A comprehensive review on the boosted effects of anion vacancy in the heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation, part I: Focus on sulfur, nitrogen, carbon, and halogen vacancies.

The greenest environmental remediation way is the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. However, limited photocatalytic applications are due to poor sunlight absorption and photogenerated charge carriers' recombination. These limitations can be overcome by introducing anion vacancy (AV) (O, S, N, C, and Halogen) defects in semiconductors that enhance light harvesting, facilitate charge separation, modulate electronic structure, and produce reactive radicals. In continuing part A of this review, in this part, we summarized the recent AVs' research, including S, N, C, and halogen vacancies on the boosted photocatalytic features of semiconductor materials, like metal oxides/sulfides, oxyhalides, and nitrides in detail. Also, we outline the recently developed AV designs for the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. The AV creating and analysis methods and the recent photocatalytic applications and mechanisms of AV-mediated photocatalysts are reviewed. AV engineering photocatalysts' challenges and development prospects are illustrated to get a promising research direction.

Evaluation of the photodegradation activity of bismuth oxoiodide/bismuth sub-carbonate nanocatalyst: Experimental design and the mechanism study.

In this study, a binary BiOI/(BiO)2CO3 catalyst was prepared and used for sulfasalazine (SSZ) photodegradation in an aqueous phase. The semiconductors were identified by XRD, SEM-EDX, and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) methods. Applying the Kubelka-Munk model on DRS results, the band gap energies of 2.09, 3.5, and 2.07 eV were obtained for BiOI, (BiO)2CO3, and BiOI/(BiO)2CO3 samples. pHpzc values of 6.3, 10.1, and 8.1 were estimated for BiOI, (BiO)2CO3, and BiOI/(BiO)2CO3, respectively. After observing the boosted photocatalytic activity by the coupled system, the interaction effects of the influencing variables in SSZ photodegradation were evaluated via the response surface methodology (RSM) approach. The optimal RSM-run conditions were 8.5 ppm SSZ at pH 8, which contained 0.28 g/L of the BiOI/(BiO)2CO3 catalyst and 29 min illumination time, resulting in 87% SSZ photodegradation. The effects of some scavenging agents were also studied to elucidate the relative roles of the reactive species in the SSZ photodegradation by the proposed catalyst, that is, hydroxyl radicals ∼ photoinduced electrons > superoxide radicals ∼ photoinduced holes. The proposed catalyst retained good activity after 5 successive reusing runs.

Recent Advances of Silver-Based Coordination Polymers on Antibacterial Applications.

With the continuous evolution of bacteria and the constant use of traditional antibiotics, the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and super viruses has attracted worldwide attention. Antimicrobial therapy has become the most popular and important research field at present. Coordination Polymer (CP) and/or metal-organic framework (MOF) platforms have the advantages of a high biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity, have a great antibacterial potential and have been widely used in antibacterial treatment. This paper reviewed the mechanism and antibacterial effect of three typical MOFs (pure Ag-MOFs, hybrid Ag-MOFs, and Ag-containing-polymer @MOFs) in silver-based coordination polymers. At the same time, the existing shortcomings and future views are briefly discussed. The study on the antibacterial efficacy and mechanism of Ag-MOFs can provide a better basis for its clinical application and, meanwhile, open up a novel strategy for the preparation of more advanced Ag-contained materials with antibacterial characteristics.

The coupled WO3-AgBr nanocatalyst, part II: Synthesis, characterization, and the boosted photocatalytic activity towards metronidazole in an aqueous solution.

The AgBr and WO3 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and coupled, and the coupled AgBr-WO3 binary catalyst, as well as the individual AgBr and WO3 NPs, were then characterized by XRD, FTIR, DRS, and SEM-EDX. XRD results showed the formation of orthorhombic WO3 cubic AgBr crystals. The crystallite sizes of 45, 28, and 45 nm were estimated by the Scherrer formula for the as-prepared AgBr, WO3, and AgBr-WO3 catalysts, respectively. The DRS study estimated band gap energies using both absorption edge wavelengths and the Kubelka-Munk model. The band gap energies of 2.72, 3.06, and 2.92 eV were obtained for the direct electronic transitions of AgBr, WO3, and AgBr-WO3. The ECB (potential position) of AgBr and WO3 were estimated to be 0.01 and 0.52 V, while their EVB values were 2.60 and 3.55 V, respectively. Typical FTIR absorption bands of W‒OH, the W‒O‒W, and AgBr bonds have appeared at 1637 cm-1, 823 (and 766) cm-1, and 1384 cm-1, respectively. The pHpzc of 4 was estimated for the individual and coupled catalysts. In studying the photocatalytic activity of the catalysts in the photodegradation of metronidazole (MNZ) a boosted activity was achieved for the coupled system. This increased activity depends on the maximum AgBr:WO3 mole ratio in a 1:3 mol ratio. Grinding time applied to prepare the coupled catalyst has also varied the photocatalytic activity.

