Feasibility, Reliability, and Validity of the Modified Forward Hop Test After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction: Double- Instead of Single-legged Landing is Reliable and Results in Greater Hopping Distance.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the feasibility, reliability, and validity of the Modified forward hop (MFH) test in participants after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). DESIGN: Reliability study. SETTING: Assessments were administered at different clinical locations in Germany and Switzerland by the same 2 investigators. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-eight active individuals participated in this study (N=48). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The participants performed MFHs and Forward hops for distance in a predetermined order. The feasibility of the MFH was quantified with proportions of successfully executed attempts and Pearson's χ2 test. Its reliability was estimated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and standard error of measurement (SEM). Test validity was explored using Pearson's product moment correlation analyses. RESULTS: Fewer failed attempts were recorded among the participants (age: 30 [Standard deviation 11] years; 22 women, 26 (13) months post-surgery) when compared with the Forward hop for distance test (25/288 trials; 9% vs 72/288 trials; 25%). Within-session ICC values were excellent (>0.95) for both types of Forward hop tests, independent of the side examined. The SEM values were comparable between the Modified (injured: 5.6 cm, uninjured: 5.9 cm) and the classic Forward hop (injured: 4.3 cm, uninjured: 7.2 cm). CONCLUSION: The MFH is a feasible, reliable, and valid tool for judging neuromuscular performance after ACLR. If the aim of a hop for distance incorporates enhanced perceived or real landing safety, landing on both feet should be used.

Effects on temporomandibular disorder in the treatment of tension-type headache with acupuncture and therapeutic exercises. A secondary analysis from a randomized controlled trial.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of acupuncture and therapeutic exercise alone and in combination on temporomandibular joint symptoms in tension-type headache and to evaluate the potential interaction of existing temporomandibular dysfunction on the success of headache treatment. DESIGN: Pre-planned secondary analysis of a randomized controlled, non-blinded trial. SETTING: Outpatient clinic of a German university hospital. SUBJECTS: Ninety-six Participants with frequent episodic or chronic tension-type headache were randomized to one of four treatment groups. INTERVENTIONS: Six weeks of acupuncture or therapeutic exercise either as monotherapies or in combination, or usual care. Follow-up at 3 and 6 months. MAIN MEASURES: Subjective temporomandibular dysfunction symptoms were measured using the Functional Questionnaire Masticatory Organ, and the influence of this sum score and objective initial dental examination on the efficacy of headache treatment interventions was analyzed. RESULTS: Temporomandibular dysfunction score improved in all intervention groups at 3-month follow-up (usual care: 0.05 [SD 1.435]; acupuncture: -5 [SD 1.436]; therapeutic exercise: -4 [SD 1.798]; combination: -3 [SD 1.504]; P = 0.03). After 6 months, only acupuncture (-6 [SD 1.736]) showed a significant improvement compared to the usual care group (P < 0.01). Subjective temporomandibular dysfunction symptoms had no overall influence on headache treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Only acupuncture had long-lasting positive effects on the symptoms of temporomandibular dysfunction. Significant dental findings seem to inhibit the efficacy of acupuncture for tension-type headache.

Management after acute injury of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). Part 3: Recommendation on surgical treatment.

PURPOSE: The aim of this consensus project was to give recommendations regarding surgical treatment of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injured patient. METHODS: For this consensus process, an expert, steering and rating group was formed. In an initial online meeting, the steering group, together with the expert group, formed various key topic complexes for which multiple questions were formulated. For each key topic, a structured literature search was performed by the steering group. The results of the literature review were sent to the rating group with the option to give anonymous comments until a final consensus voting was performed. Sufficient consensus was defined as 80% agreement. RESULTS: During this consensus process, 30 topics regarding the surgical management and technique of ACL reconstruction were identified. The literature search for each key question resulted in 30 final statements. Of these 30 final statements, all achieved consensus. CONCLUSIONS: This consensus process has shown that surgical treatment of ACL injury is a complex process. Various surgical factors influence patient outcomes. The proposed treatment algorithm can be used as a decision aid for the surgeon. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level V.

The End of the Formal Rehabilitation Is Not the End of Rehabilitation: Knee Function Deficits Remain After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction.

