Establishing a whole blood CD4+ T cell immunity measurement to predict response to anti-PD-1.

BACKGROUND: Biomarkers that can accurately predict the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) against programmed death 1 (PD-1) ligand in cancer immunotherapy are urgently needed. We have previously reported a novel formula that predicts the response to treatment with second-line nivolumab with high sensitivity and specificity in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) previously treated with chemotherapy. The formula was based on the percentages of CD62LlowCD4+ T cells (effector T cells; %Teff) and CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ T cells (regulatory T cells; %Treg) in the peripheral blood before treatment estimated using the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) method. Here, we investigated the applicability of the formula (K-index) to predict the response to treatment with another ICI to expand its clinical applicability. Furthermore, we developed a simpler assay method based on whole blood (WB) samples to overcome the limitations of the PBMC method, such as technical difficulties, in obtaining the K-index. METHODS: The K-index was evaluated using the PBMC method in 59 patients with NSCLC who received first-line pembrolizumab treatment. We also assessed the K-index using the WB method and estimated the correlation between the measurements obtained using both methods in 76 patients with lung cancer. RESULTS: This formula consistently predicted the response to first-line pembrolizumab therapy in patients with NSCLC. The WB method correlated well with the PBMC method to obtain %Teff, %Treg, and the formula value. The WB method showed high repeatability (coefficient of variation, < 10%). The data obtained using WB samples collected in tubes containing either heparin or EDTA-2K and stored at room temperature (18-24 °C) for one day after blood sampling did not differ. Additionally, the performance of the WB method was consistent in different flow cytometry instruments. CONCLUSIONS: The K-index successfully predicted the response to first-line therapy with pembrolizumab, as reported earlier for the second-line therapy with nivolumab in patients with NSCLC. The WB method established in this study can replace the cumbersome PBMC method in obtaining the K-index. Overall, this study suggests that the K-index can predict the response to anti-PD-1 therapy in various cancers, including NSCLC.

Eosinophil transendothelial migration induced by the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of acute eosinophilic pneumonia.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Acute eosinophilic pneumonia (AEP) is characterized by a massive pulmonary infiltration of eosinophils. Mechanisms regulating the selective accumulation of eosinophils in AEP have not been fully established. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanisms of eosinophil accumulation in alveolar spaces through examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from AEP patients (AEP-BALF). METHODS: Eosinophils were isolated from the blood of healthy subjects and were placed on a human pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell monolayer cultured on Transwell filters (Coster, Cambridge, MA, USA). A saline control solution or BALF from patients with AEP, sarcoidosis or hypersensitivity pneumonitis was applied to the lower compartment, and the transendothelial migration of the eosinophils was evaluated. The concentrations of cytokines and chemokines in BALF were also measured. RESULTS: Transmigration of eosinophils across endothelial cells was only induced by the AEP-BALF. This transmigration was blocked by anti-ß2 integrin mAb. The concentrations of eotaxin-2 and monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-4, which are CC chemokine receptor (CCR) 3 ligands, were elevated in the AEP-BALF, and anti-CCR3 mAb or anti-MCP-4 mAb inhibited the AEP-BALF-induced transmigration of eosinophils. Furthermore, the concentration of leukotriene (LT) B4 was increased in the AEP-BALF, and an LTB4 receptor antagonist partially suppressed the AEP-BALF-induced transmigration of eosinophils. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that CCR3 ligands including eotaxin-2 and MCP-4, and LTB4 play a role in the accumulation of eosinophils in AEP.

Mycobacterium gordonae-induced humidifier lung.

BACKGROUND: Nontuberculous mycobacteria are well known to be a cause of hot tub lung, however, to our knowledge, there exists no case report of humidifier lung induced by mycobacteria. CASE PRESENTATION: A case of a nonimmunocompromised female patient with Mycobacterium gordonae-induced humidifier lung is described. She spontaneously recovered after discontinuing ultrasonic humidifier use. When subjected to a provocation test, she demonstrated acute respiratory distress with signs and symptoms, consistent with hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Before and after the provocation test, water in the humidifier reservoir revealed only Mycobacterium gordonae by the microbiologic analyses. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first report of humidifier lung induced by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Although nontuberculous mycobacteria are well-known to be agents of hot tub lung or metal working fluid lung, physicians should also consider the pathogen as a cause of hypersensitivity lung reaction associated with humidifier use.

