Unusual Near-Horizon Cosmic-Ray-like Events Observed by ANITA-IV.

ANITA's fourth long-duration balloon flight in 2016 detected 29 cosmic-ray (CR)-like events on a background of 0.37_{-0.17}^{+0.27} anthropogenic events. CRs are mainly seen in reflection off the Antarctic ice sheets, creating a phase-inverted waveform polarity. However, four of the below-horizon CR-like events show anomalous noninverted polarity, a p=5.3×10^{-4} chance if due to background. All anomalous events are from locations near the horizon; ANITA-IV observed no steeply upcoming anomalous events similar to the two such events seen in prior flights.

Precision Constraints for Three-Flavor Neutrino Oscillations from the Full MINOS+ and MINOS Dataset.

We report the final measurement of the neutrino oscillation parameters Δm_{32}^{2} and sin^{2}θ_{23} using all data from the MINOS and MINOS+ experiments. These data were collected using a total exposure of 23.76×10^{20} protons on target producing ν_{µ} and ν[over ¯]_{µ} beams and 60.75 kt yr exposure to atmospheric neutrinos. The measurement of the disappearance of ν_{µ} and the appearance of ν_{e} events between the Near and Far detectors yields |Δm_{32}^{2}|=2.40_{-0.09}^{+0.08}(2.45_{-0.08}^{+0.07})×10^{-3} eV^{2} and sin^{2}θ_{23}=0.43_{-0.04}^{+0.20}(0.42_{-0.03}^{+0.07}) at 68% C.L. for normal (inverted) hierarchy.

Observation of an Unusual Upward-Going Cosmic-Ray-like Event in the Third Flight of ANITA.

We report on an upward traveling, radio-detected cosmic-ray-like impulsive event with characteristics closely matching an extensive air shower. This event, observed in the third flight of the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA-sponsored long-duration balloon payload, is consistent with a similar event reported in a previous flight. These events could be produced by the atmospheric decay of an upward-propagating τ lepton produced by a ν_{τ} interaction, although their relatively steep arrival angles create tension with the standard model neutrino cross section. Each of the two events have a posteriori background estimates of ≲10^{-2} events. If these are generated by τ-lepton decay, then either the charged-current ν_{τ} cross section is suppressed at EeV energies, or the events arise at moments when the peak flux of a transient neutrino source was much larger than the typical expected cosmogenic background neutrinos.

Accelerator Measurements of Magnetically Induced Radio Emission from Particle Cascades with Applications to Cosmic-Ray Air Showers.

For 50 years, cosmic-ray air showers have been detected by their radio emission. We present the first laboratory measurements that validate electrodynamics simulations used in air shower modeling. An experiment at SLAC provides a beam test of radio-frequency (rf) radiation from charged particle cascades in the presence of a magnetic field, a model system of a cosmic-ray air shower. This experiment provides a suite of controlled laboratory measurements to compare to particle-level simulations of rf emission, which are relied upon in ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray air shower detection. We compare simulations to data for intensity, linearity with magnetic field, angular distribution, polarization, and spectral content. In particular, we confirm modern predictions that the magnetically induced emission in a dielectric forms a cone that peaks at the Cherenkov angle and show that the simulations reproduce the data within systematic uncertainties.

Characteristics of Four Upward-Pointing Cosmic-Ray-like Events Observed with ANITA.

We report on four radio-detected cosmic-ray (CR) or CR-like events observed with the Antarctic Impulsive Transient Antenna (ANITA), a NASA-sponsored long-duration balloon payload. Two of the four were previously identified as stratospheric CR air showers during the ANITA-I flight. A third stratospheric CR was detected during the ANITA-II flight. Here, we report on characteristics of these three unusual CR events, which develop nearly horizontally, 20-30 km above the surface of Earth. In addition, we report on a fourth steeply upward-pointing ANITA-I CR-like radio event which has characteristics consistent with a primary that emerged from the surface of the ice. This suggests a possible τ-lepton decay as the origin of this event, but such an interpretation would require significant suppression of the standard model τ-neutrino cross section.

Enhancing the Mechanical Properties of Historical Masonry Using Fiber-Reinforced Geopolymers.

