DNA damage, obesity and obesity-related health complications: what are new data telling us?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Obesity is associated with increased DNA damage, which may in turn contribute to the development of obesity-related complications. DNA damage can also affect adipocyte biology, resulting in increased adiposity. Carefully managed weight loss programs can reverse this process. This article surveys new data that support these contentions. RECENT FINDINGS: Whole exome sequencing analyses have identified rare variants linked to high BMI and adiposity. Two of the identified genes are linked to DNA damage and DNA repair, suggesting that DNA damage itself may play a role in the cause of obesity. It has also been recognized that obesity increases DNA damage in breast tissue of carriers of BRCA mutations and rates of tumour formation in BRCA1+ mice, indicating effect of obesity on cancer development in high-risk populations. In addition, obesity promotes cancer cell chemoresistance by decreasing fatty acid oxidation involved in cellular DNA damage response, leading to apoptotic cellular death. Obesity is also associated with a reduced capacity of oocytes to repair sperm DNA damage, leading to lower in-vitro fertilization rates in women with obesity. SUMMARY: DNA damage and cellular responses to DNA damage can be both the result and the cause of obesity and can strongly influence the development and treatment of obesity-associated diseases.

Obesity and Obesity-Related Disorders-Editorial.

Obesity and obesity-related complications, including various metabolic diseases and cancers, are significant health problems in developed and developing countries [...].

Epigenetic Regulation in Uterine Fibroids-The Role of Ten-Eleven Translocation Enzymes and Their Potential Therapeutic Application.

Uterine fibroids (UFs) are monoclonal, benign tumors that contain abnormal smooth muscle cells and the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). Although benign, UFs are a major source of gynecologic and reproductive dysfunction, ranging from menorrhagia and pelvic pain to infertility, recurrent miscarriage, and preterm labor. Many risk factors are involved in the pathogenesis of UFs via genetic and epigenetic mechanisms. The latter involving DNA methylation and demethylation reactions provide specific DNA methylation patterns that regulate gene expression. Active DNA demethylation reactions mediated by ten-eleven translocation proteins (TETs) and elevated levels of 5-hydroxymethylcytosine have been suggested to be involved in UF formation. This review paper summarizes the main findings regarding the function of TET enzymes and their activity dysregulation that may trigger the development of UFs. Understanding the role that epigenetics plays in the pathogenesis of UFs may possibly lead to a new type of pharmacological fertility-sparing treatment method.

TNF-α G-308A genetic variants, serum CRP-hs concentration and DNA damage in obese women.

Obesity is associated with inflammation, which can disturb genome stability. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) polymorphism was found to affect TNF-α protein production and inflammation. Therefore, the present study illustrates the relationship between TNF-α polymorphism, the degree of inflammation assessed by serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein concentration (CRP-hs) and basal DNA damage in patients with obesity (BMI 30-34.9 kg/m2) and control subjects with proper body mass (BMI < 25 kg/m2). A total of 115 participants (75 obese premenopausal women; and 40 age-, and gender-matched controls) were included. Biochemical parameters (serum concentrations of total-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL- cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, apolipoprotein AI, CRP-hs) and endogenous DNA damage (determined by comet assay) were measured. TNF-α G-308A polymorphism (rs1800629) was analyzed by PCR-RFLP (PCR-restriction fragments length polymorphism). An effect of TNF-α genotype on serum CRP-hs concentration was noted (p = 0.031). In general, carriers of the rare A allele of the TNF-α G-308A polymorphism had significantly lower endogenous DNA damage and serum CRP-hs concentrations than GG homozygotes, however, the protective effect of the A allele was especially visible in non-obese women. Serum CRP-hs concentrations and levels of DNA damage (% DNA in tail) were significantly higher in obese than in controls (p = 0.001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). The adjusted multiple linear regression analyses revealed a significant, independent impact of obesity on DNA damage (p = 0.00000) and no effect of other covariates i.e. age, TNF-α genotype and serum CRP-hs concentration. Our study showed that obesity has a significant impact on the levels of endogenous DNA damage. Obesity abolished the protective effect of A allele of the TNF-α G-308A polymorphism on DNA damage and on inflammation development observed in non-obese A allele carriers.