Omalizumab attenuates airway inflammation and interleukin-5 production by mononuclear cells in patients with severe allergic asthma.

BACKGROUND: Omalizumab, an anti-immunoglobulin E monoclonal antibody, has shown an inhibitory effect on airway inflammation, which may be associated with clinical improvement of severe asthma. This study evaluated changes in airway inflammation and cytokine release by the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of Japanese patients with severe asthma after administration of omalizumab. METHODS: Sixteen Japanese patients with severe asthma who were allergic to house-dust mites were enrolled in this study. Eight received omalizumab every 2 or 4 weeks for 16 weeks, and 8 control subjects were treated with conventional drug treatment. Changes in clinical scores for sputum eosinophils and levels of fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) were measured at the time of enrollment and at week 16. Cytokines from PBMCs stimulated by house-dust mite (Dermatophagoides farinae) or ionomycin/phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) were measured at baseline and at week 16. RESULTS: In the omalizumab-treated group, decreases in sputum eosinophils and FeNO were observed following treatment. Furthermore, the ex vivo production of interleukin (IL)-5 by PBMCs in response to both mite allergen and ionomycin/PMA decreased significantly. In contrast, interferon (IFN)-γ production was unchanged. There were no changes in any of the parameters observed in the control group. CONCLUSION: Omalizumab exerts inhibitory effects on airway inflammation in Japanese patients with severe allergic asthma. This treatment attenuates production of IL-5 by PBMCs stimulated with both a specific allergen and a nonspecific activator. Reduction of the Th2 inflammatory cascade likely contributes to clinical benefits; however, further studies are required to clarify these results due to the small sample size in this study.

Effect of formoterol on eosinophil trans-basement membrane migration induced by interleukin-8-stimulated neutrophils.

BACKGROUND: Neutrophils are often increased in the airways of either chronic severe asthma or acute exacerbations. Neutrophils that have migrated in response to interleukin-8 (IL-8) may lead eosinophils to accumulate in the airways of patients with asthma and possibly aggravate the disease. In this study, we investigated whether formoterol modified the trans-basement membrane migration (TBM) of eosinophils stimulated with neutrophils and IL-8. METHODS: Neutrophils and eosinophils were isolated from peripheral blood obtained from healthy donors. Eosinophil TBM was examined using a modified Boyden's chamber technique. Neutrophils were preincubated with or without formoterol (0.1 µM) at 37°C for 30 min. Eosinophils were added to the upper compartment of a chamber with a Matrigel-coated transwell insert. Medium containing preincubated neutrophils and IL-8 was added to the lower compartment of the chamber. After a 90-minute incubation, the eosinophils that had migrated into the lower chamber were calculated using eosinophil peroxidase assays. RESULTS: A combination of neutrophils and IL-8 significantly induced the eosinophil TBM; formoterol alone had no effect. However, formoterol modestly but significantly attenuated the TBM of eosinophils stimulated with neutrophils and IL-8. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that formoterol may act as a therapeutic agent on enhanced eosinophilic inflammation in acute exacerbation or persistent, severe asthma. The effect of formoterol likely involves the inhibition of neutrophil activation.

[Rapid specific IgE assay (ImmunoCAP® RAPID) and skin prick test in the diagnosis of allergic disease].