OBJECTIVE: To rate athletes' functional ability and return to sport (RTS) success at the end of their individual, formal, medically prescribed rehabilitation after anterior anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS: In our prospective multicenter cohort study, 88 (42 females) adults aged 18-35 years after acute unilateral ACL rupture and subsequent hamstring grafting were included. All patients were prospectively monitored during their rehabilitation and RTS process until the end of their formal rehabilitation and RTS release. As outcome measures, functional hop and jump tests (front hop, balance hops, and drop jump screening test) and self-report outcomes (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, ACL-RTS after injury) were assessed. Literature-based cut-off values were selected to rate each performance as fulfilled or not. RESULTS: At 7.5 months (SD 2.3 months) after surgery, the percentage of participants meeting the functional thresholds ranged from 4% (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score SPORT) and over 44% (ACL-RTS after injury sum score) to 59% (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score activities of all daily living) in the self-report and from 29% (Balance side hop) to 69% (normalized knee separation distance) in performance testing. Only 4% fulfilled all the cut-offs, while 45% returned to the same type and level of sport. Participants who successfully returned to their previous sport (type and level) were more likely to be "over-cut-off-performers." CONCLUSIONS: The low share of the athletes who fulfilled the functional RTS criteria highlights the importance of continuing the rehabilitation measures after the formal completion to assess the need for and success of, inter alia, secondary-preventive therapies.

Comparative Effectiveness of Upper Limb Exercise Interventions in Individuals With Stroke: A Network Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Although numerous effective exercise interventions can treat upper limb motor impairments after stroke, it remains unknown as to which are the most effective. The objective of the present study was to investigate the comparative effectiveness of various exercise interventions of the upper limb for individuals with an acute or subacute stroke. METHODS: For this systematic review with network meta-analysis, we searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library CENTRAL and Web of Science from database inception to September 2021 for randomized controlled trials examining individuals within 6 months of stroke onset, active upper limb exercise interventions, and any kind of control intervention. The primary outcome was upper limb motor function, secondary outcomes were activities of daily living and social participation, both assessed at post-intervention and follow-up. Nonspecific/multimodal active upper limb therapy was the standard comparator. Standardized mean differences, that is, Hedge's g, were the effect size estimators. We calculated Frequentist-based network meta-analysis for the comparative effectiveness calculations using the R package netmeta. Main analyses were network plotting to display the geometry of the network and P-scores to summarize the intervention hierarchy. Results were derived from direct within-study and indirect between-study evidence comparisons. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool II assessed all risk of bias domains. RESULTS: This review involved 145 randomized controlled trial on 6432 participants and 45 different treatment categories. The network meta-analysis analyzed 119 randomized controlled trials on 5553 participants and 41 different treatment categories. Electrical stimulation combined with task-specific training (standardized mean difference, 1.03 [95% CI, 0.51-1.55]; P<0.0001, P-score=0.11), high-volume constraint-induced movement therapy (0.86 [0.4-1.32]; P=0.0003, P-score=0.18), and strength training (0.65 [0.17-1.13]; P=0.01, P-score=0.28) were the most effective interventions (each k=107). CONCLUSIONS: Electrical stimulation combined with task-specific training (low evidence), high-volume constraint-induced movement therapy (moderate evidence), and strength training (low evidence) were the most effective interventions in improving upper limb motor function in individuals with a stroke. As the results were sensitive against a high risk of bias, likewise, these interventions should receive more attention in research and practice. Due to the heterogeneous use, electrical stimulation in combination with task-specific training should be further investigated in well-designed studies alongside other successful interventions (eg, constraint-induced movement therapy). REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/; Unique identifier: CRD42021284064.