Current research into the production of sustainable construction materials for retrofitting and strengthening historic structures has been rising, with geopolymer technology being seen as an advantageous alternative to traditional concrete. Fiber reinforcement using this novel cementitious material involves a low embodied carbon footprint while ensuring cohesiveness with local materials. This study aims to develop fly ash-based geopolymers reinforced with six different types of fibers: polyvinyl alcohol, polypropylene, chopped basalt, carbon fiber, and copper-coated stainless steel. The samples are produced by mixing the geopolymer mortar in random distribution and content. Twenty-eight geopolymer mixes are evaluated through compressive strength, split-tensile strength, and modulus of elasticity to determine the fiber mix with the best performance compared with pure geopolymer mortar as a control. Polyvinyl alcohol and copper-coated stainless-steel fiber samples had considerably high mechanical properties and fracture toughness under applied tensile loads. However, the polypropylene fiber source did not perform well and had lower mechanical properties. One-way ANOVA verifies these results. Based on these findings, polyvinyl alcohol and stainless-steel fibers are viable options for fiber reinforcement in historical structures, and further optimization and testing are recommended before application as a reinforcement material in historic structures.

Observation of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays with the ANITA balloon-borne radio interferometer.

We report the observation of 16 cosmic ray events with a mean energy of 1.5 × 10¹9 eV via radio pulses originating from the interaction of the cosmic ray air shower with the Antarctic geomagnetic field, a process known as geosynchrotron emission. We present measurements in the 300-900 MHz range, which are the first self-triggered, first ultrawide band, first far-field, and the highest energy sample of cosmic ray events collected with the radio technique. Their properties are inconsistent with current ground-based geosynchrotron models. The emission is 100% polarized in the plane perpendicular to the projected geomagnetic field. Fourteen events are seen to have a phase inversion due to reflection of the radio beam off the ice surface, and two additional events are seen directly from above the horizon. Based on a likelihood analysis, we estimate angular pointing precision of order 2° for the event arrival directions.

Acoustic oscillations in the early universe and today.

During its first approximately 100,000 years, the universe was a fully ionized plasma with a tight coupling by Thompson scattering between the photons and matter. The trade-off between gravitational collapse and photon pressure causes acoustic oscillations in this primordial fluid. These oscillations will leave predictable imprints in the spectra of the cosmic microwave background and the present-day matter-density distribution. Recently, the BOOMERANG and MAXIMA teams announced the detection of these acoustic oscillations in the cosmic microwave background (observed at redshift approximately 1000). Here, we compare these CMB detections with the corresponding acoustic oscillations in the matter-density power spectrum (observed at redshift approximately 0.1). These consistent results, from two different cosmological epochs, provide further support for our standard Hot Big Bang model of the universe.

UK National Clinical Guidelines in Paediatric Dentistry: stainless steel preformed crowns for primary molars.

This revised Clinical Guideline in Paediatric Dentistry replaces the previously published sixth guideline (Fayle SA. Int J Paediatr Dent 1999; 9: 311-314). The process of guideline production began in 1994, resulting in first publication in 1997. Each guideline has been circulated widely for consultation to all UK consultants in paediatric dentistry, council members of the British Society of Paediatric Dentistry (BSPD), and to people of related specialities recognized to have expertise in the subject. The final version of this guideline is produced from a combination of this input and thorough review of the published literature. The intention is to encourage improvement in clinical practice and to stimulate research and clinical audit in areas where scientific evidence is inadequate. Evidence underlying recommendations is scored according to the SIGN classification and guidelines should be read in this context. Further details regarding the process of paediatric dentistry guideline production in the UK is described in the Int J Paediatr Dent 1997; 7: 267-268.