BACKGROUND: ImmunoCAP® Rapid is a rapid test kit to measure the allergen-specific IgE to the eight major inhalation allergen (cat, mite, orchard grass, ragweed, wormwood, dog, cockroach, Japan cedar). METHODS: We performed ImmunoCAP® Rapid 83 patients with allergic disease (26 males, 57 females, median aged 43 years, 53 of asthma, 43 of allergic rhinitis) in our allergy center. ImmunoCAP® Rapid results were compared with those of skin prick test (SPT). RESULTS: Although total positive allergens of SPT were higher than that of ImmunoCAP® Rapid (26.5% vs 22.5%, p<0.05), there was no significantly difference of each positive allergen between two tests. The rate of ImmunoCAP® Rapid to Japan cedar was almost equivalent to SPT in all patients (68.7% vs 55.4%, p=0.07). In contrast, the rate of ImmunoCAP® Rapid to Japan cedar was higher than SPT in patients with rhinitis (90.4% vs 71.4%, p<0.05). Efficiency between ImmunoCAP® Rapid and SPT was 86.4%, sensitivity was 66.9%, and specificity was 93.4%. The reactivity of ImmunoCAP® Rapid to allergens significantly correlated with sizes of SPT (erythema: r=0.645, urticaria: r=0.657). CONCLUSION: Although identification rate in the screening ImmunoCAP® Rapid slightly inferior to SPT, this test system was useful for diagnosis of Japan cedar and mite.

[Effects of educational guidance on airway inflammation of patients with severe persistent asthma].

BACKGROUND: Airway inflammation is a fundamental feature of bronchial asthma. We examined whether educational guidance using a text on pathophysiology and management of asthma modify airway inflammation of severe asthma. METHODS: Eighteen severe persistent asthmatics were enrolled in this study. Evaluation on asthma control using Asthma Control Test (ACT), Asthma Health Questionnaire (AHQ)-Japan), FEV1, percentages of eosinophils and neutrophils in induced sputum were analyzed before and 4 weeks after patient education process. RESULTS: Following educational guidance, ACT and FEV1 did not improve, but AHQ score significantly improved. Furthermore, percentage of eosinophils in sputum significantly reduced. On the contrary, the percentage of neutrophils in sputum was not changed. In accordance with this lack of the change in neutrophil numbers, neutrophil chemoattractants including IL-8 or CXCR3 in the induced sputum did not change before and after patient guidance. CONCLUSION: Educational guidance using a text on pathophysiology and management of asthma provides some effects on quality of life in asthmatic patients and eosinophilic inflammation, however, this procedure does not modify the control status of asthma and neutrophilic inflammation seen with severe asthma.

Single-Cell Analysis Reveals a CD4+ T-cell Cluster That Correlates with PD-1 Blockade Efficacy.

CD4+ T-cell immunity helps clonal proliferation, migration, and cancer cell killing activity of CD8+ T cells and is essential in antitumor immune responses. To identify CD4+ T-cell clusters responsible for antitumor immunity, we simultaneously analyzed the naïve-effector state, Th polarization, and T-cell receptor clonotype based on single-cell RNA-sequencing data. Unsupervised clustering analysis uncovered the presence of a new CD4+ T-cell metacluster in the CD62Llow CD4+ T-cell subpopulation, which contained multicellular clonotypes associated with efficacy of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-1) blockade therapy. The CD4+ T-cell metacluster consisted of CXCR3+CCR4-CCR6+ and CXCR3-CCR4-CCR6+ cells and was characterized by high expression of IL7 receptor and TCF7. The frequency of these cells in the peripheral blood significantly correlated with progression-free survival and overall survival of patients with lung cancer after PD-1 blockade therapy. In addition, the CD4+ metacluster in the peripheral blood correlated with CD4+ T-cell infiltration in the tumor microenvironment, whereas peripheral Th1 correlated with local CD8+ T-cell infiltration. Together, these findings suggest that CD62Llow CCR4-CCR6+ CD4+ T cells form a novel metacluster with predictive potential of the immune status and sensitivity to PD-1 blockade, which may pave the way for personalized antitumor immunotherapy strategies for patients. SIGNIFICANCE: The identification of a new CD4+ T-cell metacluster that corresponds with immune status could guide effective tumor treatment by predicting response to immunotherapy using peripheral blood samples from patients.