Synergistic photocatalytic effect of α-Fe2O3-ZnO binary nanocatalyst toward methylene blue: An experimental design study.

Due to the potential ecosystem protection and management applications, searching for highly optimized semiconductor-based solar energy photocatalysts is still a significant challenge. Coupled α-Fe2O3-ZnO nanoparticles were prepared in situ and characterized by various identification techniques such as XRD, SEM-EDX, TEM, DRS, and FT-IR. Its pHpzc was about 8.1. The band gap energies of ZnO, α-Fe2O3, and the coupled α-Fe2O3-ZnO system were 3.22, 2.08, and 2.09 eV, respectively. The boosted photocatalytic activity of the coupled catalysts was designed via the RSM approach, and the optimal RSM conditions were pH 5, 25 min irradiation time, and 0.3 g/L of the α-Fe2O3-ZnO containing 75 % ZnO. The center point conditions' run included 0.5 g/L of the coupled catalyst containing 50 % ZnO, pH 7, and 22.5 min illumination time. The study on scavenger agents showed the highest role of hydroxyl radicals in MB photodegradation by the proposed catalyst.

A Comprehensive Review on the Boosted Effects of Anion Vacancy in the Heterogeneous Photocatalytic Degradation, Part II: Focus on Oxygen Vacancy.

Environmental problems, including the increasingly polluted water and the energy crisis, have led to a need to propose novel strategies/methodologies to contribute to sustainable progress and enhance human well-being. For these goals, heterogeneous semiconducting-based photocatalysis is introduced as a green, eco-friendly, cost-effective, and effective strategy. The introduction of anion vacancies in semiconductors has been well-known as an effective strategy for considerably enhancing the photocatalytic activity of such photocatalytic systems, giving them the advantages of promoting light harvesting, facilitating photogenerated electron-hole pair separation, optimizing the electronic structure, and enhancing the yield of reactive radicals. This Review will introduce the effects of anion vacancy-dominated photodegradation systems. Then, their mechanism will illustrate how an anion vacancy changes the photodegradation pathway to enhance the degradation efficiency toward pollutants and the overall photocatalytic performance. Specifically, the vacancy defect types and the methods of tailoring vacancies will be briefly illustrated, and this part of the Review will focus on the oxygen vacancy (OV) and its recent advances. The challenges and development issues for engineered vacancy defects in photocatalysts will also be discussed for practical applications and to provide a promising research direction. Finally, some prospects for this emerging field will be proposed and suggested. All permission numbers for adopted figures from the literature are summarized in a separate file for the Editor.

Fractional-order memristive dynamics in colloidal graphitic carbon nitride systems.

We report on the synthesis and characterization of a colloidal graphitic carbon nitride (g-C_{3}N_{4}) system exhibiting complex memfractance behavior. The g-C_{3}N_{4} colloid was prepared through thermal polymerization of urea, followed by dispersion in deionized water. X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy confirmed the successful synthesis of g-C_{3}N_{4}. Electrical characterization revealed nonpinched hysteresis loops in current-voltage curves, indicative of memristive behavior with additional capacitive components. The device demonstrated stable resistive switching between high (∼50kΩ) and low (∼22kΩ) impedance states over 500 cycles, as well as synaptic plasticity-like conductance modulation. To capture these complex dynamics, we employed a generalized memfractance model that interpolates between memristive, memcapacitive, and second-order memristive elements. This model, employing fractional-order derivatives, accurately fitted the experimental data, revealing the device's memory effects. The emergence of memfractance in this colloidal system opens new avenues for neuromorphic computing and unconventional information processing architectures, leveraging the unique properties of liquid-state memory devices.