Molecular mechanisms of ethanol biotransformation: enzymes of oxidative and nonoxidative metabolic pathways in human.

Ethanol, as a small-molecule organic compound exhibiting both hydrophilic and lipophilic properties, quickly pass through the biological barriers. Over 95% of absorbed ethanol undergoes biotransformation, the remaining amount is excreted unchanged, mainly with urine and exhaled air.The main route of ethyl alcohol metabolism is its oxidation to acetaldehyde, which is converted into acetic acid with the participation of cytosolic NAD+ - dependent alcohol (ADH) and aldehyde (ALDH) dehydrogenases. Oxidative biotransformation pathways of ethanol also include reactions catalyzed by the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS), peroxisomal catalase and aldehyde (AOX) and xanthine (XOR) oxidases. The resulting acetic acid can be activated to acetyl-CoA by the acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS).It is also possible, to a much smaller extent, non-oxidative routes of ethanol biotransformation including its esterification with fatty acids by ethyl fatty acid synthase (FAEES), re-esterification of phospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholines, with phospholipase D (PLD), coupling with sulfuric acid by alcohol sulfotransferase (SULT) and with glucuronic acid using UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UGT, syn. UDPGT).The intestinal microbiome plays a significant role in the ethanol biotransformation and in the initiation and progression of liver diseases stimulated by ethanol and its metabolite - acetaldehyde, or by lipopolysaccharide and ROS.

Correction to: TNF-α G-308A genetic variants, serum CRP-hs concentration and DNA damage in obese women.

The original publication has been updated. The names in the original publication were not in the correct order. The family name was followed by the first name. This is now corrected.

Obesity, DNA Damage, and Development of Obesity-Related Diseases.

Obesity has been recognized to increase the risk of such diseases as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer. It indicates that obesity can impact genome stability. Oxidative stress and inflammation, commonly occurring in obesity, can induce DNA damage and inhibit DNA repair mechanisms. Accumulation of DNA damage can lead to an enhanced mutation rate and can alter gene expression resulting in disturbances in cell metabolism. Obesity-associated DNA damage can promote cancer growth by favoring cancer cell proliferation and migration, and resistance to apoptosis. Estimation of the DNA damage and/or disturbances in DNA repair could be potentially useful in the risk assessment and prevention of obesity-associated metabolic disorders as well as cancers. DNA damage in people with obesity appears to be reversible and both weight loss and improvement of dietary habits and diet composition can affect genome stability.

Insomnia and depressive symptoms in relation to unhealthy eating behaviors in bariatric surgery candidates.

BACKGROUND: Alongside obesity, insomnia and depression are common public health problems. Sleep problems are currently believed to be associated with excessive food intake and metabolic disturbances. Therefore, we aimed to explore a relationship between insomnia, depressive symptoms and eating habits as well as metabolic parameters in bariatric surgery candidates. METHODS: A total of 361 unrelated obese subjects were included in this study. Severity of sleep problems was measured with Athens Insomnia Scale (AIS) and the severity of depressive symptoms was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was assessed by the Apnea Hypopnoea Index (AHI). Information was obtained about demographics, eating habits and lifestyle. Blood samples were collected to measure concentration of lipids (cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol), and glucose. RESULTS: The median (interquartile range) score for AIS in the study participants was 5 (3-8) with a range of 0-24 and 47% (171) participants scored ≥6 (met criteria for diagnosis of insomnia). Statistically significant correlations were found between the AIS scores and serum triglycerides and glucose concentrations, and BDI-II total scores. The highest scores on AIS and BDI-II were found in participants with high frequency of snack food consumption, in physically inactive individuals as well as in those who self-reported eating at night or who declared more than 3 intense emotions associated with a desire-to-eat. Adjusted multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that clinical insomnia was most strongly associated with daily consumption of snack foods, with the odds ratio of 3.26 (95% CI: 1.74-6.11), while depressive symptoms were strongly associated with both eating in response to ≥3 specific emotions with OR = 2.93 (95% CI: 1.26-6.78) as well as with daily consumption of snack foods with OR = 2.87 (95% CI: 1.16-5.14). CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that insomnia and depression in obese individuals are associated with eating habits, and suggest that in some patients these associations appears as major factors affecting obesity development.

