, emerging pharmacological interventions appear promising. Currently, therapeutic success is discreet in the short term but often fails to maintain long-term weight loss due to a high likelihood of weight regain. Cardiologists play a key role in managing patients with obesity, yet often lack familiarity with its comprehensive management. The aim of this document is to summarize knowledge to consolidate essential knowledge for clinicians to effectively treat patients living with obesity. The paper emphasizes the pivotal role of a strong patient-clinician relationship in navigating successful treatment. We analyse the criteria commonly used to diagnose obesity and point out the strengths and limitations of different criteria. Furthermore, we discuss the role of obesiologists and the contributions of cardiologists. In addition, we detail key components of effective therapeutic strategies, including educational aspects and pharmacological options.

Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO) scientific statement on the simplification of the drug regimen for secondary cardiovascular prevention.

The issue of suboptimal drug regimen adherence in secondary cardiovascular prevention presents a significant barrier to improving patient outcomes. To address this, the utilization of drug combinations, specifically single pill combinations (SPCs) and polypills, was proposed as a strategy to simplify treatment regimens. This approach aims to enhance treatment accessibility, affordability, and adherence, thereby reducing healthcare costs and improving patient health. The document is an Associazione Nazionale Medici Cardiologi Ospedalieri (ANMCO) scientific statement on simplifying drug regimens for secondary cardiovascular prevention. It discusses the underuse of treatments despite available, effective, and accessible options, highlighting a significant gap in secondary prevention across different socio-economic statuses and countries. The statement explores barriers to implementing evidence-based treatments, including patient, healthcare provider, and system-related challenges. The paper also reviews international guidelines, the role of SPCs and polypills in clinical practice, and their economic impact, advocating for their use in secondary prevention to improve patient outcomes and adherence.

Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists Position Paper 'Gender discrepancy: time to implement gender-based clinical management'.

It has been well assessed that women have been widely under-represented in cardiovascular clinical trials. Moreover, a significant discrepancy in pharmacological and interventional strategies has been reported. Therefore, poor outcomes and more significant mortality have been shown in many diseases. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic differences in drug metabolism have also been described so that effectiveness could be different according to sex. However, awareness about the gender gap remains too scarce. Consequently, gender-specific guidelines are lacking, and the need for a sex-specific approach has become more evident in the last few years. This paper aims to evaluate different therapeutic approaches to managing the most common women's diseases.

Atherosclerosis and the Bidirectional Relationship between Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: From Bench to Bedside-Part 1.

Atherosclerosis, a complex metabolic-immune disease characterized by chronic inflammation driven by the buildup of lipid-rich plaques within arterial walls, has emerged as a pivotal factor in the intricate interplay between cancer and cardiovascular disease. This bidirectional relationship, marked by shared risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms, underscores the need for a comprehensive understanding of how these two formidable health challenges intersect and influence each other. Cancer and its treatments can contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis, while atherosclerosis, with its inflammatory microenvironment, can exert profound effects on cancer development and outcomes. Both cancer and cardiovascular disease involve intricate interactions between general and personal exposomes. In this review, we aim to summarize the state of the art of translational data and try to show how oncologic studies on cardiotoxicity can broaden our knowledge of crucial pathways in cardiovascular biology and exert a positive impact on precision cardiology and cardio-oncology.

Twenty-year experience of atrial fibrillation ablation: a single-centre cohort study.

