The Lancet Commission to reduce the global burden of sudden cardiac death: a call for multidisciplinary action.

Despite major advancements in cardiovascular medicine, sudden cardiac death (SCD) continues to be an enormous medical and societal challenge, claiming millions of lives every year. Efforts to prevent SCD are hampered by imperfect risk prediction and inadequate solutions to specifically address arrhythmogenesis. Although resuscitation strategies have witnessed substantial evolution, there is a need to strengthen the organisation of community interventions and emergency medical systems across varied locations and health-care structures. With all the technological and medical advances of the 21st century, the fact that survival from sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) remains lower than 10% in most parts of the world is unacceptable. Recognising this urgent need, the Lancet Commission on SCD was constituted, bringing together 30 international experts in varied disciplines. Consistent progress in tackling SCD will require a completely revamped approach to SCD prevention, with wide-sweeping policy changes that will empower the development of both governmental and community-based programmes to maximise survival from SCA, and to comprehensively attend to survivors and decedents' families after the event. International collaborative efforts that maximally leverage and connect the expertise of various research organisations will need to be prioritised to properly address identified gaps. The Commission places substantial emphasis on the need to develop a multidisciplinary strategy that encompasses all aspects of SCD prevention and treatment. The Commission provides a critical assessment of the current scientific efforts in the field, and puts forth key recommendations to challenge, activate, and intensify efforts by both the scientific and global community with new directions, research, and innovation to reduce the burden of SCD worldwide.

2022 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces.

This is the sixth annual summary of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. This summary addresses the most recently published resuscitation evidence reviewed by International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Task Force science experts. Topics covered by systematic reviews include cardiopulmonary resuscitation during transport; approach to resuscitation after drowning; passive ventilation; minimizing pauses during cardiopulmonary resuscitation; temperature management after cardiac arrest; use of diagnostic point-of-care ultrasound during cardiac arrest; use of vasopressin and corticosteroids during cardiac arrest; coronary angiography after cardiac arrest; public-access defibrillation devices for children; pediatric early warning systems; maintaining normal temperature immediately after birth; suctioning of amniotic fluid at birth; tactile stimulation for resuscitation immediately after birth; use of continuous positive airway pressure for respiratory distress at term birth; respiratory and heart rate monitoring in the delivery room; supraglottic airway use in neonates; prearrest prediction of in-hospital cardiac arrest mortality; basic life support training for likely rescuers of high-risk populations; effect of resuscitation team training; blended learning for life support training; training and recertification for resuscitation instructors; and recovery position for maintenance of breathing and prevention of cardiac arrest. Members from 6 task forces have assessed, discussed, and debated the quality of the evidence using Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria and generated consensus treatment recommendations. Insights into the deliberations of the task forces are provided in the Justification and Evidence-to-Decision Framework Highlights sections, and priority knowledge gaps for future research are listed.

2021 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; First Aid Task Forces; and the COVID-19 Working Group.

The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation initiated a continuous review of new, peer-reviewed published cardiopulmonary resuscitation science. This is the fifth annual summary of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations; a more comprehensive review was done in 2020. This latest summary addresses the most recently published resuscitation evidence reviewed by International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task force science experts. Topics covered by systematic reviews in this summary include resuscitation topics of video-based dispatch systems; head-up cardiopulmonary resuscitation; early coronary angiography after return of spontaneous circulation; cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the prone patient; cord management at birth for preterm and term infants; devices for administering positive-pressure ventilation at birth; family presence during neonatal resuscitation; self-directed, digitally based basic life support education and training in adults and children; coronavirus disease 2019 infection risk to rescuers from patients in cardiac arrest; and first aid topics, including cooling with water for thermal burns, oral rehydration for exertional dehydration, pediatric tourniquet use, and methods of tick removal. Members from 6 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task forces have assessed, discussed, and debated the quality of the evidence, according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria, and their statements include consensus treatment recommendations or good practice statements. Insights into the deliberations of the task forces are provided in Justification and Evidence-to-Decision Framework Highlights sections. In addition, the task forces listed priority knowledge gaps for further research.

Selecting patients for early interdisciplinary rehabilitation during neurointensive care after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury.