[A case of bronchial asthma caused by occupational exposure to trichophyton].

A case involved a 39-year-old female nurse in a health-care facility for elderly individuals requiring long-term care, who presented with insufficient control of bronchial asthma. Although she did not have tinea, she had opportunities for contact with patients who did. Careful interview of history suggested a relationship between asthma exacerbation and workplace, so we measured the specific IgE antibody to Trichophyton and confirmed a positive result. As occupational exposure to Trichophyton was considered as a cause of asthma exacerbations, avoidance of Trichophyton as well as anti-asthma treatment was conducted and symptoms improved. Identification and avoidance of specific allergens is essential for successful long-term management of asthma. However, measurement of specific IgE antibody to Trichophyton is not routinely performed, although this fungus could induce not only tinea, but also asthma. The possibility that occupational exposure to trichophyton could exacerbate asthma symptoms needs to be kept in mind, particularly in the case of nurses who may be in contact with elderly individuals with tinea.

Combination of immune check inhibitor and immunomodulatory arabinomannan extracted from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: A case report.

The present study selected two patients with lung cancer and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations who were treated with a programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody and an immunomodulatory arabinomannan extracted from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the first case, a 67-year-old female was diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma with an EGFR mutation (exon 19 deletion) and Stage IVB disease. Initial treatment with an EGFR mutation-targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), erlotinib, demonstrated a partial response. After disease progression this was followed by carboplatin and pemetrexed with bevacizumab, and re-challenged by erlotinib plus bevacizumab; however, the tumor eventually progressed. Subsequently, the patient was treated with immunomodulatory arabinomannan for 3 months. Immediately after, she was treated with nivolumab and showed a partial response. In the second case, a 57-year-old male with a history of smoking was diagnosed with stage IVB pulmonary adenocarcinoma with an EGFR mutation (exon 19 deletion). He was treated with afatinib, followed by osimertinib when a T790M mutation was identified later. After disease progressed with TKIs, cisplatin plus pemetrexed and re-challenge with erlotinib plus bevacizumab were administered subsequently. Nivolumab was administered for recurrent disease. Although he experienced tumor remission, regrowth of the tumors was observed. Under continuing nivolumab, he was treated by palliative irradiation treatments to the right pelvic bone metastasis and left adrenal metastasis with immunomodulatory arabinomannan. A chest computed tomography scan showed a reduction in the sizes of the primary site and pulmonary metastases, with a decreasing trend of carcinoma embryonic antigen. Overall, these cases may indicate that the immune adjuvant actions of immunomodulatory arabinomannan extracted from Mycobacterium tuberculosis improves the effect of PD-1 antibody treatments.

Changes in airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness after inhaled corticosteroid cessation in allergic asthma.

BACKGROUND: Most patients with asthma are currently controlled by pharmacotherapeutic means such as inhaled corticosteroid (ICS). However, whether ICS actually induces remission of asthma remains unknown. The present study evaluates changes in airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness in adult patients with asthma after stopping ICS. METHODS: We enrolled 11 patients with allergic asthma (7 males and 4 females; mean age, 52.3 years) who had been asymptomatic and had no exacerbation by low-dose ICS. Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was assessed using methacholine challenge, and induced sputum was evaluated before and every 3 months after ICS cessation during the 1-year follow-up. RESULTS: Among the 11 asthmatics, AHR increased in 10 (90.9%) and asthma clinically relapsed in 4 (36.4%) within 1 year of ICS cessation. AHR increased in all 7 asthmatics that were sensitized to Dermatophagoides farinae and asthma clinically relapsed in 4 (57.1%) of them. Furthermore, eosinophil numbers and IL-4 concentrations in the sputum significantly increased after ICS cessation. CONCLUSIONS: Remission with normal airway response to methacholine (no AHR) might be rare in adult patients with allergic asthma, and sensitization to house dust mites appears to play an important role in relapse. Therefore, ICS cessation should be carefully considered in patients sensitive to house dust mites. Serial determination of eosinophil counts or IL-4 concentrations in sputum might be appropriate for monitoring and preventing asthma relapse in adults.

