Lateralization of brain trauma in female Wistar rats determines the immune and neurological status of offspring.

Unilateral trauma to the sensorimotor cortex in ambidextrous maternal female rats decreased the resistance of their offspring, as indicated by a reduction in the functional activity of natural killer cells. Offspring rats showed T-cell immunodeficiency regardless of the lateralization of the trauma in their mothers; this was more severe after right-sided trauma (both mature and immature T-lymphocytes were affected). The EMG pattern of evoked responses in offspring rats changed according to the lesions evoked by unilateral trauma in their mothers (in the muscles responsible for postural asymmetry). Cruder movement disturbances were also seen in offspring after right-sided trauma in mothers. Right-sided organic damage to the sensorimotor cortex in mothers evoked marked increases in negative emotionality and decreases in the motivation of orientational-investigative behavior in one-month-old offspring rats in the "open field" test.

[Experimental coronavirus encephalomyelitis in mice]. / Eksperimental'nyi koronavirusnyi éntsefalomielit myshei.

A combined comparative virological, morphological, and immunological study of experimental coronavirus encephalomyelitis was carried out in mice in order to elucidate the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the formation of the foci of lesions in acute and chronic forms of the disease. Intracerebral inoculation of C3H mice with the neurotropic JHM strain of murine hepatitis virus induces a disease with demyelinization foci in the CNS running acute, subacute, or chronic course. This model underlies a concept that demyelinating diseases are caused by viruses producing immunopathologic responses realized via certain histocompatibility loci. The long-term persistence of viral antigen in the CNS and liver may be explained by virus replication in hepatocytes and oligodendrocytes at low levels, and exacerbations of the disease are prevented by the immune system.

[Induction of autologous tissue disorders in animals tolerant to cross-reacting microbial antigens]. / Izuchenie induktsii porazheniia autologichnoi tkani u zhivotnykh, tolerantnykh k perekrestno reagiruiushchim mikrobnym antigenam

Injection to newborn C3H mice of streptococcus, group C, or C. albicans vaccines prevented in adult mice induction of the skin autotransplant affection caused by the immunization of these animals with the mentioned microbial vaccines. In response to the immunization with the streptococcus or monilia vaccines the tolerant mice displayed a reduction in the number of cells reacting with the microbial vaccines in the immunoadhesion and blasttransformation reactions; their cytotoxic activity in respect to the syngenous target cells was also diminished.

[Transplantation and cellular reactions to tissue antigens in Streptococcus-immunized rabbits]. / Transplantatsionnye i kletochnye reaktsii k tkanevym antigenam u immunizirovannykh streptokokkom krolikov.

The immunization of rabbits with the cells and the disintegration products of fractions of the cytoplasmic membranes of group A streptococcus (type 1) in incomplete Freund adjuvant, introduced in a single injection into the pads of the paws, caused lesions in autoplastic skin grafts and accelerated the rejection of alloplastic skin grafts. The rabbits showed positive delayed-type skin reactions to streptococcus and homologous skin antigens, and lymphocytes specifically reacting with FITC-labeled homologous skin antigen were found in their blood. Prolonged intravenous immunization with streptococcus, which induced the formation of complement fixing antibodies to homologous skin antigens, did not influence the taking of autoplastic and alloplastic skin grafts. The injection of hyperimmune streptococcus rabbit antiserum containing antibodies to skin antigens to intact rabbits produced no lesions in the autoplastic skin grafts and prolonged the lift of the alloplastic skin grafts.

[Cellular immunologic reactions in mice tolerant to the transplantation antigens after immunization with the cross-reacting microbial antigens]. / Kletochnye immunologicheskie reaktsii u myshei, tolerantnykh k transplantatsionnym antigenam, pri immunizatsii perekrestno reagiruiushchimi mikrobnymi antigenami.

In combined administration of cyclophosphamide and lymphocytes of mice (CC57BR XX C3H) F1 to mice CC57BR there was observed a tolerance to alloantigens of mice C3H. Immunization of the tolerant mice with the vaccines of streptococcus, group A, and Candida albicans, containing antigens similar to the transplantation ones, led, to the partial destruction of the tolerance. This was expressed in the reduction in the CC57BR mice of the survival of skin allotransplants of mice C3H and the appearance in the lymphoid organs of lymphocytes with the cytotoxic activity against the allogenic target cells. In case of the tolerance destruction the amount of the recipient's lymphocytes forming rosettes with the erythrocytes of mice C3H remained unchanged, but the stem cell count fell in the spleen and the lymph nodes. The total amount of the T- and B-lymphocytes in the lymphoid organs was unchanged in destruction of the tolerance.