BACKGROUND: Early interdisciplinary rehabilitation (EIR) in neurointensive care is a limited resource reserved for patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) believed to profit from treatment. We evaluated how key parameters related to injury severity and patient characteristics were predictive of receiving EIR, and whether these parameters changed over time. METHODS: Among 1003 adult patients with moderate to severe TBI admitted over 72 h to neurointensive care unit during four time periods between 2005 and 2020, EIR was given to 578 and standard care to 425 patients. Ten selection criteria thought to best represent injury severity and patient benefit were evaluated (Glasgow Coma Scale, Head Abbreviated Injury Scale, New-Injury-Severity-Scale, intracranial pressure monitoring, neurosurgery, age, employment, Charlson Comorbidity Index, severe psychiatric disease, and chronic substance abuse). RESULTS: In multivariate regression analysis, patients who were employed (adjOR 1.99 [95% CI 1.41, 2.80]), had no/mild comorbidity (adjOR 3.15 [95% CI 1.72, 5.79]), needed neurosurgery, had increasing injury severity and were admitted by increasing time period were more likely to receive EIR, whereas receiving EIR was less likely with increasing age (adjOR 0.97 [95% CI 0.96, 0.98]) and chronic substance abuse. Overall predictive ability of the model was 71%. Median age and comorbidity increased while employment decreased from 2005 to 2020, indicating patient selection became less restrictive with time. CONCLUSION: Injury severity and need for neurosurgery remain important predictors for receiving EIR, but the importance of age, employment, and comorbidity have changed over time. Moderate prediction accuracy using current clinical criteria suggest unrecognized factors are important for patient selection.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation in special circumstances.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation prioritises treatment for cardiac arrests from a primary cardiac cause, which make up the majority of treated cardiac arrests. Early chest compressions and, when indicated, a defibrillation shock from a bystander give the best chance of survival with a good neurological status. Cardiac arrest can also be caused by special circumstances, such as asphyxia, trauma, pulmonary embolism, accidental hypothermia, anaphylaxis, or COVID-19, and during pregnancy or perioperatively. Cardiac arrests in these circumstances represent an increasing proportion of all treated cardiac arrests, often have a preventable cause, and require additional interventions to correct a reversible cause during resuscitation. The evidence for treating these conditions is mostly of low or very low certainty and further studies are needed. Irrespective of the cause, treatments for cardiac arrest are time sensitive and most effective when given early-every minute counts.

Resuscitation guideline highlights.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The purpose of this review was to give an overview of the most significant updates in resuscitation guidelines and provide some insights into the new topics being considered in upcoming reviews. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent updates to resuscitation guidelines have highlighted the importance of the earlier links in the chain-of-survival aimed to improve early recognition, early cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation. Empowering lay rescuers with the support of emergency medical dispatchers or telecommunicators and engaging the community through dispatching volunteers and Automated External Defibrillators, are considered key in improving cardiac arrest outcomes. Novel CPR strategies such as passive insufflation and head-up CPR are being explored, but lack high-certainty evidence. Increased focus on survivorship also highlights the need for more evidence based guidance on how to facilitate the necessary follow-up and rehabilitation after cardiac arrest. Many of the systematic and scoping reviews performed within cardiac arrest resuscitation domains identifies significant knowledge gaps on key elements of our resuscitation practices. There is an urgent need to address these gaps to further improve survival from cardiac arrest in all settings. SUMMARY: A continuous evidence evaluation process for resuscitation after cardiac arrest is triggered by new evidence or request by the resuscitation community, and provides more current and relevant guidance for clinicians.

Interhospital transport of critically ill patients: A prospective observational study of patient and transport characteristics.

BACKGROUND: The cohort of critically ill patients transported between Intensive Care Units (ICUs) in Norway has not been studied previously. The aim of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients and transports for different types of interhospital transfers and explore whether there were differences in morbidity and mortality between the different transfer categories and the general Norwegian ICU population. METHODS: All transports of critically ill adult patients transferred between two geographically different Intensive Care Units during a one-year period were registered. Patient and transport data were obtained from The Norwegian Intensive Care Registry, The Norwegian Cause of Death Registry, the hospital Electronic Patient Journal, the Air Ambulance Journal System, and the Emergency Medical Communication Centre database. RESULTS: 821 transports of 788 surgical and medical patients were enrolled. Simplified Acute Physiology Scores (SAPSII) were 43, 36 and 38 for urgent secondary transport, non-urgent secondary transport and return transfers, respectively. These were comparable to nationwide SAPSII scores that were 40 for university hospitals and 34 for local hospitals during the same time period. The return transfers had a median SOFA-score of 4.7 and 53% were mechanically ventilated. Only 33% of return transfers were performed by established teams. CONCLUSION: Intensive care patients transferred between ICUs are as critically ill as the rest of the ICU population, with a similar morbidity and mortality. The return transfers of ICU-patients appear under-triaged compared to secondary transports in terms of allocated resources.