An alternative regimen for root canal disinfection.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the effect of a combination of 20% citric acid solution and photo-activated disinfection with the use of 20% citric acid and 2.25% sodium hypochlorite solutions on bacterial load on the dentine walls in prepared canals in vivo. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Sixty-four randomly selected cases were evaluated and allocated to one of two groups. In Group 1, after gaining access to the root canal, bacterial load on the canal walls was sampled using endodontic files. A further sample was taken after apex location and initial widening of the canal had been completed and the photo-activated disinfection process carried out. A final sample was taken after completion of the canal preparation using citric acid and sodium hypochlorite solutions. In Group 2, the initial sample was taken as described previously. A second sample was taken after conventional preparation using 20% citric acid and sodium hypochlorite solutions as co-irrigants. A final sample was then taken after a subsequent PAD treatment. All samples were cultured for facultative anaerobic bacteria. RESULTS: Of the canals treated in Group 1 only two of the 23 canals infected showed culturable bacteria after the use of citric acid and photo-activated disinfection. Of these two canals, one was free of culturable bacteria on completion of conventional treatment but the other still contained culturable bacteria. In Group 2, four canals of the 23 infected initially, remained contaminated after conventional treatment. After subsequent photo-activated disinfection three of these four canals were free of culturable bacteria. CONCLUSION: Results indicate that the use of a chelating agent acting as a cleaner and disrupter of the biofilm and photo-activated disinfection to kill bacteria is an effective alternative to the use of hypochlorite as a root canal cleaning system.

Microbiological evaluation of photo-activated disinfection in endodontics (an in vivo study).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the microbiological effect of photoactivated disinfection (PAD) as an adjunct to normal root canal disinfection in vivo. DESIGN: A randomised trial carried out in general dental practice. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Patients presenting with symptoms of irreversible pulpitis or periradicular periodontitis requiring endodontic therapy were selected at random. A microbiological sample of the canal was taken on accessing the canal, after conventional endodontic therapy, and finally after the PAD process (photosensitiser and light) had been carried out on the prepared canal. All three samples from each canal were plated within 30 minutes of sampling and cultured anaerobically for five days. Growth of viable bacteria was recorded for each sample to determine bacterial load. RESULTS: Thirty of the 32 canals were included in the results. Cultures from the remaining two did not reach the laboratory within the target time during which viability was sustained. Of the remaining 30, 10 canals were negative to culture. These were either one of the canals in multi rooted teeth where the others were infected or where a pre-treatment with a poly-antibiotic paste had been applied to hyperaemic vital tissue. Sixteen of the remainder were negative to culture after conventional endodontic therapy. Three of the four which had remained infected cultured negative after the PAD process. In the one canal where culturable bacteria were still present, a review of the light delivery system showed a fracture in the fibre reducing the effective light output by 90%. CONCLUSIONS: The PAD system offers a means of destroying bacteria remaining after using conventional irrigants in endodontic therapy.

Fluoride levels in UK infant milks.

AIM: To provide a comprehensive report of fluoride concentration in UK infant milks and estimate their contribution to daily fluoride intake. METHODS: A total of 60 formula milk products available commercially or within a hospital environment were analysed, along with eight pasteurised cow's milk samples. Formula milk products requiring preparation were reconstituted with fresh Leeds tap water (0.02 ppmF). Fluoride concentration was measured for all products directly using an ion selective electrode after addition of low-level total ionic strength adjustment buffer. RESULTS: The overall median fluoride concentration for the 68 infant milks was 0.025 ppmF, with a wide range of 0.002-0.282 ppmF. Analysis revealed variation between composition and manufacturer, in addition to differences between measured and labeled fluoride concentration. Although all products contained low fluoride concentration, the fluoride concentrations for formula milks used within the hospital setting (0.029 ppmF) were statistically higher in comparison to the commercial formula milk (0.016 ppmF) and cow's milk (0.017 ppmF) products. The daily fluoride contribution from infant milks was low; 0.0034 mgF/kg body weight per day was estimated between birth and 6 months of age, further decreasing as intake of infant milk decreased with age. CONCLUSIONS: Fluoride concentration of the analysed infant milks is low, providing minimal contribution towards total daily F intake and alone are unlikely to pose a threat for the development of dental fluorosis.

Reconciling pedagogy and health sciences to promote indigenous health.