[Questionnaire for determining relationship between nasal and asthma symptoms].

BACKGROUND: The interaction between allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma is well known. However, there is little epidemiological data on the relationship between nasal diseases and asthma, especially in Japan. METHODS: We administered a questionnaire to 126 patients to examine the frequency of associations between nasal and asthma symptoms in patients with both nasal disease and asthma. We also investigated in which type of patients the asthma symptoms were affected by changes in nasal symptoms. RESULTS: Thirty-eight patients (30%) were aware that their asthma was worsened by exacerbated nasal disease, and nasal treatment improved asthma in 28 patients (22%). The influence of changes in nasal symptoms on asthma symptoms was stronger in patients lacking good asthma control. The relationship between nasal and asthma symptoms tended to be stronger in patients with sinusitis. CONCLUSION: About 30% of patients with nasal disease and asthma reported an association between their nasal and asthma symptoms. Nasal treatment is considered to be important for asthma control, especially in patients with asthma symptoms. These results suggested the important role of comprehensive allergy care in controlling both nasal disease and asthma.

Correction to: Re-challenge of afatinib after 1st generation EGFR-TKI failure in patients with previously treated non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutation.

In the original publication of the article, the authors found few errors and the corrections are given below.

Chemoradiotherapy followed by durvalumab in patients with unresectable advanced non-small cell lung cancer: Management of adverse events.

BACKGROUND: Chemoradiotherapy followed by durvalumab is the standard treatment for the patients with local advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). There is a real-world data about the management of adverse events, such as pneumonitis, according to the different institutions. Here, we present the experience regarding the management of adverse events after the initiation of durvalumab as daily practice. METHODS: From July 2018 to August 2019, 41 patients with locally advanced NSCLC, who underwent chemoradiotherapy followed by durvalumab, were retrospectively analyzed in the study using our medical records. RESULTS: The median age of patients was 72 years (range: 51-80 years). A total of 33 patients were male and eight were female, and 40 patients (98%) received a total radiation dose of 60 Gy as concomitant chemoradiotherapy. The median V20 for the entire cohort was 18.9% (range: 3.5-29.9). Any adverse events during chemoradiotherapy and durvalumab were observed in 32 patients (78.0%), while three patients (7.3%) experienced grade 3 toxicities. In total, 25 (61.0%) patients experienced pneumonitis, four (9.8%) thyroid dysfunction, three (7.3%) myopathy, two (4.9%) rash or eruption, one (2.4%) bowel disease and one (2.4%) malaise. Grade 3 pneumonitis, thyroid dysfunction and myopathy were observed in one (2.4%), one (2.4%) and one (2.4%), respectively. A total of 22 (53.7%) patients were unable to continue durvalumab due to pneumonitis. However, durvalumab was finally readministered to six patients. CONCLUSIONS: The adherence to lung dose constraints such as V20 as well as close treatment monitoring are a prerequisite for the management of pneumonitis during maintenance therapy with durvalumab.

CD4+ T-cell Immunity in the Peripheral Blood Correlates with Response to Anti-PD-1 Therapy.

Accumulating evidence indicates that CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment and systemic CD4+ T-cell immunity play an important role in mediating durable antitumor responses. We longitudinally examined T-cell immunity in the peripheral blood of patients with non-small lung cancer and found that responders had significantly (P < 0.0001) higher percentages of effector, CD62Llow CD4+ T cells prior to PD-1 blockade. Conversely, the percentage of CD25+FOXP3+ CD4+ T cells was significantly (P = 0.034) higher in nonresponders. We developed a formula, which demonstrated 85.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity, based on the percentages of CD62Llow CD4+ T cells and CD25+FOXP3+ cells to predict nonresponders. Mass cytometry analysis revealed that the CD62Llow CD4+ T-cell subset expressed T-bet+, CD27-, FOXP3-, and CXCR3+, indicative of a Th1 subpopulation. CD62Llow CD4+ T cells significantly correlated with effector CD8+ T cells (P = 0.0091) and with PD-1 expression on effector CD8+ T cells (P = 0.0015). Gene expression analysis revealed that CCL19, CLEC-2A, IFNA, IL7, TGFBR3, CXCR3, and HDAC9 were preferentially expressed in CD62Llow CD4+ T cells derived from responders. Notably, long-term responders, who had >500-day progression-free survival, showed significantly higher numbers of CD62Llow CD4+ T cells prior to PD-1 blockade therapy. Decreased CD62Llow CD4+ T-cell percentages after therapy resulted in acquired resistance, with long-term survivors maintaining high CD62Llow CD4+ T-cell percentages. These results pave the way for new treatment strategies for patients by monitoring CD4+ T-cell immune statuses in their peripheral blood.