Effects of acupuncture and medical training therapy on depression, anxiety, and quality of life in patients with frequent tension-type headache: A randomized controlled study.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of acupuncture and medical training therapy in combination or individually with usual care on quality of life, depression, and anxiety in patients with tension-type headache. METHODS: In this single-center, prospective, randomized, controlled, unblinded trial, 96 adults (38.7(+/-13.3) years of age; 75 females/20 males/one dropout) with frequent episodic or chronic tension-type headache were randomized to one of four treatment groups (n = 24). The treatment groups received six weeks of either acupuncture or medical training therapy as monotherapies or in combination (12 interventions each), or usual care. We assessed depressiveness (PHQ-9), anxiety (GAD-7), and health-related quality of life (SF-12) as secondary outcome parameters at baseline, six weeks, three months, and six months after initiation of treatment. Linear mixed models were calculated. RESULTS: Both, acupuncture (baseline to six-weeks change scores: mean: -2(standard deviation: 2.5 points), three months: -2.4(2.4), six-months -2.7(3.6)) and the combination of acupuncture and medical training therapy (-2.7(4.9), -2.2(4.0), -2.2(4.2)) (each within-group p < .05) significantly reduced depressiveness-scores (PHQ-9) to a greater extent than medical training therapy (-0.3(2.0), -0.5(1.6), -0.9(2.6)) or usual care alone (-0.8(2.9), 0.1(2.8), 0.2(3.6)). We found similar results with anxiety scores and the physical sum scores of the SF-12. No severe adverse events occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Acupuncture and the combination of acupuncture and medical training therapy elicit positive effects on depression, anxiety, quality of life, and symptom intensity in patients with episodic and chronic tension-type headache. Acupuncture appears to play a central role in mediating the therapeutic effects, underscoring the clinical relevance of this treatment. An additive benefit of the combination of both therapies does not appear to be relevant.Trial registration: Registered on 11 February 2019. German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00016723.

Changes in miRNA expression in patients with peripheral arterial vascular disease during moderate- and vigorous-intensity physical activity.

BACKGROUND: Walking is the preferred therapy for peripheral arterial disease in early stage. An effect of walking exercise is the increase of blood flow and fluid shear stress, leading, triggered by arteriogenesis, to the formation of collateral blood vessels. Circulating micro-RNA may act as an important information transmitter in this process. We investigated the acute effects of a single bout of 1) aerobic walking with moderate intensity; and 2) anaerobic walking with vigorous intensity on miRNA parameters related to vascular collateral formation. METHODS: Ten (10) patients with peripheral arterial disease with claudication (age 72 ± 7 years) participated in this two-armed, randomized-balanced cross-over study. The intervention arms were single bouts of supervised walking training at (1) vigorous intensity on a treadmill up to volitional exhaustion and (2) moderate intensity with individual selected speed for a duration of 20 min. One week of washout was maintained between the arms. During each intervention, heart rate was continuously monitored. Acute effects on circulating miRNAs and lactate concentration were determined using pre- and post-intervention measurement comparisons. RESULTS: Vigorous-intensity walking resulted in a higher heart rate (125 ± 21 bpm) than the moderate-intensity intervention (88 ± 9 bpm) (p < 0.05). Lactate concentration was increased after vigorous-intensity walking (p = 0.005; 3.3 ± 1.2 mmol/l), but not after moderate exercising (p > 0.05; 1.7 ± 0.6 mmol/l). The circulating levels of miR-142-5p and miR-424-5p were up-regulated after moderate-intensity (p < 0.05), but not after vigorous-intensity training (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Moderate-intensity walking seems to be more feasible than vigorous exercises to induce changes of blood flow and endurance training-related miRNAs in patients with peripheral arterial disease. Our data thus indicates that effect mechanisms might follow an optimal rather than a maximal dose response relation. Steady state walking without the necessity to reach exhaustion seems to be better suited as stimulus.

Metabolic power in the men's European handball championship 2020.

PURPOSE: To ascertain the typical metabolic power characteristics of elite handball players of different positions, and whether changes occur within matches. METHODS: 414 elite male handball players were included. During all 65 matches of the EURO 2020, local positioning system data were collected, yielding 1853 datasets. Field players were categorised into six positional groups: centre backs (CB), left/right wings (LW/RW), left/right backs (LB/RB) and pivots (P). Metabolic power, total energy expenditure, high-power energy, and the equivalent distance index were calculated. We used linear mixed models with players as random and positions as fixed effects models. Intensity models adjusted for time-dependency by incorporating the duration of play. RESULTS: LW/RW spent most time on the court, expanded most total energy, and most relative energy per kg body weight in the high-intensity categories. CB played at the highest mean metabolic power (7.85 W/kg; CI95% [7.67, 8.03]). Playing intensity decreased by 2.5% (0.2 kJ/kg/s; CI95% [0.17, 0.23]) per 10 min played. CONCLUSION: Positional differences in metabolic power parameters exist. In general, wing players had the highest volume and CB the highest intensity of match-play. Analysis of metabolic intensity in handball should take position and players' time on the court into account.

Quadriceps and hamstring anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction differ only marginally in function after the rehabilitation: a propensity score-matched case-control study.