Advances in the study of metal-organic frameworks and their biomolecule composites for osteoporosis therapeutic applications.

With the population aging, osteoporosis (OP) is becoming more and more common, seriously affecting patients' quality of life and their families, and how to prevent and treat osteoporosis has become a hot topic. However, the current conventional method of treating OP is oral anti-osteoporosis medication, which has drawbacks such as first-pass elimination and gastrointestinal adverse effects. At the same time, osteoporosis can lead to microbial infections and the need to promote angiogenesis for bone healing, among other needs that often cannot be met with conventional treatments, and there is a risk of resistance to oral antibiotics for microbial infections. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) having a high specific surface area, high porosity, controlled degradation, and variable composition; they can not only be used as a carrier to control drug release, but can also play multiple roles in the treatment of OP and microbial infections by releasing metal ions, etc., so they have inherent advantages for OP, which is a disease that requires long-term treatment. Therefore, this paper reviews the research progress of MOFs and their biomacromolecular composites in therapeutic applications for osteoporosis, categorized by MOF type, and briefly describes the mechanism of osteoporosis, and different synthesis methods of MOFs and MOF-based composites, and finally presents the main existing problems and future perspectives, aiming to make MOFs more helpful for OP treatment.

Current status and prospects of MOFs loaded with H2O2-related substances for ferroptosis therapy.

Ferroptosis is a programmed cell death mechanism characterized by the accumulation of iron (Fe)-dependent lipid peroxides within cells. Ferroptosis holds excellent promise in tumor therapy. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) offer unique advantages in tumor ferroptosis treatment due to their high porosity, excellent stability, high biocompatibility, and targeting capabilities. Inducing ferroptosis in tumor cells primarily involves the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), like hydroxyl radicals (˙OH), through iron-mediated Fenton reactions. However, the intrinsic H2O2 levels in tumor cells are often insufficient to sustain prolonged consumption, limiting therapeutic efficacy if ˙OH production is inadequate. Therefore, catalyzing or supplementing the intracellular H2O2 levels in tumor cells is essential for inducing ferroptosis by nanoscale metal-organic frameworks. This article reviews the biological characteristics and molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis, introduces H2O2-related substances, and reviews MOF-based nanoscale strategies for enhancing intracellular H2O2 levels in tumor cells. Finally, the challenges and prospects of this approach are discussed, aiming to provide insights into improving the effectiveness of ferroptosis induced by MOFs.

Current and promising applications of MOF composites in the healing of diabetes wounds.

Diabetes mellitus is an exponentially growing chronic metabolic disease identified by prolonged hyperglycemia that leads to a plethora of health problems. It is well established that the skin of diabetic patients is more prone to injury, and hence, wound healing is an utmost critical restorative process for injured skin and other tissues. Diabetes patients have problems with wound healing at all stages, which ultimately results in delays in the healing process. Therefore, it is vital to find new medications or techniques to hasten the healing of wounds. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), an assorted class of porous hybrid materials comprising metal ions coordinated to organic ligands, can display great potential in accelerating diabetic wound healing due to their good physicochemical properties. The release of metal ions during the degradation of MOFs can promote the differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts and subsequently angiogenesis. Secondly, similar to enzyme-like active substances, they can eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction (secondary to the bio-load of wound bacteria), which is conducive to accelerating diabetic wound healing. Subsequently, MOFs can support the slow release of drugs (molecular or gas therapeutics) in diabetic wounds and promote wound healing by regulating pathological signaling pathways in the wound microenvironment or inhibiting the expression of inflammatory factors. In addition, the combination of photodynamic and photothermal therapies using photo-stimulated porphyrin-based MOF nanosystems has brought up a new idea for treating complicated diabetic wound microenvironments. In this review, recent advances affecting diabetic wound healing, current means of rapid diabetic wound healing, and the limitations of traditional approaches are discussed. Further, the diabetic wound healing applications of MOFs have been discussed followed by the future challenges and directions of MOF materials in diabetic wound healing.

An experimental design study of photocatalytic activity of the Z-scheme silver iodide/tungstate binary nano photocatalyst.