AIMS: While several studies in the literature have reported results of catheter ablation of AF, few is known regarding outcome for more than 10 years. METHODS AND RESULTS: The complete population of patients who underwent AF ablation in the years 2002-2021 in the department of cardiology of the hospital of Reggio Emilia has been analysed. The last follow-up was made in the second half of 2022. During this period the technique of ablation remained relatively unchanged as well the physicians performing ablation. Primary endpoint was the recurrence of symptomatic AF, defined as AF that caused symptoms that were defined by the patient as able to alter their quality of life. 669 patients underwent catheter ablation and 618 were followed until 2022. Median age of the patients was 58 ± 9 years and 521 (78%) were male. There were 407 (61%) of patients with paroxysmal AF, 167 (25%) with persistent AF and 95 (14%) with long-lasting AF. A total of 838 procedures were performed, with a mean of 1.25 per patient. 163 (26%) patients had 2 procedures and 6 had 3 ablations. Periprocedural complications occurred in 4.8% of procedures. Follow-up data were available for 618 patients (92.4%). The median follow-up duration was 6.6 years (IQR 3.2-10.8). The estimated recurrence rate of symptomatic AF was 26% at 10 years, 54% at 15 years and 82% at 20 years. The recurrence rate was similar in patients who had performed one procedure and in those who had performed 2 or 3 procedures. Progression to permanent AF occurred in 112 patients (18%). The major events that occurred during the follow-up consisted of total mortality in 4.5%, heart failure in 3.1% and TIA/stroke in 2.4%. CONCLUSION: Symptomatic AF tends to recur during long-term follow-up despite one or more procedures. Catheter ablation seems able to reduce the rate of symptomatic recurrences and to delay the time of their occurrence. These findings are consistent with the knowledge that an age-dependent progressive structural atriomiopathy is the basis for the development of AF.

ANMCO position paper on vericiguat use in heart failure: from evidence to place in therapy.

In the growing therapeutic armamentarium for heart failure (HF) management, vericiguat represents an innovative therapeutic option. The biological target of this drug is different from that of other drugs for HF. Indeed, vericiguat does not inhibit neuro-hormonal systems overactivated in HF or sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 but stimulates the biological pathway of nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine monophosphate, which is impaired in patients with HF. Vericiguat has recently been approved by international and national regulatory authorities for the treatment of patients with HF and reduced ejection fraction who are symptomatic despite optimal medical therapy and have worsening HF. This ANMCO position paper summarises key aspects of vericiguat mechanism of action and provides a review of available clinical evidence. Furthermore, this document reports use indications based on international guideline recommendations and local regulatory authority approval at the time of writing.

ANMCO position paper on the management of hypercholesterolaemia in patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Patients suffering from acute coronary syndrome (ACS) present a high risk of recurrence and new adverse cardiovascular events after hospital discharge. Elevated plasma LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels have been shown to be a causal factor for the development of coronary heart disease, and robust clinical evidence has documented that LDL-C levels decrease linearly correlates with a reduction in cardiovascular events. Recent studies have also demonstrated the safety and efficacy of an early and significant reduction in LDL-C levels in patients with ACS. In this position paper, Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists proposes a decision algorithm on early adoption of lipid-lowering strategies at hospital discharge and short-term follow-up of patients with ACS, in the light of the multiple evidence generated in recent years on the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia and the available therapeutic options, considering current reimbursement criteria.

ANMCO position paper 'Appropriateness of prescribing direct oral anticoagulants in stroke and systemic thromboembolism prevention in adult patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation'.

The appropriateness of prescribing direct oral anticoagulants [dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban (DOACs)] is regulated on the criteria established in Phase III trials. These criteria are reported in the summary of the product characteristics of the four DOACs. In clinical practice, prescriptions are not always in compliance with established indications. In particular, the use of lower doses than those recommended in drug data sheets is not uncommon. Literature data show that the inappropriate prescription of reduced doses causes drug underexposure and up to a three-fold increase in the risk of stroke/ischaemic transient attack, systemic thromboembolism, and hospitalization. Possible causes of the deviation between the dose that should be prescribed and that prescribed in the real world include erroneous prescription, an overstated haemorrhagic risk perception, and the presence of frail and complex patients in clinical practice who were not included in pivotal trials, which makes it difficult to apply study results to the real world. For these reasons, we summarize DOAC indications and contraindications. We also suggest the appropriate use of DOACs in common clinical scenarios, in accordance with what international guidelines and national and international health regulatory bodies recommend.