Severe hepatotoxicity due to osimertinib after nivolumab therapy in patients with non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutation.

BACKGROUND: Osimertinib is the most promising treatment option for patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation-positive non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with acquired T790M resistance. However, recent studies have suggested that osimertinib could increase the frequency of serious adverse events (AEs) if administered immediately after immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) treatment. METHODS: In this single-institution retrospective study conducted from May 2016 to January 2019, osimertinib was administered to 47 patients with pretreated advanced NSCLC harboring the EGFR mutation. RESULTS: Of the 47 patients, 20 (42.6%) were men and 27 (57.4%) were women. The median age was 71 years (range 37-83 years). A total of 19 patients (40.4%) had a smoking history. Furthermore, seven patients (14.9%) received osimertinib immediately after nivolumab therapy, while 40 patients (85.1%) were treated with osimertinib after treatment with drugs other than nivolumab. The frequency of grade 3 or 4 hepatotoxicity was significantly higher in patients with nivolumab prior to osimertinib (4/7; 57.1%) than in those treated with drugs other than nivolumab prior to osimertinib (2/40; 5.0%) (P = 0.0026). Liver biopsies were performed in two patients who received osimertinib immediately after nivolumab. In both patients, CD-8-positive T cell infiltration was predominantly observed in the liver tissues. CONCLUSIONS: The use of osimertinib immediately after nivolumab significantly increased the frequency of grade 3 or higher hepatotoxicity in patients with advanced NSCLC harboring EGFR mutation acquired T790M resistance.

Re-challenge of afatinib after 1st generation EGFR-TKI failure in patients with previously treated non-small cell lung cancer harboring EGFR mutation.

BACKGROUND: Re-challenge of erlotinib after gefitinib failure is reported to yield some benefit in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation. However, little is known about the re-challenge of afatinib after 1st generate on EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) failure. METHODS: From May 2015 to August 2018, 62 patients with advanced NSCLC harboring sensitive EGFR mutation received afatinib after gefitinib and/or erlotinib failure at our institution was included in our retrospective study. RESULTS: The overall response rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR) of afatinib as re-challenge were 17.0% and 79.2%, respectively. The median time on treatment of 1st generation EGFR-TKI (1st TKI) was 14 months. By multivariate analysis, smoking, performance status (PS), and time on treatment of 1st TKI with more than 10 months were confirmed to be independent prognostic factors predicting a worse progression-free survival (PFS), and significant prognostic markers for overall survival (OS) were PS and time on treatment of 1st TKI with more than 10 months, especially in patients with exon 19 deletion. CONCLUSIONS: Re-challenge of afatinib was identified as one of the therapeutic options after 1st TKI failure in the patients with advanced NSCLC harboring EGFR mutation when the time of treatment by prior 1st TKI is more than 10 months.