A binary AgI/ Ag2WO4 photocatalyst was fabricated and characterized by SEM, XRD, UV-Vis DRS, and FT-IR. It was then used to photodegrade sodium ceftriaxone (CTX) in an aqueous solution. The band gap energies of 2.95, 2.78, and 2.62 eV were obtained by the Kubelka-Munk model for Ag2WO4, AgI, and AgI/Ag2WO4 catalysts. The samples have pHPZC values of 6.9, 4.2, and 6.6, respectively. The synergistic photocatalytic activity of the coupled system depended on the AgI:Ag2WO4 mole ratio and grinding time (optimums:mole ratio of 4:1 and time 30 min). The experimental design was used for optimizing the conditions and a quadratic model well-processed the data based on the model F value of 131.87 > F0.05,14,13 = 2.55 and LOF F value of 0.78 < F0.05,10,3 = 8.78. The optimized RSM run included the irradiation time of 85 min, 3.5 mg/L of CTX sample at pH 9, and a catalyst dose of 1.0 g/L. Under the optimized conditions, about 63% of CTX molecules were photodegraded. In the study of the scavenging agents, the direct Z-scheme mechanism accumulated electrons in the CB-AgI and the holes in the VB-Ag2WO4 level, as stronger reducing and oxidizing centers than the accumulated electrons and holes of the type (II) heterojunction mechanism. Compared to a CTX oxidation potential of about 0.06 V, the direct Z-scheme mechanism is more favorable to reduce or oxidize it.

CaTiO3/g-C3N4 heterojunction-based composite photocatalyst: Part I: Experimental design, kinetics, and scavenging agents' effects in photocatalytic degradation of gemifloxacin.

A critical, challenging environmental issue is explored pollution of water supplies by discharging industrial/pharmaceutical/hospital/urban wastewaters into the aquatic environment. These needs introducing/developing novel photocatalysts/adsorbents/procedures for removing or mineralizing various pollutants in wastewater before discharging them into marine environments. Further, optimizing conditions to achieve the highest removal efficiency is an important issue. In this study, CaTiO3/g-C3N4 (CTCN) heterostructure was synthesized and characterized by some identification techniques. The simultaneous interaction effects of the experimental variables on the boosted photocatalytic activity of CTCN in the degradation of gemifloxcacin (GMF) were studied in RSM design. The optimal values for four parameters were: catalyst dosage: 0.63 g L-1, pH: 6.7, CGMF: 1 mg L-1, and irradiation time: 27.5 min, with approximately 78.2% of degradation efficiency. The quenching effects of the scavenging agents were studied to show the reactive species' relative importance in GMF photodegradation. The results illustrate that the reactive •OH plays a significant role, and the electron plays a minor role in the degradation process. The direct Z-scheme mechanism better described the photodegradation mechanism due to the great oxidative and reductive abilities of prepared composite photocatalysts. This mechanism is an approach to efficiently separating photogenerated charge carriers and improving the CaTiO3/g-C3N4 composite photocatalyst activity. The COD has been performed to study the details of the mineralization of GMF. The pseudo-first-order rat (from the Hinshelwood model) constants of 0.046 min-1 (t1/2 = 15.1 min) and 0.048 min-1 (t1/2 = 14.4 min) were respectively obtained from the GMF photodegradation data and COD results. The prepared photocatalyst retained its activity after five reusing runs.

Cerium oxide: synthesis, brief characterization, and optimization of the photocatalytic activity against phenazopyridine in an aqueous solution.

Water pollution by antibiotics is a global crisis, and its risk is critically more severe due to the explosive use of these drug compounds. A critical effective removal method to diminish this risk is heterogeneous photocatalysis and optimizing the conditions to reach higher mineralization efficiency. CeO2 anoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis diffuse reflection spectroscopy (DRS), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. A cubic structural crystallite phase was detected that had crystallite sizes of 17.9 and 16.7 nm estimated by the Scherrer and Williamson-Hall models. A typical FTIR absorption band for the Ce-O stretching absorption has appeared at 554 cm-1. Based on DRS data and the Kubelka-Munk and Tauc models, Eg values of 2.80, 3.06, 3.12, and 3.13 eV were obtained for n-values of 1/2, 2, 3/2, and 3, respectively. pHpzc of CeO2 NPs was about 5.7. The direct photolysis and surface adsorption processes have no critical role in phenazopyridine (PP) removal by appearing with 2.7 and 6.7% removal efficiencies, respectively. Due to the highest photocatalytic activity of CeO2 NPs toward PP, the effects of the critical operating variable on the activity were evaluated, and the optimal conditions were as catalyst dose, 0.7 g/L; pH, 6; irradiation time, 90 min; and CPP, 20 ppm. The Hinshelwood kinetics equation plot was y = - 6.6442 - 0.4677x (r2 = 0.9296), in which its slope as the rate constant of the photodegradation process was 0.4677 min-1 (corresponding to a t1/2 value of 1.48 min).