[Effect of antitissue serum antibodies cross reacting with microbial antigens on the course of the infectious process]. / Vliianie perekrestno reagiruiushchikh s mikrobnymi antigenami antitel antitkanevykh syvorotok na techenie infektsionnogo protsessa

Administration of rabbit and mouse antirenal and antihepatic sera, containing antibodies to the vaccines of streptococcus group C and Candida albicans, to CBA mice 24 hours before infection intensified the severity of the course of the streptococcus and candida infection. On the contrary, antibodies isolated from rabbit and mouse antirenal and antiskin sera cross-reacting with the microbial antigens attenuated the course of an infectious process caused by the corresponding causative agent, when these antibodies were administered to the animals.

[Allergic orchitis in animals caused by streptococcal sensitization]. / Allergicheskii orkhit u zhivotnykh, vyzvannyi streptokokkovoi sensibilizatsiei.

Guinea pigs and mice develop orchitis after immunization with killed streptococcus groups A (type 12) cells in complete adjuvant. In guinea pigs the process is characterized by the atrophy of spermatogenous epithelium of the testicles, and in mice by the disappearance of mature spermia from convoluted seminiferous tubules. Globulin fixed on spermia was detected in testicles of the immunized mice. Guinea pigs and mouse sera contained antibodies reacting with spermatid and spermatozoid structures of normal testicles. Immunized guinea pigs showed positive reactions of blast-transformation of lymphocytes and skin reactions of the delayed type to testicle antigens. The development of orchitis in guinea pigs and mice correlates in time with the appearance of antibodies and the development of the delayed type hyperseusitivity to the testicle antigens.

[Effect of exogenous interferon on the transplantation reactions of mice]. / Vliianie ékzogennogo interferona na transplantatsionnye reaktsii u myshei.

The authors studied the influence of the serum obtained at various periods after the administration of interferon inductors (New castle disease virus, amino ethylisothiouronium, E. coli endotoxin) on the rate of rejection of the skin or cell transplant of mice C3H and CBA, and also CC57Br. The allogenous skin transplant perished more rapidly; there was also an acceleration of elimination of allogenous lymphoid cells, suppression of colony formation by the cells of allogenous bone marrow in the spleen of the irradiated recipient in administration of the serum obtained at the period of maximal content of interferon induced by the Newcastle disease virus and by amino ethylisothiouronium. The cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes of mice CC57Br against the allogenous target cells rose in the presence of these sera. The serum containing interferon induced with E. coli endotoxin failed to influence the rate of the allotransplant rejection and did not increase the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes.

[Stimulation of antibody formation in mice by endogenous and exogenous interferon]. / Stimuliatsiia antitelogeneza u myshei éndogennym i ékzogennym interferonom.

The effect of 2 types of interferon, virus-induced and endotoxin-induced, on the dynamics of antibody production in the immunization of mice with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or E. coli vaccine was studied. Both types of interferon stimulated the production of antibodies against SRBC and, less effectively, against E. coli. This effect was found to depend on the dose of interferon (in a limited range). The immunostimulating titer of sera was comparable with their antivirus titer. These 2 types of interferon stimulated both primary and secondary response of mice to the injection of SRBC.

[The functional morphology of the spleen and lymphoid apparatus of the intestines in stress]. / Funktsional'naia morfologiia selezenki i limfoidnogo apparata kishechnika pri stresse.

Structural and functional changes in the spleen and in the Payer plaques of the intestine under stress have been studied in 46 male rats. Stress activation of the adrenal cortex was blocked by metapiron injections. In cases of chronic stress along with the evident structural and functional damages in the immune system, in the spleen and in the peripheral blood there was a suppression of proliferative activity of T- and B-lymphocytes and an increase of functional activity of immuno-regulatory cells (T-suppressors). In chronic stress, specific compensatory changes due to the protective effect of metapiron preventing immunodepressive action of the adrenal gland hyperactivity were noted as well.

