The monitoring of oil production process by deep learning based on morphology in oleaginous yeasts.

BACKGROUND: Monitoring jar fermenter-cultured microorganisms in real time is important for controlling productivity of bioproducts in large-scale cultivation settings. Morphological data is used to understand the growth and fermentation states of these microorganisms during monitoring. Oleaginous yeasts are used for their high productivity of single-cell oils but the relationship between lipid productivity and morphology has not been elucidated in these organisms. RESULTS: In this study, we investigated the relationship between the morphology of oleaginous yeasts (Lipomyces starkeyi and Rhodosporidium toruloides were used) and their cultivation state in a large-scale cultivation setting using a real-time monitoring system. We combined this with deep learning by feeding a large amount of high-definition cell images obtained from the monitoring system to a deep learning algorithm. Our results showed that the cell images could be grouped into 7 distinct groups and that a strong correlation existed between each group and its biochemical activity (growth and oil-productivity). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report describing the morphological variations of oleaginous yeasts in a large-scale cultivation, and describes a promising new avenue for improving productivity of microorganisms in large-scale cultivation through the use of a real-time monitoring system combined with deep learning. KEY POINTS: • A real-time monitoring system followed the morphological change of oleaginous yeasts. • Deep learning grouped them into 7 distinct groups based on their morphology. • A correlation between the cultivation state and the shape of the yeast was observed.

A real-time monitoring system for automatic morphology analysis of yeast cultivation in a jar fermenter.

The monitoring of microbial cultivation in real time and controlling their cultivation aid in increasing the production yield of useful material in a jar fermenter. Common sensors such as dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH can easily provide general-purpose indexes but do not reveal the physiological states of microbes because of the complexity of measuring them in culture conditions. It is well known from microscopic observations that the microbial morphology changes in response to the intracellular state or extracellular environment. Recently, studies have focused on rapid and quantitative image analysis techniques using machine learning or deep learning for gleaning insights into the morphological, physiological or gene expression information in microbes. During image analysis, it is necessary to retrieve high-definition images to analyze the microbial morphology in detail. In this study, we have developed a microfluidic device with a high-speed camera for the microscopic observation of yeast, and have constructed a system capable of generating their morphological information in real-time and at high definition. This system was connected to a jar fermenter, which enabled the automatic sampling for monitoring the cultivation. We successfully acquired high-definition images of over 10,000 yeast cells in about 2.2 s during ethanol fermentation automatically for over 168 h. We recorded 33,600 captures containing over 1,680,000 cell images. By analyzing these images, the morphological changes of yeast cells through ethanol fermentation could be captured, suggesting the expansion of the application of this system in controlling microbial fermentation using the morphological information generated. KEY POINTS: • Enables real-time visualization of microbes in a jar fermenter using microscopy. • Microfluidic device for acquiring high-definition images. • Generates a large amount of image data by using a high-speed camera.

[Predisposition to latex allergy undetected on preoperative evaluation: a case report].

A 70-year-old man was scheduled to undergo laparoscopic total gastrectomy for stomach cancer. He had no history of atopy, fruit allergies, or frequent exposure to natural rubber. Preoperative latex-specific IgE antibodies were negative. Anesthesia was induced, and the surgery was started uneventfully. Soon after the surgeon had begun to manipulate the intestine, the blood pressure suddenly dropped to 27/21 mmHg. Facial flushing was also observed. Anaphylactic shock caused by latex was strongly suspected, and surgery was immediately halted. The surgical gloves were changed to latex-free ones, and adrenaline was administered. The blood pressure was gradually normalized within 30 min, and the facial flushing mostly disappeared. Postoperative laboratory examination revealed that serum tryptase had increased to 34.4 microg l-1, 40 minutes after the onset of anaphylaxis, and decreased to 19.4 microg l-1, 24 hours than later. Latex-specific IgE antibodies and a prick test with latex were both positive. Consequently, the diagnosis of latex-induced anaphylactic reaction was confirmed. Because even detailed questioning and examination does not always identify such a predisposition, avoiding contactwith latex products is more rational exhaustively checking every preoperative patient for latex allergy

[Suspected diltiazem intoxication resulting in repeated asystole after the induction of anesthesia].