Cefotaxime degradation by the coupled binary CdS-PbS: characterization and the photocatalytic process kinetics.

Increased water pollution due to discharging industrial/urban/hospital wastewater has been adopted to introduce/develop novel removal techniques/catalyst/adsorbent. The hexagonal (wurtzite) CdS and the cubic PbS nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized, coupled, and supported onto clinoptilolite NPs (CNP). Then, the sample was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM-EDX) techniques. The average crystallite size for CdS NPs, PbS NPs, CNP, and CdS-PbS/CNP samples was obtained at about 24, 36, 27, and 14 nm using the Scherrer formula value of nanometer, by the W-H formula, 31, 17, 39, and 51, respectively. Only a detectable slope can be observed from the DRS spectra for CdS NPs at 591 nm corresponding to an Eg value of 2.1 eV. PbS NPs have a broad abruption peak that begins from the visible region and extends to the IR region of the light. A boosted photocatalytic activity of the supported binary catalysts towards cefotaxime (CT) was reached. An apparent first kinetic model was reached with a k-value of 0.021 min-1 corresponding to the t1/2 value of 33 min. A decreased COD trend for the photodegraded CT solutions was reached, and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) results in the Hinshelwood model showed a k-value of 0.016 min-1, corresponding to a t1/2 value of 43 min.

A Z-scheme CdS/Ag3PO4 catalyst: Characterization, experimental design and mechanism consideration for methylene blue.

Due to the explosive use of Azo dyes in various industries such as textiles, discharging these industrial effluents into the environment critically polluted water supplies. Accordingly, constructing/developing novel binary catalysts to diminish the pollution extent of such effluents before discharging into environment is an excellent issue in environmental chemistry. Here, a binary CdS/ Ag3PO4 was constructed, and its boosted photocatalytic activity was proven against methylene blue (MB), as a model dye pollutant. The Wurtzite CdS and Ag3PO4 cubic crystal nanoparticles were synthesized and coupled mechanically. The binary sample's lowest photoluminescence (PL) results confirm a higher e/h separation. DRS results confirmed a decreased energy gap for the coupled system. The semiconductors' VB and CV potentials were calculated and used for constructing of Z-scheme mechanism. The photocatalytic activity was followed via an experimental design approach. The model F-value of 89.75 > F0.05,14,13 = 2.42 and LOF F-value of 6.57 < F0.05,10, 3 = 8.79 reveal that the model well processed data. The optimal run conditions were CMB: 5 ppm, Catalyst dose: 1 g/L, pH: 3.25, and irradiation time: 139 min, at which 85% of MB molecules were degraded. Based on the trend of ascorbic acid > isopropanol > formic acid ≈ nitrate obtained for the scavengers' importance in decreasing the photocatalyst activity, superoxide radicals had the highest effect in MB degradation and then •OH. The results showed the direct Z-scheme has the main effect on MB degradation by the binary sample.

A comparison of adsorption capacity of several synthesis methods of cellulose-based absorbent towards Pb(II) removal: Optimization with response surface methodology.

The effects of various synthesis methods of a novel biodegradable magnetically recyclable cellulose-based adsorbent (a magnetized modified silica aerogel) on Pb(II) removal efficiency were studied. QSM (quince seed mucilage) was modified via hydrothermal and ultrasonic modes. Oven-drying and freeze-drying procedures were then used to obtain the final adsorbents. The adsorbents were named A1 to A4 and B1 to B4, depending on the synthesis and drying techniques. XRD, FTIR, BET, and SEM are characterization techniques for identifying the adsorbents. Average crystallite sizes of 15.5, 8.3, 10.9, and 2.7 nm were obtained for A1, A2, A3, and A4 samples (Scherrer formula). SEM image confirmed a Sticky bullets-like morphology. The pHpzc values of 3.4, 6.0, and 4.1 were also determined for Fe-silica aerogel, Fe-QSM, and Fe-silica aerogel-QSM samples. The highest adsorption efficiency of the A2 adsorbent towards Pb(II) cations was followed via the experimental design by the RSM (response surface methodology) approach. ANOVA results showed model F value 185 (>F0.05, 14, 15 = 2.42) and LOF F-value of 0.3831 (

The boosted photocatalytic effects of a zeolite supported CdS towards an antibiotic model pollutant: a brief kinetics study.