[Atherosclerosis and the system of immunity]. / Ateroskleroz i sistema immuniteta.

The immunocompetent tissues were studied on the clinical and necropsy material, taking into consideration the development of sensitization to the atheorogenic lipids (VLDL, LDL). The signs of the sensitization to VLDL or LDL were observed in 83% patients. It is shown that the T-type immune response resulting from the sensitization to the lipoproteins is formed when the exacerbation of the atherosclerosis occurs. The vascular wall antigens in the lymph nodes regional to the arteries produce a local B-type immune response. The leucocyte migration test in combination with the staining of the blood smears for cation proteins can be used in the clinical practice for the detection of the atherosclerosis patients with a specific sensitization.

[Immunoreactivity in ischemic heart disease of atherosclerotic etiology]. / Immunoreaktivnost' pri ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa ateroskleroticheskoi étiologii.

Using a combined immunomorphologic and clinico-immunologic approach to the analysis of section and clinical findings, the authors introduce a specific nosological form of coronary heart disease in which there is a cause-and-effect relation implying the development of sensitization to atherogenic lipoproteins, rapid advance of coronary atherosclerosis and the onset of coronary insufficiency.

[Clinico-immunologic parallels in evaluating the treatment of multiple sclerosis]. / Kliniko-immunologicheskie paralleli v otsenke lecheniia rasseiannogo skleroza.

Certain immunological parameters were examined over time in 54 patients afflicted with multiple sclerosis. Nonhormonal multimodality treatment methods including immunomodulatory remedies and corticosteroid hormones were employed. The total counts of T and B lymphocytes as well as their functional activity were found to be related to the disease stage. The pattern of changes in the main factors of immune responsiveness influenced by different types of therapy was established to be inconclusive. Based on an analysis of the clinico-paraclinical parameters it is concluded that conventional multimodality therapy including the use of immunomodulators may be administered both during disease remission and, in some cases, during its exacerbation.

[Effects of T-activin on the course of ischemic heart disease in cases of the development of sensitization to apoprotein B-containing lipoproteins]. / Vliianie T-aktivina na techenie ishemicheskoi bolezni serdtsa v sluchaiakh razvitiia sensibilizatsii k apoprotein-B-soderzhashchim lipoproteidam.

A comprehensive clinicoimmunological examination was made of 105 male patients aged 35-65 years who suffered from coronary heart disease. The authors identified a group of 33 patients whose unstable course of angina pectoris was associated with pronounced apolipoprotein B sensitization, as well as with the presence of the autoimmune lipoprotein-antibody complex and abnormalities in the cellular link of immunity. All 33 patients received antianginal agents. Out of them, 15 patients took additionally a course of T-activin therapy to modulate immunological shifts. The results of the examination demonstrated that the immunomodulator exerted a beneficial effect both on the course of CHD (reduction in the number of anginal episodes, improvement of left ventricular contractility) and the immune system (recovery of T-suppressor function, disappearance of lipoprotein sensitization, decrease in the patient's blood detection rates of the autoimmune lipoprotein-antibody complexes from 83 to 28%). The highest effect was reached by T-activin 1.5-2 months following termination of the course therapy. Immunomodulating therapy is regarded as an additional approach to the treatment of CHD patients with marked lipoprotein sensitization.

[Hexokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity and isoenzymatic makeup of the smooth gastric muscle in intact and sympathectomized rabbits]. / Aktivnost' i izofermentnyi sostav geksokinazy i laktatdegidrogenazy gladkoi myshtsy zheludka intaktnykh i desimpatizirovannykh krolikov.

After immunological sympathectomy in rabbits activity and isoenzyme spectra of hexokinase (HK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were studied in smooth muscle of stomach. Activity of KH in the muscles was statistically significant due to increase in content of a single isoenzyme of HK occurring in the tissue. Activity o LDH was unaltered. However the isoenzyme apectrum of the enzyme was changed: content of M-subunits was decreased and the content of H-subunits was increased. These alterations may lead to an increase in redox potential in cells of the tissues.

[The role of apoptosis in the thymic involution during growth of the syngeneic transplanted tumor in mice]. / Rol' apoptoza v protsesse involiutsii timusa pri roste singennoi perevivaemoi opukholi u myshei.