Oestrogen receptor alpha PvuII polymorphism and uterine fibroid incidence in Caucasian women.

INTRODUCTION: Uterine fibroids (UFs) are benign, monoclonal tumours of the female genital tract that originate from the myometrium. They may be diagnosed in as many as 80% of women depending on the selected population. UFs depend mostly on steroid hormones. Elevated levels of oestrogens and progesterone are believed to be among the most important factors inducing their formation and growth. These facts suggest that oestrogen (ESR) and progesterone receptors are crucial in UF pathophysiology as well. Previous studies have shown that, in some populations, polymorphisms in ESR genes (e.g. PvuII) constitute an important risk factor for UFs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The aim of our study was to investigate whether ESRα PvuII polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of UFs in Caucasian women of Polish origin. A total of 197 patients (114 UF-positive and 83 controls) were included in this retrospective cohort study. ESRα gene polymorphism PvuII (rs2234693) was assayed with PCR and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). RESULTS: Our study found no significant difference in the occurrence of ESR PvuII polymorphism between women with UFs and UF-free controls in the selected population. CONCLUSIONS: Our results did not indicate a significant association between ESRα gene PvuII polymorphism and the risk of UFs in Caucasian women of Polish origin. More studies and comparisons between races are necessary to clarify the role of ESRα in the development and progression of UFs.

Role of Transforming Growth Factor ß in Uterine Fibroid Biology.

Uterine fibroids (UFs) are benign tumors of the female genital tract made of the smooth muscle of the uterus. UF growth depends mostly on the influence of the steroid hormones and selected growth factors. Transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ßs) is a polypeptide that consists of three isoforms: TGF-ß1, TGF-ß2, and TGF-ß3. At present, TGF-ß is considered to be one of the key factors in the pathophysiology of UFs. It plays a major role in cellular migration within the tumor, stimulates tumor growth, and enhances tumor metabolism. As a consequence of various dependencies, the synthesis and release of TGF-ß in a UF tumor is increased, which results in excessive extracellular matrix production and storage. High concentrations or overexpression of TGF-ß mediators may be responsible for clinically symptomatic UFs. The aim of this review was to check the available evidence for the influence of the TGF-ß family on UF biology. We conducted their search in PubMed of the National Library of Medicine with the use of the following selected keywords: "uterine fibroid", "leiomyoma", and "transforming growth factor ß". After reviewing the titles and abstracts, more than 115 full articles were evaluated. We focused on the TGF-ß-related molecular aspects and their influence on the most common symptoms that are associated with UFs. Also, we described how the available data might implicate the current medical management of UFs.

Uncaria tomentosa Leaves Decoction Modulates Differently ROS Production in Cancer and Normal Cells, and Effects Cisplatin Cytotoxicity.