In recent decades, increased world population and industrial activities explosively polluted our environment, especially the aquatic resources. This requires introducing/developing novel methods to decrease the pollution extent of such resources. Here, the hexagonal (wurtzite) CdS nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized and supported onto ball-mill prepared clinoptilolite NPs (CNP). Samples were briefly characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray analyzer (SEM-EDX), and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) techniques. The average crystallite size for CdS NPs and CdS-CNP samples was estimated to be about 9.0 nm and 12.3 nm (from the Scherrer formula) and about 19.7 and 17.5 nm (from the Williamson-Hall model), respectively. From the DRS spectra, the absorption wavelengths of 595 and 546 nm correspond to band gap energies of 2.08, and 2.27 eV was obtained for CdS NPs and CdS-CNP samples. The samples were then used in the photodegradation of cefotaxime (CT), and the results showed a boosted photocatalytic activity for CdS-CNP rather than CdS NPs. The photodegradation process obeyed the pseudo-first-order kinetic model, and the CdS and CdS-CNP catalysts obtained the k-values of 0.013 min-1 and 0.023 min-1. When the photodegraded CT solutions were used in COD experiments, the k-values changed to 0.011 min-1 and 0.029 min-1, respectively. The zeolite support is an eco-friendly natural zeolite with abundant deposits in Iran that yields a cost-effective method.

Fluorescence detection platform of metal-organic frameworks for biomarkers.

Sensitive and selective detection of biomarkers is crucial in the study and early diagnosis of diseases. With the continuous development of biosensing technologies, fluorescent biosensors based on metal-organic frameworks have attracted increasing attention in the field of biomarker detection due to the combination of the advantages of MOFs, such as high specific surface area, large porosity, and structure with tunable functionality and the technical simplicity, sensitivity and efficiency and good applicability of fluorescent detection techniques. Therefore, researchers must understand the fluorescence response mechanism of such fluorescent biosensors and their specific applications in this field. Of all biomarkers applicable to such sensors, the chemical essence of nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, dopamine, and other small molecules account for about a quarter of the total number of studies. This review systematically elaborates on four fluorescence response mechanisms: metal-centered emission (MC), ligand-centered emission (LC), charge transfer (CT), and guest-induced luminescence change (GI), presenting their applications in the detection of nucleic acids, proteins, amino acids, dopamine, and other small molecule biomarkers. In addition, the current challenges of MOFs-based fluorescent biosensors are also discussed, and their further development prospects are concerned.

Current status and prospects of MIL-based MOF materials for biomedicine applications.

This article mainly reviews the biomedicine applications of two metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), MIL-100(Fe) and MIL-101(Fe). These MOFs have advantages such as high specific surface area, adjustable pore size, and chemical stability, which make them widely used in drug delivery systems. The article first introduces the properties of these two materials and then discusses their applications in drug transport, antibacterial therapy, and cancer treatment. In cancer treatment, drug delivery systems based on MIL-100(Fe) and MIL-101(Fe) have made significant progress in chemotherapy (CT), chemodynamic therapy (CDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), immunotherapy (IT), nano-enzyme therapy, and related combined therapy. Overall, these MIL-100(Fe) and MIL-101(Fe) materials have tremendous potential and diverse applications in the field of biomedicine.

Current status and prospects of MOFs in controlled delivery of Pt anticancer drugs.

Cancer has become the second leading reason for death in the world. Still, cancer therapy development is exceptionally challenging because the tumor microenvironment is very complex, and individual tumors are very different. In recent years, researchers have found that platinum-based drugs in the form of metal complexes can effectively solve tumor resistance. In this regard, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as suitable carriers with high porosity are also exceptional in the biomedical field. Therefore, this article reviews the application of platinum as an anticancer drug and the composite anticancer properties of platinum and MOF materials and prospects for its future development, which provides a new direction for further research in the biomedical field.