PURPOSE: To determine potential quadriceps versus hamstring tendon autograft differences in neuromuscular function and return to sport (RTS)-success in participants after an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS: Case-control study on 25 participants operated on with an arthroscopically assisted, anatomic ipsilateral quadriceps femoris tendon graft and two control groups of 25 participants each, operated on with a semitendinosus tendon or semitendinosus-gracilis (hamstring) tendon graft ACL reconstruction. Participants of the two control groups were propensity score matched to the case group based on sex, age, Tegner activity scale and either the total volume of rehabilitation since reconstruction (n = 25) or the time since reconstruction (n = 25). At the end of the rehabilitation (averagely 8 months post-reconstruction), self-reported knee function (KOOS sum scores), fear of loading the reconstructed knee during a sporting activity (RSI-ACL questionnaire), and fear of movement (Tampa scale of kinesiophobia) were followed by hop and jump tests. Front hops for distance (jumping distance as the outcome) were followed by Drop jumps (normalised knee joint separation distance), and concluded by qualitative ratings of the Balanced front and side hops. Between-group comparisons were undertaken using 95% confidence intervals comparisons, effect sizes were calculated. RESULTS: The quadriceps case group (always compared with the rehabilitation-matched hamstring graft controls first and versus time-matched hamstring graft controls second) had non-significant and only marginal higher self-reported issues during sporting activities: Cohen's d = 0.42, d = 0.44, lower confidence for RTS (d = - 0.30, d = - 0.16), and less kinesiophobia (d = - 0.25, d = 0.32). Small and once more non-significant effect sizes point towards lower values in the quadriceps graft groups in the Front hop for distance limb symmetry values in comparison to the two hamstring control groups (d = - 0.24, d = - 0.35). The normalised knee joint separation distance were non-significantly and small effect sized higher in the quadriceps than in the hamstring groups (d = 0.31, d = 0.28). CONCLUSION: Only non-significant and marginal between-graft differences in the functional outcomes at the end of the rehabilitation occurred. The selection of either a hamstring or a quadriceps graft type cannot be recommended based on the results. The decision must be undertaken individually. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

The course of knee extensor strength after total knee arthroplasty: a systematic review with meta-analysis and -regression.

PURPOSE: Muscular strength loss and atrophy are postoperative complications. This systematic review with meta-analysis investigated the course of on knee extensor mass and strength from pre-surgery over total knee arthroplasty to rehabilitation and recovery. METHODS: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed (Medline), Cochrane Library (CINAHL, Embase) and Web of Science (until 29th of June 2022). Main inclusion criteria were ≥ 1 preoperative and ≥ 1 measurement ≥ 3-months post-operation and ≥ 1 objective assessment of quadriceps strength, muscle mass or neuromuscular activity, measured at both legs. Studies were excluded if they met the following criteria: further impairment of treated extremity or of the contralateral extremity; further muscle affecting disease, or muscle- or rehabilitation-specific intervention. The Robins-I tool for non-randomized studies, and the Cochrane Rob 2 tool for randomized controlled studies were used for risk of bias rating. Pre-surgery, 3 months, 6 months and 1 year after surgery data were pooled using random effects meta-analyses (standardized mean differences, SMD, Hedge's g) in contrast to the pre-injury values. RESULTS: 1417 studies were screened, 21 studies on 647 participants were included. Thereof, 13 were non-randomized controlled trails (moderate overall risk of bias in most studies) and 7 were randomized controlled trials (high risk of bias in at least one domain in most studies). Three (k = 12 studies; SMD = - 0.21 [95% confidence interval = - 0.36 to - 0.05], I2 = 4.75%) and six (k = 9; SMD = - 0.10 [- 0.28 to - 0.08]; I2 = 0%) months after total knee arthroplasty, a deterioration in the strength of the operated leg compared with the strength of the non-operated leg was observed. One year after surgery, the operated leg was stronger in all studies compared to the preoperative values. However, this increase in strength was not significant compared to the non-operated leg (k = 6, SMD = 0.18 [- 0.18 to 0.54], I2 = 77.56%). CONCLUSION: We found moderate certainty evidence that deficits in muscle strength of the knee extensors persist and progress until 3 months post-total knee arthroplasty in patients with end-stage knee osteoarthritis. Very low certainty evidence exists that preoperatively existing imbalance of muscle strength and mass in favor of the leg not undergoing surgery is not recovered within 1 year after surgery.

The impact of regular activity and exercise intensity on the acute effects of resistance exercise on cognitive function.