Uncaria tomentosa is a woody vine with a long history of use in traditional Peruvian medicine and nowadays supplements containing this vine as ingredient are available. Immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties of Uncaria tomentosa have been suggested and attributed mainly to the presence of tetracyclic or pentacyclic oxindole alkaloids. However, the synergic action of different compounds occurring in extracts and modulation of redox processes may significantly influence the anticancer activity of Uncaria tomentosa. The aim of the present study was to investigate for the first time the cytotoxic effects of the tetracyclic alkaloids free aqueous extract (decoction) of dried Uncaria tomentosa leaf blades in normal and cancer cells, and to assess the effect of the tested extract on cisplatin (CDDP) cytotoxicity. Tested Uncaria tomentosa extract was not cytotoxic for NHDF cells, but demonstrated cytotoxic effect against HepG2 cells. The extract increased ROS production in HepG2 cells, which resulted in decreased GSH level, leading to apoptosis of these cells through activation of caspase-3 and caspase-7. A reduction of NF-κB active form was observed in cancer cells. In normal cells the extract did not affect ROS production, GSH level and NF-κB activity, and maintained cell viability. HepG2 cells incubation with Uncaria tomentosa decoction and simultaneously with CDDP resulted in an increase in CDPP cytotoxic activity against HepG2, while under the same conditions Uncaria tomentosa prevents NHDF cell viability reduction due to CDDP. The results indicate that Uncaria tomentosa leaves decoction modulates differently cancer and normal cells oxidative metabolism and, enhanced cytotoxicity of CDDP against cancer cells and at the same time increased normal healthy cells resistance to cisplatin. Further studies are needed to confirm our observations and to describe underlying molecular mechanism, and the potential usefulness of Uncaria tomentosa decoction in adjuvant therapy for cancer.

Association between rs9930506 polymorphism of the fat mass & obesity-associated (FTO) gene & onset of obesity in Polish adults.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: The fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene is known to be associated with obesity. However, no data are available on the relation between FTO rs9930506 polymorphism and obesity in Polish population. The aim of this study was to evaluate an association between rs9930506 variants of the FTO gene and obesity in Polish adults. METHODS: The study group consisted of 442 adults, aged 33.9 ±12.7 yr, with mean BMI 27.2 ± 5.4 kg/m2. The following variables were determined for each subject: fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglycerides. Real-time PCR was used to detect the A/G alleles of the rs9939506 polymorphism in the FTO gene. An association between the rs9930506 polymorphism and obesity was determined using codominant, dominant, and recessive models. The odds ratio (OR) was calculated to determine the risk of obesity associated with this polymorphism. RESULTS: It was observed that the presence of FTO rs9939506 G allele was associated with increased risk for obesity and this association was found significant in both recessive (OR = 1.72, P = 0.014) and co-dominant (OR = 1.36, P = 0.031) models of inheritance. The FTO rs9939506 GG homozygotes had a significantly higher BMI than those with other genotypes. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that FTO rs9939506 GG genotype is related to higher BMI and is associated with obesity in Polish adults.

Statistical Analysis of the Impact of Molecular Descriptors on Cytotoxicity of Thiourea Derivatives Incorporating 2-Aminothiazole Scaffold.

Chemical reactivity descriptors and lipophilicyty (log P) were evaluated via semi-empirical method for the quantum calculation of molecular electronic structure (PM3) in order to clarify the structure-cytotoxic activity relationships of disubstutited thioureas. Analysed compounds were obtained by the linkage of 2-aminothiazole ring, thiourea and substituted phenyl ring. The detailed examination was carried out to establish correlation between descriptors and cytotoxic activity against the MT-4 cells for 11 compounds. For the most active compounds (6 compounds) cytotoxic activity against three cancer cell lines (CCRF-CEM, WIL-2NS, CCRF-SB) and normal human cell (HaCaT) was determined. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release were assessed. Regression analysis revealed that electrophilicity index and chemical potential significantly contributed to expain the thioureas cytotoxic potential.

Antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of thiourea derivatives incorporating a 2-aminothiazole scaffold.