Thymic involution accompanies the growth of many human and animals tumors but the precise mechanism of this phenomenon is unknown. We tried to elucidate the role of apoptosis as a possible mechanism of thymic involution during tumor growth. The mice were inoculated subcutaneously with syngeneic hepatoma 22a cells. Starting from the 3rd week after tumor inoculation, progressive thymic involution was observed. Histological studies revealed distinct delymphatization of the thymic cortex, reduced numbers of big lymphocytes in the subcapsular zone and of mitoses in the cortex, and an increased amount of mast cells. This was followed by decreased DNA synthesis in vitro as measured from 3H-thymidine incorporation. The number of pycnoses in the cortex was two to three times that in the thymus of control animals. DNA gel electrophoresis did not reveal any signs of apoptosis in the thymocytes without preincubation. Within 2 h of in vitro incubation of the thymocytes taken on the 7th day after the tumor inoculation, spontaneous apoptosis was more expressed than in the thymocytes from intact mice. This may reflect different induction mechanisms of apoptosis in the thymocytes from the tumor bearing and control mice. We propose that the mechanism of thymic involution during tumor growth is related to inhibition of thymocytes' proliferation, impaired differentiation and enhanced intrathymic death caused by cytokine release from the nonlymphoid thymic population.

[Humoral and cellular factors of immunity in mice with hepatoma 22A]. / Gumoral'nye i kletochnye faktory immuniteta u myshei s gepatomoi 22A.

Levels of hepatic autoantigens, anti-hepatic antibodies and immune complexes in sera of C3HA mice bearing syngeneic weakly-immunogenic hepatoma 22a were measured. The level of autoantigens increased during tumor growth, while autoantibodies were not identified at all stages. Circulating immune complexes were shown to bind heterologous complement at early stages of hepatoma growth, but later they did not. Bound immune complexes were identified in the kidney by means of immunofluorescence. Blastogenic reaction of normal splenic cells did not change when cells were cultivated with serum of tumor-bearing mice obtained throughout tumor growth. The proliferative activity of tumor-bearers' lymphocytes decreased during cultivation with serum taken at the terminal stages of tumor growth only. However, there was no correlation with the presence of free hepatic antigen and immune complexes in sera of hepatoma-bearing mice.

[Effect of the nucleic factor on lymphocyte cytotoxicity]. / Vliianie nukleinovogo faktora na tsitotoksichnost' limfotsitov.

Under study was the influence of the nucleic factor, isolated from Ehrlich tumor ascitic fluid, on cytotoxicity of in vitro lymphocytes of CC57Br mice immunized by L-cells. In a dose of 5--10 mkm/ml this factor was shown to suppress cytotoxicity of splenic cells as well as that of lymph nodes cells of previously immunized mice. Cellular DNA of non-lineal SHR mice, hepatic RNA of normal mice C3Ha (their genotype being similar to L-cells), of non-lineal SHR mice and syngeneic CC75Br in the same concentration failed to produce such effect.

[Effect of thymalin on the development of experimental hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis]. / Vliianie timalina na razvitie éksperimental'noi giperlipidemii i ateroskleroza.

Thymalin, which is a polypeptide preparation from thymus, exhibited hypolipidemic and antiatherosclerotic actions in rabbits maintained on a cholesterol-containing diet during three months. At the same time, thymalin caused favourable effect on the functional activity of lymphocytes impaired in hyperlipidemic animals, i.e. it normalized the T-suppressor activity and sensitivity to atherogenic lipoproteins.

[The use of tactivin for treating patients with IHD]. / Primenenie taktivina dlia lecheniia bol'nykh IBS.

Immunomodulating drug tactivin was used for treatment of 29 IHD patients with low T-suppressor activity and high cell sensitization to apoprotein B-containing lipoproteins and with lipoprotein-antibody immune complex detected in the blood. Tactivin was injected subcutaneously in the dose 10 micrograms (5 injections for 12 days). Tactivin treatment normalized T-suppressor activity, lowered concentration of plasma lipoprotein-antibody immune complex and improved clinical course of IHD. The beneficial effect of tactivin was observed in 70% of patients during 2 months. 30% of patients needed a second course of treatment of recover normal immunological and clinical indices. The treatment with tactivin of IHD patients must be combined with application of routine antianginal drugs.