Beneficial acute effects of resistance exercise on cognitive functions may be modified by exercise intensity or by habitual physical activity. Twenty-six participants (9 female and 17 male; 25.5 ± 3.4 years) completed four resistance exercise interventions in a randomized order on separate days (≥48 h washout). The intensities were set at 60%, 75%, and 90% of the one repetition maximum (1RM). Three interventions had matched workloads (equal resistance*nrepetitions ). One intervention applied 75% of the 1RM and a 50% reduced workload (resistance*nrepetitions  = 50%). Cognitive attention (Trail Making Test A-TMTA), task switching (Trail Making Test B-TMTB), and working memory (Digit Reading Spans Backward) were assessed before and immediately after exercise. Habitual activity was assessed as MET hours per week using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. TMTB time to completion was significantly shorter after exercise with an intensity of 60% 1RM and 75% 1RM and 100% workload. Friedman test indicated a significant effect of exercise intensity in favor of 60% 1RM. TMTA performance was significantly shorter after exercise with an intensity of 60% 1RM, 90% 1RM, and 75% 1RM (50% workload). Habitual activity with vigorous intensity correlated positively with the baseline TMTB and Digit Span Forward performance but not with pre- to post-intervention changes. Task switching, based on working memory, mental flexibility, and inhibition, was beneficially influenced by acute exercise with moderate intensity whereas attention performance was increased after exercise with moderate and vigorous intensity. The effect of regular activity had no impact on acute exercise effects.

Acute effects of a single bout of exercise therapy on knee acoustic emissions in patients with osteoarthritis: a double-blinded, randomized controlled crossover trial.

BACKGROUND: Knee osteoarthritis is associated with higher kinetic friction in the knee joint, hence increased acoustic emissions during motion. Decreases in compressive load and improvements in movement quality might reduce this friction and, thus, sound amplitude. We investigated if an exercise treatment acutely affects knee joint sounds during different activities of daily life. METHODS: Eighteen participants with knee osteoarthritis (aged 51.8 ± 7.3 years; 14 females) were included in this randomized crossover trial. A neuromuscular exercise intervention and a placebo laser needle acupuncture treatment were performed. Before and after both interventions, knee joint sounds were measured during three different activities of daily living (standing up/sitting down, walking, descending stairs) by means of vibroarthrography. The mean amplitude (dB) and the median power frequency (MPF, Hz) were assessed at the medial tibial plateau and the patella. Differences in knee acoustic emissions between placebo and exercise interventions were calculated by analyses of covariance. RESULTS: Controlled for participant's age, knee demanding activity level and osteoarthritis stage, the conditions significantly differed in their impact on the MPF (mean(± SD) pre-post-differences standing up: placebo: 9.55(± 29.15) Hz/ exercise: 13.01(± 56.06) Hz, F = 4.9, p < 0.05) and the amplitude (standing up: placebo:0.75(± 1.43) dB/ exercise: 0.51(± 4.68) dB, F = 5.0, p < 0.05; sitting down: placebo: 0.07(± 1.21) dB/ exercise: -0.16(± .36) dB, F = 4.7, p < 0.05) at the tibia. There were no differences in the MPF and amplitude during walking and descending stairs (p > 0.05). At the patella, we found significant differences in the MPF during walking (placebo 0.08(± 1.42) Hz/ exercise: 15.76(± 64.25) Hz, F = 4.8, p < .05) and in the amplitude during descending stairs (placebo: 0.02 (± 2.72) dB/ exercise: -0.73(± 2.84) dB, F = 4.9, p < 0.05). There were no differences in standing up/ sitting down for both parameters, nor in descending stairs for the MPF and walking for the amplitude (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: The MPF pre-post differences of the exercise intervention were higher compared to the MPF pre-post differences of the placebo treatment. The amplitude pre-post differences were lower in the exercise intervention. In particular, the sound amplitude might be an indicator for therapy effects in persons with knee osteoarthritis. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was retrospectively registered in the German Clinical Trials Register ( DRKS00022936 , date of registry: 26/08/2020).