A series of new thiourea derivatives of 1,3-thiazole have been synthesized. All obtained compounds were tested in vitro against a number of microorganisms, including Gram-positive cocci, Gram-negative rods and Candida albicans. Compounds were also tested for their in vitro tuberculostatic activity against the Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv strain, as well as two 'wild' strains isolated from tuberculosis patients. Compounds 3 and 9 showed significant inhibition against Gram-positive cocci (standard strains and hospital strain). The range of MIC values is 2-32 µg/mL. Products 3 and 9 effectively inhibited the biofilm formation of both methicillin-resistant and standard strains of S. epidermidis. The halogen atom, especially at the 3rd position of the phenyl group, is significantly important for this antimicrobial activity. Moreover, all obtained compounds resulted in cytotoxicity and antiviral activity on a large set of DNA and RNA viruses, including Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) and other several important human pathogens. Compound 4 showed activity against HIV-1 and Coxsackievirus type B5. Seven compounds resulted in cytotoxicity against MT-4 cells (CC50<10 µM).

Association between Fok I vitamin D receptor gene (VDR) polymorphism and impulsivity in alcohol-dependent patients.

Vitamin D appears to have an important role in the modulation of the central nervous system. Vitamin D exerts its biological effects through its interaction with the vitamin D receptor (VDR). Located on chromosome 12 (12q13.1), the VDR gene has many different polymorphisms. Some of them are known to affect the VDR function, such as FokI (rs2228570, T/C) single nucleotide polymorphism. We aimed to explore a potential relationship between FokI VDR polymorphism and impulsiveness in alcohol-dependent (AD) patients. The study population consisted of 148 patients diagnosed with alcohol dependence (DSM-IV criteria) and 212 healthy controls. DNA was extracted from whole blood samples using the standard procedure. Genotypes were analyzed using a real-time PCR method. We found that FokI VDR gene polymorphism was associated with impulsivity [Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS)-11 total score; P = 0.014], and with attentional impulsivity (BIS-11 subscale; P = 0.002) in the male AD patients. Our results suggest that CC FokI genotype of the VDR gene is associated with a higher level of impulsivity in these patients. This finding supports the hypothesis that impulsiveness, which significantly contributes to development of alcohol dependence, has a genetic background.

Extracellular vesicles in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular disease. What's behind? What do we need to implement them into clinical practice?

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a heterogeneous group of particles secreted by cells to transfer information from the cell of origin to recipient cells by carrying various bioactive molecules. Numerous PubMed records on EVs reveal a burgeoning interest in EV-research, with a notable subset focusing on the potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications of EVs for diverse diseases, including cardiovascular disease (CVD), currently a globally leading cause of mortality. However, this great diagnostic and clinical potential has not yet been translated into clinical practice. No EV-based biomarkers and EV-therapeutic products have been approved, and EV-based therapy for CVD has not yet been shown to be effective. Therefore, this paper aims to scrutinize available data and identify what is needed to translate the underlying potential of EVs into specific EV-biomarkers and EV-therapeutic tools applicable in clinical practice.

The effect of ulipristal acetate on tumor necrosis factor α, insulin-like growth factor 1, and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 serum levels in patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids.

Introduction: Uterine fibroids (UFs) are benign tumors of the female reproductive system originating from the smooth muscle of the uterus. Currently, progesterone is known to play a key role in the differentiation of the myometrial tissue to form UFs and their abnormal growth. The mechanism of action of progesterone in UF tumorigenesis involves its effect on increasing the concentrations and dysregulation of selected growth factors. Material and methods: A retrospective cohort study was performed to evaluate and compare tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) serum concentrations in patients with UFs without prior hormonal treatment, patients with UFs treated with a 3-month standard ulipristal acetate (UPA - a type of selective progesterone receptor modulator) scheme (5 mg/day) and in control patients without UFs. A total of 120 patients were divided into 3 groups (controls, UFs with UPA treatment, UFs without UPA treatment). Results: There were no significant differences in TNF-α serum concentrations between patients with UFs who underwent UPA treatment and patients who did not. Serum concentrations of IGF-1 and PAI-1 did not show significant intergroup differences. Conclusions: No significant differences were found between TNF-α concentrations in the serum of patients with UFs treated with UPA, and patients without UPA treatment. In addition, our data analysis did not show significant differences in the concentrations of IGF-1 and PAI-1 between patients with UFs and the control group. Further studies on the dependence of specific symptoms on selected growth factors are mandatory.