We present a case of diltiazem intoxication resulting in repeated asystole after the induction of anesthesia. A 39-year-old man was diagnosed as subarachnoid hemorrhage, and cerebral aneurysm clipping was scheduled on the next day. Electrocardiogram revealed normal sinus rhythm with complete right bundle branch block. Continuous intravenous administration of diltiazem, nicardipine and midazolam were started for intractable hypertension and tachycardia. In the operating room, electrocardiogram showed atrioventricular nodal rhythm. Nicardipine and midazolam were stopped and anesthesia was induced with thiamylal, fentanyl and vecuronium, and was maintained with sevoflurane. After tracheal intubation, the patient developed asystole, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation was provided immediately. Diltiazem was stopped. Cardiac rhythm was restored 8 min afterwards; however, asystole recurred six times. Temporary cardiac pacing was effective, and percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS), intraaortic balloon pumping (IABP), and continuous hemodiafiltration (CHDF) were initiated. The operation was canceled. On the next day, normal sinus rhythm was restored and the temporary pacing, PCPS, IABP, and CHDF were discontinued. Cerebral aneurysm was treated by endovascular coiling and the patient was discharged from the hospital without sequelae. This case illustrates asystole associated with diltiazem intoxication. It is necessary to consider this potential complication when diltiazem is used.

Time correlation functions in a similarity approximation for one-dimensional turbulence.

The projection operator formalism yields a time evolution equation for the time correlation function Un(t) of the chaotic modes of interest in terms of the memory function Gamman(t). On the assumption of similarity between Un(t) and Gamman(t), this equation leads to a closed equation for Un(t), which yields the asymptotic behavior of the time correlation function Un(t) and the corresponding power spectrum In(omega) analytically. Thus it turns out that the time correlation function takes the algebraic form 1/(1+t2) for t-->0 as predicted previously, and can be classified into three decay forms for t-->infinity according to the wave number kn: the exponential decay e(-t), the oscillatory exponential decay e(-t) cos t, and the oscillatory power-law decay t(-3/2) cos t. All the corresponding power spectra form a dual structure which is Lorentzian as omega-->0 and decays exponentially as omega-->infinity. In the entire domain 0infinity.

Dynamic structures of the time correlation functions of chaotic nonequilibrium fluctuations.

Using the projection operator formalism we explore the decay form of the time correlation function U_(n)(t) identical with < û_(n)(t)û*_(n)(0)> of the state variable û_(n)(t) in the chaotic Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation. The decay form turns out to be the algebraic decay 1/[1+(gamma_(na)(t)2] in the initial regime t<1/gamma_(ne) and the exponential decay exp(-gamma_(ne)t) in the final regime t>1/gamma_(ne) . The memory function Gamma_(n)(t) that represents the chaos-induced transport is found to obey the Gaussian decay exp[-(beta_(ng)t)2] in the case of large wave numbers, but the 3/2 power decay exp[-(beta_(n3)t)3/2] in the case of small wave numbers. The power spectrum of û_(n)(t) is given by the real part U'_(n)(omega) of the Fourier-Laplace transform of U_(n)(t) and has a dominant peak at omega=0 . This peak within the linewidth (-)gamma_(ne) (approximately equal to gamma_(ne)) is given by the Lorentzian spectrum (-)gamma2_(ne)/(omega2+(-)gamma2_(ne)) . However, the wings of the peak outside the width (-) gamma_(ne) turn out to take the exponential spectrum exp(-omega/gamma_(na)) . Thus it is found that the exponential decay exp(-gamma_(ne)t) appears to lead to the universal Lorentzian peak, while the algebraic decay 1/[1+(gamma_(na)t)2] arises to bring about the exponential wing.

Validity of the essential assumption in a projection operator method.

The projection operator method developed by Mori involves the essential assumption that chaotic motion is successfully divided into a coherent motion and a fluctuating one. We investigate the validity of the assumption using the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation as a model equation of chaotic systems. It has been found that the assumption is reasonable for both long wave modes and short wave modes. We have also evaluated a value of the eddy viscosity as 9.0 by extracting the nonlinear term from the coherent part. This value is consistent with the former estimates with other methods.

[Severe pulmonary hypertension during double lung transplantation].