Combination of acupuncture and medical training therapy on tension type headache: Results of a randomised controlled pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of acupuncture and medical training therapy alone and in combination with those of usual care on the pain sensation of patients with frequent episodic and chronic tension-type headache. DESIGN: This was a prospective single-centre randomised controlled trial with four balanced treatment arms. The allocation was carried out by pre-generated randomisation lists in the ratio 1:1:1:1 with different permutation block sizes. SETTING: The study was undertaken in the outpatient clinic of Rehabilitation Medicine of the Hannover Medical School.Participants and interventions: Ninety-six adult patients with tension-type headache were included and randomised into usual care (n = 24), acupuncture (n = 24), medical training (n = 24), and combination of acupuncture and medical training (n = 24). One patient was excluded from analysis because of withdrawing her/his consent, leaving 95 patients for intention to treat analysis. Each therapy arm consisted of 6 weeks of treatment with 12 interventions. Follow-up was at 3 and 6 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pain intensity (average, maximum and minimum), frequency of headache, responder rate (50% frequency reduction), duration of headache and use of headache medication.Clinical results: The combination of acupuncture and medical training therapy significantly reduced mean pain intensity compared to usual care (mean = -38%, standard deviation = 25%, p = 0.012). Comparable reductions were observed for maximal pain intensity (-25%, standard deviation = 20%, 0.014) and for minimal pain intensity (-35%, standard deviation = 31%, 0.03). In contrast, neither acupuncture nor medical training therapy differed significantly from usual care. No between-group differences were found in headache frequency, mean duration of headache episodes, and pain medication intake. At 3 months, the majority of all patients showed a reduction of at least 50% in headache frequency. At 6 months, significantly higher responder rates were found in all intervention groups compared to usual care. CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to monotherapy, only the combination of acupuncture and medical training therapy was significantly superior in reduction of pain intensity compared to usual care.Trial registration: Registered on 11 February 2019. German Clinical Trials Register, DRKS00016723.

Effects of single bouts of different endurance exercises with different intensities on microRNA biomarkers with and without blood flow restriction: a three-arm, randomized crossover trial.

PURPOSE: Physical activity is associated with altered levels of circulating microRNAs (ci-miRNAs). Changes in miRNA expression have great potential to modulate biological pathways of skeletal muscle hypertrophy and metabolism. This study was designed to determine whether the profile of ci-miRNAs is altered after different approaches of endurance exercise. METHODS: Eighteen healthy volunteers (aged 24 ± 3 years) participated this three-arm, randomized-balanced crossover study. Each arm was a single bout of treadmill-based acute endurance exercise at (1) 100% of the individual anaerobic threshold (IANS), (2) at 80% of the IANS and (3) at 80% of the IANS with blood flow restriction (BFR). Load-associated outcomes (fatigue, feeling, heart rate, and exhaustion) as well as acute effects (circulating miRNA patterns and lactate) were determined. RESULTS: All training interventions increased the lactate concentration (LC) and heart rate (HR) (p < 0.001). The high-intensity intervention (HI) resulted in a higher LC than both lower intensity protocols (p < 0.001). The low-intensity blood flow restriction (LI-BFR) protocol led to a higher HR and higher LC than the low-intensity (LI) protocol without BFR (p = 0.037 and p = 0.003). The level of miR-142-5p and miR-197-3p were up-regulated in both interventions without BFR (p < 0.05). After LI exercise, the expression of miR-342-3p was up-regulated (p = 0.038). In LI-BFR, the level of miR-342-3p and miR-424-5p was confirmed to be up-regulated (p < 0.05). Three miRNAs and LC show a significant negative correlation (miR-99a-5p, p = 0.011, r = - 0.343/miR-199a-3p, p = 0.045, r = - 0.274/miR-125b-5p, p = 0.026, r = - 0.302). Two partial correlations (intervention partialized) showed a systematic impact of the type of exercise (LI-BFR vs. HI) (miR-99a-59: r = - 0.280/miR-199a-3p: r = - 0.293). CONCLUSION: MiRNA expression patterns differ according to type of activity. We concluded that not only the intensity of the exercise (LC) is decisive for the release of circulating miRNAs-as essential is the type of training and the oxygen supply.

Relating Lifetime Activity Behavior to the Current Level of Physical Activity of Older Adults.