Epigallocatechin Gallate for the Treatment of Benign and Malignant Gynecological Diseases-Focus on Epigenetic Mechanisms.

The most common malignant gynecologic diseases are cervical, uterine, ovarian, vaginal, and vulvar cancer. Among them, ovarian cancer causes more deaths than any other cancer of the female reproductive system. A great number of women suffer from endometriosis, uterine fibroids (UFs), adenomyosis, dysmenorrhea, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), which are widespread benign health problems causing troublesome and painful symptoms and significantly impairing the quality of life of affected women, and they are some of the main causes of infertility. In addition to the available surgical and pharmacological options, the effects of supporting standard treatment with naturally occurring compounds, mainly polyphenols, are being studied. Catechins are responsible for the majority of potential health benefits attributed to green tea consumption. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is considered a non-toxic, natural compound with potential anticancer properties. Antioxidant action is its most common function, but attention is also drawn to its participation in cell division inhibition, apoptosis stimulation and epigenetic regulation. In this narrative review, we describe the role of EGCG consumption in preventing the development of benign reproductive disorders such as UF, endometriosis, and PCOS, as well as malignant gynecologic conditions. We discuss possible epigenetic mechanisms that may be related to the action of EGCG.

Initial Weight Loss, Anthropometric Parameters, and Proinflammatory Transcript Levels in Patients with Class I Obesity.

Research into early predictors of effective weight loss could help determine more effective therapeutic interventions. In this study, 106 subjects with class I obesity, genotyped with the fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) rs9930506 gene variant, were enrolled into a 12-week weight loss program (WLP). Anthropometric and body composition measurements were controlled with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) at baseline and after 4 and 12 weeks. Biopsies of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) and venous blood samples were collected to monitor changes in interleukin 6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) mRNA levels in white blood cells (WBCs) and to assess if changes in WBC gene expression reflected changes in adipose tissue. The FTO rs9930506 variant had no effect on weight loss and no reduction in proinflammatory transcripts in WBCs or AT. Changes in anthropometric parameters were associated with changes in carbohydrate metabolism. A linear regression model showed that initial weight loss (after 4 weeks of the WLP) was the most predictive factor of weight loss success after 12 weeks of the WLP. Changes in plasma lipids or proinflammatory transcript levels in WBCs or AT were not associated with weight loss effectiveness. However, the gene expression in WBCs did reflect changes occurring in subcutaneous AT.

Methodological Principles of Nasal Food Challenge.

Thanks to their valuable assessment possibilities (subjective complaints and changes in nasal patency during the examination), nasal provocation tests may serve as an alternative tool for oral food challenges in the future. However, this test requires successive attempts to regulate its methodology in order to develop a standardized lyophilisate form and determine the threshold dose for a positive result. The study objective was to present the methodological foundation for nasal food allergen provocation tests induced by freeze-dried powdered chicken egg whites. A control group of 25 individuals with no history of allergy to chicken eggs or any other allergy was included in the study. Optical rhinometry and visual analog scales were used to assess the response of nasal mucosa to local allergen challenges. Minor variations in nasal flows, as measured by optical rhinometry, were observed in the provocation tests. The mean optical density measurements (as measured regardless of the allergen dose used) varied from positive to negative values and vice versa, e.g., amounting to 0.018 OD (standard deviation 0.095) at 15 min and -0.011 OD (standard deviation 0.090) at 30 min. No significant differences were observed concerning the perceived nasal discomfort using the visual analog scale. Due to the absence of nasal mucosal reactivity, nasal challenge is an excellent methodological tool for implementing food allergen tests.