We report a case of severe intraoperative pulmonary hypertension during double lung transplantation. A 31-year-old woman with severe primary pulmonary hypertension underwent double lung transplantation. Although a marked increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (180/80 mmHg) exceeding the level of systemic arterial pressure occurred after anesthetic induction, the operation could be performed with scheduled cardiopulmonary bypass without using urgent percutaneous cardiopulmonary support.

Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial to test the effectiveness of providing information on childbirth and postnatal period to partners of pregnant women.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of the distribution of a booklet providing information to fathers during their partners' pregnancies on fathers' and mothers' postpartum mental health and quality of life (QOL), as well as on fathers' childcare participation and living situations. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This randomised controlled trial will comprise 554 couples consisting of pregnant women due to give birth at an obstetric institution in Aichi Prefecture, Japan and their partners. Participants will be recruited during prenatal check-ups in the third trimester, and those who provide written consent will be allocated randomly to an intervention and a control group. The pregnant women's partners allocated to the intervention group will be given a booklet written for men containing information on childbirth and postnatal period. Its content will include matters such as what preparations the partner should make before birth and tips for housework and childcare as well as how to prevent unintentional injury to the baby. The control group will not receive any intervention. A baseline survey in the third trimester and follow-up surveys at 1 and 3 months post partum will be carried out using self-administered questionnaires. The primary outcome is the proportion of new mothers' partners at risk for paternal depression (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score ≥8). Secondary outcomes include the risk of postnatal depression in new mothers, QOL of new mothers and their partners, partners' knowledge of and engagement in housework and childcare, marital relations and parenting stress on the part of new mothers. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has been approved by the Ethical Committee at the National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan. The results of the study will be widely disseminated as peer-reviewed papers and at international conferences, with the aim of improving public health services in Japan. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: UMIN000021475; Pre-results.

Mean solutions for the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation with incoming boundary conditions.

We consider herein the Kuramoto-Sivashinsky (KS) equation with incoming boundary conditions. Using a projection operator method, we have derived a set of closed equations for the mean quantities, called a model equation, from the KS equation. One of the characteristics of the model equation is that it does not include any empirical parameters. The adequacy of the model equation is verified by comparing solutions of the model equation with time-averaged solutions obtained from the numerical simulation of the KS equation.

Adoption of HPV testing as an adjunct to conventional cytology in cervical cancer screening in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness of including HPV testing as an adjunct to conventional cytology in cervical cancer screening. METHODS: Atypical epithelial cells (ATC) were classified according to the 2001 Bethesda classification system. The study ran for 6 years from May 2004 to November 2009 in conjunction with public cervical cancer screening for Kanazawa City residents. Patients with ATC (ASC-US, ASC-H, and AGC) underwent parallel testing for high-risk HPV types with the Hybrid Capture II system; HPV positive and cytology-ATC cases were recalled for colposcopic examination and biopsied if necessary. Results were compared with those obtained before HPV screening was initiated. RESULTS: A total of 62645 women underwent screening over the 6-year period; of these, 3622 (5.8%) were ATC positive, among whom 527 (14.5%) tested HPV-positive. These 527 women (0.8% of the screened population) were recalled for colposcopic examination. The resulting 426 biopsies were diagnosed as CIN 1 (n = 187), CIN 2 (n = 53), CIN 3 (n = 11), and invasive cervical cancer (n = 2). CONCLUSION: HPV testing as an adjunct to conventional cytology in cervical cancer screening seems to increase detection sensitivity with proven cost-effectiveness.

Dual structures of chaos and turbulence, and their dynamic scaling laws.

The decay form of the time correlation function Un(t) of a state variable un(t) with a small wave number kn has been shown to take the algebraic decay 1/{1+(gammanat)2} in the initial regime ttaun(gamma), where taun(gamma) denotes the decay time of the memory function Gamman(t). This dual structure of Un(t) is generated by the deterministic short orbits in the initial regime and the stochastic long orbits in the final regime, thus giving the outstanding features of chaos and turbulence. The kn dependence of gammana, alphane, and gammane is obtained for the chaotic Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equation, and it is shown that if kn is sufficiently small, then the dual structure of Un(t) obeys a hydrodynamic scaling law in the final regime t>tau(gamma) with scaling exponent z=2 and a dynamic scaling law in the initial regime t