ANMCO statement on the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in patients with heart failure: a practical guide for a streamlined implementation.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, dapagliflozin, and empagliflozin, first developed as glucose-lowering agents for the treatment of Type 2 diabetes, have been demonstrated to improve prognosis in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) regardless of the presence of diabetes. Since these drugs have only recently been included among the four pillars of HFrEF treatment, cardiologists are still unfamiliar with their use in this setting. This article provides an up-to-date practical guide for the initiation and monitoring of patients treated with SGLT2 inhibitors.

ANMCO position paper on antithrombotic treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing intracoronary stenting and/or acute coronary syndromes.

Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with or without acute coronary syndromes (ACS) represent a subgroup with a challenging pharmacological management. Indeed, if on the one hand, antithrombotic therapy should reduce the risk related to recurrent ischaemic events and/or stent thrombosis; on the other hand, care must be taken to avoid major bleeding events. In recent years, several trials, which overall included more than 12 000 patients, have been conducted demonstrating the safety of different therapeutic combinations of oral antiplatelet and anticoagulant agents. In the present ANMCO position paper, we propose a decision-making algorithm on antithrombotic strategies based on scientific evidence and expert consensus to be adopted in the periprocedural phase, at the time of hospital discharge, and in the long-term follow-up of patients with AF undergoing PCI with/without ACS.

Electrocardiographic features of 431 consecutive, critically ill COVID-19 patients: an insight into the mechanisms of cardiac involvement.

AIMS: Our aim was to describe the electrocardiographic features of critical COVID-19 patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: We carried out a multicentric, cross-sectional, retrospective analysis of 431 consecutive COVID-19 patients hospitalized between 10 March and 14 April 2020 who died or were treated with invasive mechanical ventilation. This project is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT04367129). Standard ECG was recorded at hospital admission. ECG was abnormal in 93% of the patients. Atrial fibrillation/flutter was detected in 22% of the patients. ECG signs suggesting acute right ventricular pressure overload (RVPO) were detected in 30% of the patients. In particular, 43 (10%) patients had the S1Q3T3 pattern, 38 (9%) had incomplete right bundle branch block (RBBB), and 49 (11%) had complete RBBB. ECG signs of acute RVPO were not statistically different between patients with (n = 104) or without (n=327) invasive mechanical ventilation during ECG recording (36% vs. 28%, P = 0.10). Non-specific repolarization abnormalities and low QRS voltage in peripheral leads were present in 176 (41%) and 23 (5%), respectively. In four patients showing ST-segment elevation, acute myocardial infarction was confirmed with coronary angiography. No ST-T abnormalities suggestive of acute myocarditis were detected. In the subgroup of 110 patients where high-sensitivity troponin I was available, ECG features were not statistically different when stratified for above or below the 5 times upper reference limit value. CONCLUSIONS: The ECG is abnormal in almost all critically ill COVID-19 patients and shows a large spectrum of abnormalities, with signs of acute RVPO in 30% of the patients. Rapid and simple identification of these cases with ECG at hospital admission can facilitate classification of the patients and provide pathophysiological insights.

Cardio-oncology: the new frontier of clinical and preventive cardiology.

Even if cancer and cardiovascular diseases are considered two distinct diseases, an intricate interconnection between these conditions has been established. Increased risk of malignancy has been identified in patients with cardiovascular disease, as well as a greater propensity to the development of cardiovascular diseases has been observed in patients with cancer. The development of cardiotoxicity following exposure to certain anticancer drugs only partially explains this relationship. Shared risk factors and common pathogenic mechanisms suggest the existence of a common biology and a complex interplay between these two conditions. Due to improving longevity and therapeutic advances, the number of patients affected or potentially at risk of developing these two diseases is constantly increasing and currently, several drugs against cancer from anthracyclines to checkpoint inhibitors, can also cause a wide range of unexpected cardiovascular side effects. Management of these issues in clinical practice is an emerging challenge for cardiologists and oncologists, and led to the development of a new dedicated discipline called cardio-oncology. Surveillance and prevention strategies as well as interventions to reduce cardiovascular risk and prevent cardiotoxicities are the primary objectives of cardio-oncology. In this review, we explore the etiopathogenesis common to cardiovascular disease and cancer and the complex interplay between them. We also report the main characteristics of the drugs responsible for cardiotoxicity, highlighting the available strategies for optimal patient management based on a multidisciplinary approach in the cardio-oncology setting.