This study investigates methods of data gathering and management, along with the relationship of lifespan and older adults' activity. Community-dwelling older adults (n = 47, 81.7 ± 3.6 years) completed the Lifetime Leisure Physical Activity Questionnaire. Current activity was assessed by use of accelerometers. The data were converted to the metabolic equivalent of task hours. Correlations between the main outcomes (metabolic equivalent of task/hour, Lifetime Leisure Physical Activity Questionnaire), as well as individual estimation errors for data adjustments, were computed. The accelerometer and Lifetime Leisure Physical Activity Questionnaire data for the last 12 months' activity were associated (r = .31, p = .033). The average overestimation in the self-reported data was 176%. The adapted data on lifetime physical activity reveals correlations between older adults' activity and the activity levels of three 15-year episodes (r = .354; r = .336; r = .323; each p < .05), as well as compliance with guidelines throughout life (Hotelling's T2 = 45-164; p ≤ .002). Our findings indicate a relationship between lifetime and older adults' activity and provide further support for lifelong engagement in physical activity.

Increased visual distraction can impair landing biomechanics.

Failed jump landings represent a key mechanism of musculoskeletal trauma. It has been speculated that cognitive dual-task loading during the flight phase may moderate the injury risk. This study aimed to explore whether increased visual distraction can compromise landing biomechanics. Twenty-one healthy, physically active participants (15 females, 25.8 ± 0.4 years) completed a series of 30 counter-movement jumps (CMJ) onto a capacitive pressure platform. In addition to safely landing on one leg, they were required to memorize either one, two or three jersey numbers shown during the flight phase (randomly selected and equally balanced over all jumps). Outcomes included the number of recall errors as well as landing errors and three variables of landing kinetics (time to stabilization/TTS, peak ground reaction force/pGRF, length of the centre of pressure trace/COPT). Differences between the conditions were calculated using the Friedman test and the post hoc Bonferroni-Holm corrected Wilcoxon test. Regardless of the condition, landing errors remained unchanged (p = .46). In contrast, increased visual distraction resulted in a higher number of recall errors (chi2 = 13.3, p = .001). Higher cognitive loading, furthermore, appeared to negatively impact mediolateral COPT (p < .05). Time to stabilization (p = .84) and pGRF (p = .78) were unaffected. A simple visual distraction in a controlled experimental setting is sufficient to adversely affect landing stability and task-related short-term memory during CMJ. The ability to precisely perceive the environment during movement under time constraints may, hence, represent a new injury risk factor and should be investigated in a prospective trial.

Injury and training history are associated with glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in youth tennis athletes.

A glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) of the shoulder, is associated with an increased risk of shoulder injuries in tennis athletes. The aim of the present study was to reveal the impact of 1) age, sex, specific training data (i.e. training volume, years of tennis practice, years of competitive play) and 2) upper extremity injuries on GIRD in youth competitive tennis athletes.A cross-sectional retrospective study design was adopted. Youth tennis players (n = 27, 12.6 ± 1.80 yrs., 18 male) belonging to an elite tennis squad were included. After documenting the independent variables (anthropometric data, tennis specific data and history of injury), the players were tested for internal (IR) and external (ER) shoulder rotation range of motion (RoM, [°]). From these raw values, the GIRD parameters ER/IR ratio and side differences and TRoM side differences were calculated. Pearson's correlation analyses were performed to find potential associations of the independent variables with the GIRD outcomes.A significant positive linear correlation between the years of tennis training and IR side asymmetry occurred (p < .05). A significant negative linear relation between the years of tennis training and the ratio of ER to IR range of motion (RoM) in the dominant side (p < .05) was found. The analysis of covariance showed a significant influence of the history of injuries on IR RoM (p < .05).Injury and training history but not age or training volume may impact on glenohumeral internal rotation deficit in youth tennis athletes. We showed that GIRD in the dominant side in youth tennis players is progressive with increasing years of tennis practice and independent of years of practice associated with the history of injuries. Early detection of decreased glenohumeral RoM (specifically IR), as well as injury prevention training programs, may be useful to reduce GIRD and its negative consequences.

Reliability of Vibroarthrography to Assess Knee Joint Sounds in Motion.