Clinical difference between discontinuation and retreatment with nivolumab after immune-related adverse events in patients with lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: After the cessation of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy due to an immune-related adverse event (irAE), it remains unclear whether retreatment with ICI is more effective than its discontinuation. To explore the clinical significance of its retreatment, patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who had treatment interruption of nivolumab due to irAEs were identified and the clinical differences between discontinuation and retreatment with nivolumab were retrospectively reviewed. METHODS: 49 (26%) of 187 patients treated with nivolumab experienced the cessation of treatment due to a serious irAE. Retreatment was chosen in 21 patients (retreatment cohort), while 28 patients discontinued treatment (discontinuation cohort). RESULTS: The most common irAEs requiring treatment cessation in 49 patients included pneumonitis (59.2%), adrenal insufficiency (8.2%), liver dysfunction (8.2%) renal dysfunction (8.2%), colitis (6.1%), hypothyroidism (4.1%), and rash (2.0%). The frequency of grade 3 or 4 initial irAEs did not differ between the retreatment and discontinuation cohorts; however, the incidence of renal dysfunction and colitis was higher in the retreatment cohort than in the discontinuation cohort. Retreatment with nivolumab displayed an overall response rate of 15%, without a significant increase in irAEs. The median overall survival and progression-free survival did not differ significantly between the retreatment and discontinuation cohorts, irrespective of the efficacy of prior nivolumab. CONCLUSIONS: Retreatment exhibited a slightly higher efficacy without a significant increase in irAEs; however, the clinical significance of retreatment and discontinuation was similar in NSCLC patients that led to treatment interruption due to any irAE after initial nivolumab.

Combination therapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel for small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Although small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is an aggressive cancer, few useful treatment options exist after relapse. Information concerning the efficacy and safety of carboplatin plus paclitaxel in patients with SCLC is limited. METHODS: From April 2007 to October 2016, 318 patients with SCLC received chemotherapy at our institution. The medical records of patients treated with carboplatin and paclitaxel after first-line chemotherapy with platinum plus etoposide or irinotecan were retrospectively analyzed. The objectives were to investigate the frequency at which a carboplatin and paclitaxel regimen was administered to patients with SCLC in clinical practice, and to determine the response rate, progression-free survival (PFS), and tolerability of such agents. RESULTS: A total of 24 (7.5%) patients (male, n = 21; female, n = 3; median age, 67 years; performance status, 0-1/≥2, 15/8 patients; limited/extensive disease, 6/15 patients; sensitive/refractory relapse, 3/21 patients) were treated with carboplatin plus paclitaxel. This regimen was chosen due to interstitial lung disease (ILD) (n = 17), radiation pneumonitis (n = 3), combination with palliative radiation therapy (n = 2), and the presence of other cancers (n = 2). The response rate was 33.3%, and the disease control rate was 62.5%. The median PFS and overall survival were 4.1 and 8.7 months, respectively. Grade 3/4 hematologic toxicities observed included neutropenia (54.2%), anemia (4.2%), and thrombocytopenia (8.3%). With the exception of grade 3 neuropathies (n = 2), non-hematologic toxicities were mild. No patients experienced an acute exacerbation of ILD. CONCLUSION: A combination of carboplatin plus paclitaxel as second-line chemotherapy is effective and feasible in patients with SCLC, especially in those with ILD.

Different incidence of interstitial lung disease according to different kinds of EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitors administered immediately before and/or after anti-PD-1 antibodies in lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: The aim of our study was to retrospectively assess the incidence of interstitial lung disease (ILD) related to EGFR-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment immediately before and/or after the administration of a PD-1 antibody. METHODS: We analyzed the data of 26 patients who underwent treatment with EGFR-TKIs immediately before and/or after the administration of an anti-PD-1 antibody. RESULTS: Four out of the 26 patients developed ILD during EGFR-TKI treatment: three patients during the administration of osimertinib immediately after, and one during afatinib immediately before treatment with an anti-PD-1 antibody. Three of 12 patients who underwent EGFR-TKI therapy immediately after anti-PD-1 antibody treatment experienced osimertinib-induced ILD. ILD was not observed in the five patients administered an anti-PD-1 antibody followed by first or second-generation EGFR-TKIs. CONCLUSION: ILD was observed in the treatment sequence of an anti-PD-1 antibody followed by osimertinib, but not with first or second-generation EGFR-TKIs.