OBJECTIVES: To increase knowledge and skills regarding Indigenous learning styles. To raise awareness within the tertiary education sector that Aboriginal students learn differently and that Indigenous cultures and pedagogy have validity and strength. To examine pedagogical strategies that assist both tertiary students capacity for learning and university lecturers' delivery and evaluation of teaching and learning strategies. METHODS: A qualitative, ethnographic framework using personal observations, field and classroom experience, interviews and review of literature in the fields of education, public health and Indigenous cultural perspectives. RESULTS: Aboriginal people are the receivers of services and programs that will be delivered, in the majority of cases, by university-educated, non-Aboriginal, professional health care providers. Indigenous students face specific challenges in obtaining an effective education for working in the Aboriginal and wider community in the field of public health; the challenges relate to culture, health paradigms and community. CONCLUSION: Lecturers in health and human science courses for Aboriginal students need to both examine and appreciate the cultural constraints on learning faced by their students within the context of mainstream curriculum, and to build on the large pool of knowledge and learning styles that Aboriginal society bequeaths to Aboriginal students. IMPLICATIONS: Academics can apply the cultural differences and knowledge base of the Indigenous community as a force to promote health through learning.

Suicide in Canada: an epidemiological assessment.

Suicide rates in Canada rapidly increased during the 1960s and 1970s. More recent analysis of these trends indicates that in males suicide rates have stabilized and in females a notable decrease has been identified. The greatest changes in suicide rates have occurred among the youngest age groups (15 to 19), while little change has occurred in suicide mortality rates for males aged 50 years and over. The age-specific death rates in 1986 are uniformly distributed in males above age 20, while in females an inverted "U" curve is demonstrated with the peak at age 45-50. Males continue to have higher rates and the difference between males and females is expanding. A birth cohort analysis indicates that the contribution of the birth cohort to explaining suicide rates has diminished and been replaced by a more recent period effect. Suicide remains the second most important cause of death of persons between 15 and 34 years of age. Provincial variation is discussed through geographic variation, cause-specific rankings and potential years of life lost. In contrast to national trends, suicide mortality in Alberta, Quebec and New Brunswick continues to increase. An atlas is provided to display Canadian census divisions that exhibit elevated rates of suicide.

Concentrations of energy substrates in oviduct fluid in unilaterally ovariectomised pigs.

Nichol et al (1992, Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 96, 699-707) identified a pre- to post-ovulatory decrease (approx 1 mM) in the amount of glucose in pig oviduct fluid. The present studies investigated whether the decrease was due to metabolism by embryos and/or oviduct tissues, and also whether there was a local influence of the ovary on the oviduct fluid content of energy substrates. Unilaterally ovariectomised pigs were used, in which, through compensation, oviducts that contained twice the normal number of embryos could be compared with oviducts which contained no embryos. Following unilateral ovariectomy and after two oestrous cycles of normal duration, surgery was performed 88 hours after the beginning of standing heat to obtain oviduct fluid samples, just before embryonic entry into the uterus. Luminal fluid samples from the ampulla and ampullary-isthmic junction from oviducts with and without an adjacent ovary were assayed for glucose, pyruvate and lactate concentrations. No significant differences were found between the glucose, pyruvate and lactate concentrations in fluids from the ampulla or ampullary-isthmic junction from oviducts containing embryos compared with absence of embryos (P > 0.05). Therefore, the post-ovulatory decrease was not due to the presence of embryos or to a local effect of the ipsilateral ovary. Consequently, pig oviduct fluid concentrations of glucose, lactate and pyruvate are seemingly regulated by systemic mechanisms.

Paediatric dentistry in the new millennium: 4. Cost-effective restorative techniques for primary molars.

In the fourth article in this series the techniques for carrying out pulp therapy and stainless steel restoration in primary molars are discussed. Early pulp involvement in primary molars means that pulp therapy and the use of appropriate coronal restoration, such as stainless steel crowns, are indispensable if repetitive restoration of primary molars is to be avoided. These techniques themselves are not difficult to carry out once the child's co-operation is established and should be well within the capability of any dentist with an interest in the dental care of children.

Get middle managers involved in the planning process.

Senior managers have historically been reluctant to involve middle managers in strategy development. As this case study illustrates, however, once middle managers are included into the strategy loop, they can be a powerful force to bring about change.