ANMCO/SIC Consensus Document: cardiology networks for outpatient heart failure care.

Changing demographics and an increasing burden of multiple chronic comorbidities in Western countries dictate refocusing of heart failure (HF) services from acute in-hospital care to better support the long inter-critical out-of- hospital phases of HF. In Italy, as well as in other countries, needs of the HF population are not adequately addressed by current HF outpatient services, as documented by differences in age, gender, comorbidities and recommended therapies between patients discharged for acute hospitalized HF and those followed-up at HF clinics. The Italian Working Group on Heart Failure has drafted a guidance document for the organisation of a national HF care network. Aims of the document are to describe tasks and requirements of the different health system points of contact for HF patients, and to define how diagnosis, management and care processes should be documented and shared among health-care professionals. The document classifies HF outpatient clinics in three groups: (i) community HF clinics, devoted to management of stable patients in strict liaison with primary care, periodic re-evaluation of emerging clinical needs and prompt treatment of impending destabilizations, (ii) hospital HF clinics, that target both new onset and chronic HF patients for diagnostic assessment, treatment planning and early post-discharge follow-up. They act as main referral for general internal medicine units and community clinics, and (iii) advanced HF clinics, directed at patients with severe disease or persistent clinical instability, candidates to advanced treatment options such as heart transplant or mechanical circulatory support. Those different types of HF clinics are integrated in a dedicated network for management of HF patients on a regional basis, according to geographic features. By sharing predefined protocols and communication systems, these HF networks integrate multi-professional providers to ensure continuity of care and patient empowerment. In conclusion, This guidance document details roles and interactions of cardiology specialists, so as to best exploit the added value of their input in the care of HF patients and is intended to promote a more efficient and effective organization of HF services.

[Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with heart involvement: the relevance of the multidisciplinary and multiparameter approach]. / Linfoma diffuso a grandi cellule B con coinvolgimento cardiaco: l'importanza dell'approccio multidisciplinare e multiparametrico.

Lymphoma patients are at high risk of cardiovascular events due to anthracycline cardiotoxicity and, in rare cases, related to heart infiltration. The presence of cardiac masses adds further complexity to the management of lymphoma patients beyond myocardial chemotherapy-related toxicity, given possible unpredictable acute complications such as arrhythmias, atrioventricular block, myocardial ischemia, pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. Here we describe the clinical presentation and successful multidisciplinary management of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with multifocal cardiac involvement identified by total body 18FDG positron emission tomography performed at disease staging.

[ANMCO/SIMEU Consensus document on the use of reversal agents of antithrombotic therapies in patients with active bleeding or at high-risk of major bleeding events]. / Documento di consenso ANMCO/SIMEU sull'impiego degli agenti di reversione delle terapie antitrombotiche nei pazienti con sanguinamento in atto o ad alto rischio di eventi emorragici.

In recent decades, an incredible evolution in antithrombotic therapies for the treatment of patients suffering from atherosclerosis, atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism occurred, leading to the availability of increasingly safe drugs. However, bleeding complications associated with these drugs still have an important health, social and economic impact. Recently, with the aim of improving the acute management of patients with or at risk of major bleeding events, specific reversal agents of antithrombotic drugs have been developed. Although these agents have demonstrated their effectiveness in small pharmacodynamic studies or clinical trials, it is important to consider that the benefit of reversal of an antiplatelet or anticoagulant drug must always be counterbalanced by the possible prothrombotic effect caused by the removal of antithrombotic protection as well as by prothrombotic mechanisms related to bleeding, major surgery or trauma.In this ANMCO/SIMEU consensus document we summarize the main characteristics and efficacy studies of the currently available reversal agents and present practical flow-charts in which we suggest their possible use in patients with active bleeding or at high risk of major bleeding events.