Knee acoustic emissions provide information about joint health and loading in motion. As the reproducibility of knee acoustic emissions by vibroarthrography is yet unknown, we evaluated the intrasession and interday reliability of knee joint sounds. In 19 volunteers (25.6 ± 2.0 years, 11 female), knee joint sounds were recorded by two acoustic sensors (16,000 Hz; medial tibial plateau, patella). All participants performed four sets standing up/sitting down (five repetitions each). For measuring intrasession reliability, we used a washout phase of 30 min between the first three sets, and for interday reliability we used a washout phase of one week between sets 3 and 4. The mean amplitude (dB) and median power frequency (Hz, MPF) were analyzed for each set. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs (2,1)), standard errors of measurement (SEMs), and coefficients of variability (CVs) were calculated. The intrasession ICCs ranged from 0.85 to 0.95 (tibia) and from 0.73 to 0.87 (patella). The corresponding SEMs for the amplitude were ≤1.44 dB (tibia) and ≤2.38 dB (patella); for the MPF, SEMs were ≤13.78 Hz (tibia) and ≤14.47 Hz (patella). The intrasession CVs were ≤0.06 (tibia) and ≤0.07 (patella) (p < 0.05). The interday ICCs ranged from 0.24 to 0.33 (tibia) and from 0 to 0.82 (patella) for both the MPF and amplitude. The interday SEMs were ≤4.39 dB (tibia) and ≤6.85 dB (patella) for the amplitude and ≤35.39 Hz (tibia) and ≤15.64 Hz (patella) for the MPF. The CVs were ≤0.14 (tibia) and ≤0.08 (patella). Knee joint sounds were highly repeatable within a single session but yielded inconsistent results for the interday reliability.

Exercise improves functional capacity and lean body mass in patients with gastrointestinal cancer during chemotherapy: a single-blind RCT.

PURPOSE: Although growing evidence underlines the benefits of physical activity as supportive intervention for cancer patients, sparse data are available for exercise in patients with advanced disease stages, in particular for gastrointestinal cancer (GIC) patients who experience specific disease-associated limitations. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of home-based moderate intensity exercise on functional capacity, activities of daily living (ADL) and body composition in patients with advanced GIC during first-line chemotherapy. METHODS: Participants (GIC, UICC III-IV; n = 44) were randomly assigned to home-based physical activity programme of 150 min moderate walking per week or a control group (CG). Functional status (SPPB: gait speed, balance, lower extremity muscle strength), postural sway, chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, nutritional state (Mini Nutritional Assessment, MNA) and lean body mass were assessed according to established recommendations. All tests were performed before chemotherapy (T0), after two chemotherapy cycles (T1) and after 12 weeks (T2). RESULTS: SPPB changes from T1 to T2 differed between groups with a comparably greater decrease in the CG (p < .05), but no changes or group differences over the whole study period (T0 to T2) were found. Exercise improved postural sway (T0 to T1; T0 toT2) and lean body mass (T1 to T2; T0 to T2) compared to the control group (p < .05). Gait speed, peripheral neuropathy and strength did not differ between groups (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that a home-based physical activity improves postural sway and body composition and might stabilize functional capacity in patients with advanced GIC during chemotherapy. Although the other outcomes did not differ between groups, aforementioned effects might contribute to a maintenance of independency in ADL and a better treatment tolerance and thus enhance patients' quality of life.

Effects of high-intensity functional circuit training on motor function and sport motivation in healthy, inactive adults.

PURPOSE: A small share of the world's population meets current physical activity guidelines, which recommend regular engagement in endurance, strength, and neuromotor exercise. As lack of time represents a major cause of inactivity, multidimensional training methods with short durations may provide a promising alternative to classical, volume-oriented approaches focusing on one biomotor ability. This trial examined the effects of a high-intensity functional circuit training (HIFCT) on motor performance and exercise motivation in untrained adults. METHODS: Thirty-three inactive participants were randomly allocated to two groups exercising for six weeks. The intervention group (HIFCT, n = 20) 3×/week performed functional whole-body exercises in a circuit. Each 15-minute workout included repetitive 20s all-out bouts with 10s breaks. In the comparison group (moderate aerobic exercise, MAE, n = 13), the participants walked 3×/week for 50 minutes at moderate intensity. Measured motor outcomes were cycling endurance capacity (respiratory threshold, maximum workload), maximum strength (leg and chest press), postural control (force plate), and jump capacity (counter-movement jump, single leg hop for distance); exercise motivation was assessed using the self-concordance index. RESULTS: In comparison with MAE, HIFCT enhanced maximum leg strength (between-group difference of relative pre- to post-changes of 5.0%), shoulder strength (7.6%), and endurance workload (5.0%; P < 0.05), while increasing motivation to exercise (+5.5 points, P < 0.05). No between-group differences occurred for postural control and jump capacity (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Despite considerably shorter training duration, HIFCT enhances motor function and motivation to exercise more effectively than MAE. Further research should investigate the long-term adherence to the program and its effectiveness in other settings.