[ANMCO Position paper: States General 2023 - Role of ANMCO in the setting of clinical research in Cardiology in Italy: current state and future perspectives]. / Position paper ANMCO: Stati Generali 2023 ­ Ruolo dell'ANMCO nella ricerca clinica cardiologica in Italia: attualità e prospettive.

For over 40 years, clinical research has been one of the most important aims of the Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists (ANMCO), being an essential tool in pursuing promotion and fulfillment of good clinical practices in prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of cardiovascular diseases. Since 1992, with the creation of the Research Center (now part of the Heart Care Foundation), ANMCO is capable of independently and professionally managing all the aspects related to planning, management, and publication of the results of clinical studies. The other strength of ANMCO is the network built in Cardiology Departments on the whole territory of Italy, a human capital that allows ANMCO to deal with the new scientific challenges, in a context of profound changes in the social, economic, technological, and methodological setting. This document is based on the debate about the state of clinical research in Italy and the role of ANMCO in this setting that took place during the 2023 ANMCO States General.

[ANMCO Position paper - 2023 ANMCO States General: The shortage of healthcare personnel in the cardiology field]. / Position paper ANMCO ­ Stati Generali ANMCO 2023: La carenza del personale sanitario in ambito cardiologico.

Over the latest years, a worrying progressive reduction of medical specialists has been observed in Italy and in other European and non-European countries. This trend is assuming alarming proportions, especially considering the continuous population aging and the concomitant increase in the prevalence of chronic cardiovascular disease. The underlying reasons are complex and multifactorial. The purpose of this document, derived from the collegial discussion held during the 2023 ANMCO States General is to highlight the current critical issues regarding the lack of healthcare personnel in the cardiology field, examining the current and future Italian situation and proposing some potential strategies to counteract this alarming phenomenon.

[ANMCO Position paper - 2023 ANMCO States General: Towards a modern Cardiological Community Care]. / Position paper ANMCO ­ Stati Generali ANMCO 2023: Verso una moderna Cardiologia Territoriale.

Over the last two decades, cardiovascular diseases have become the leading cause of chronic disease morbidity and mortality in Italy. Therefore, the chronic cardiovascular care landscape has evolved rapidly in an era of unprecedented demand. Furthermore, the COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted significant deficiencies in existing health and social care systems, especially in the management of chronic cardiovascular disease. In this scenario, the National Reform for Recovery and Resilience (PNRR) may represent a unique opportunity for the development of a new integrated care system between hospital and community. The Italian Association of Hospital Cardiologists (ANMCO) recognizes the need for a statement on the integrated cardiological community care to guide health professionals caring for people with chronic cardiovascular conditions. The aim of the present statement is to outline the evidence for a modern integrated cardiological community care identifying challenges and offering advice for a future transdisciplinary and multi-organizational approach to ensure best practice in the management of chronic cardiovascular disease.

[ANMCO Position paper: States General 2023 - Scientific societies and training: the role of ANMCO]. / Position paper ANMCO: Stati Generali 2023 ­ Società scientifiche e formazione: il ruolo dell'ANMCO.

Scientific societies promote numerous activities, including the training of professionals. With the continuous growing of knowledge and the availability of new evidence in the cardiological field, the achievement and maintenance of knowledge and know-how is difficult. The evolving educational needs of professionals in cardiology have been analyzed during the 2023 ANMCO General States. Furthermore, the initiatives implemented to meet professionals' needs after the university medical training have been discussed. In this document, we report the main and most innovative training activities promoted by ANMCO, from distance training to simulation training, including courses for master's degree, training to and through clinical research and the potential role of teaching hospitals.