Adult Basic Life Support: 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations.

This 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations on basic life support summarizes evidence evaluations performed for 22 topics that were prioritized by the Basic Life Support Task Force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. The evidence reviews include 16 systematic reviews, 5 scoping reviews, and 1 evidence update. Per agreement within the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation, new or revised treatment recommendations were only made after a systematic review. Systematic reviews were performed for the following topics: dispatch diagnosis of cardiac arrest, use of a firm surface for CPR, sequence for starting CPR (compressions-airway-breaths versus airway-breaths-compressions), CPR before calling for help, duration of CPR cycles, hand position during compressions, rhythm check timing, feedback for CPR quality, alternative techniques, public access automated external defibrillator programs, analysis of rhythm during chest compressions, CPR before defibrillation, removal of foreign-body airway obstruction, resuscitation care for suspected opioid-associated emergencies, drowning, and harm from CPR to victims not in cardiac arrest. The topics that resulted in the most extensive task force discussions included CPR during transport, CPR before calling for help, resuscitation care for suspected opioid-associated emergencies, feedback for CPR quality, and analysis of rhythm during chest compressions. After discussion of the scoping reviews and the evidence update, the task force prioritized several topics for new systematic reviews.

[Basic life support]. / Basismaßnahmen zur Wiederbelebung Erwachsener (Basic Life Support): Leitlinien des European Resuscitation Council 2021.

The European Resuscitation Council has produced these basic life support guidelines, which are based on the 2020 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Science with Treatment Recommendations. The topics covered include cardiac arrest recognition, alerting emergency services, chest compressions, rescue breaths, automated external defibrillation (AED), cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) quality measurement, new technologies, safety, and foreign body airway obstruction.

2019 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations: Summary From the Basic Life Support; Advanced Life Support; Pediatric Life Support; Neonatal Life Support; Education, Implementation, and Teams; and First Aid Task Forces.

The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation has initiated a continuous review of new, peer-reviewed, published cardiopulmonary resuscitation science. This is the third annual summary of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. It addresses the most recent published resuscitation evidence reviewed by International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation Task Force science experts. This summary addresses the role of cardiac arrest centers and dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation, the role of extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation in adults and children, vasopressors in adults, advanced airway interventions in adults and children, targeted temperature management in children after cardiac arrest, initial oxygen concentration during resuscitation of newborns, and interventions for presyncope by first aid providers. Members from 6 International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task forces have assessed, discussed, and debated the certainty of the evidence on the basis of the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria, and their statements include consensus treatment recommendations. Insights into the deliberations of the task forces are provided in the Justification and Evidence to Decision Framework Highlights sections. The task forces also listed priority knowledge gaps for further research.

Exploring individual and work organizational peculiarities of working in emergency medical communication centers in Norway- a qualitative study.

BACKGROUND: Emergency Medical call-takers working in Emergency Medical Communication Centers (EMCCs) are addressing complex and potentially life threatening problems. The call-takers have to make fast decisions, responding to problems described in phone calls. Recent studies focus mainly on individual aspects of call-takers' work. The objectives of this study were to explore 1) What characterizes individual work performance of call takers in EMCCs? and 2) What characterizes work organizational factors call takers see as most relevant to the performance of their work? METHODS: The research is based upon in-depth interviews with call takers at three EMCCs in Norway (n = 19). Interviews were performed during the period May 2013 to September 2014. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. RESULTS: Two main themes that related to individual work performance and to work organizational factors in EMCCs were identified, namely: 1) "Core technologies" and 2) "Environmental issues" . The theme "Core technologies" included the subthemes a) multiple tasks, b) critical incidents, and c) unpredictability. The theme "Environmental issues" included the subthemes a) lack of support, b) lack of resources, c) exposure to complaints, and d) an invisible service. CONCLUSION: At the individual level, multiple tasks, how to cope with critical incidents, and the unpredictability of daily work when calls are received, make the work of call takers both stressful and challenging. The individual call taker's ability to interprete the situation by intuition and experience when calls are received, is the main factor behind the peculiarities working in the centers at the individual level. At the organizational level, the lack of resources and managerial support seems to provoke concerns about the quality of services rendered by the centers. These aspects should be taken into account in the managing of these services, making them a more integrated part of the health service system.

2017 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations Summary.

The International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation has initiated a near-continuous review of cardiopulmonary resuscitation science that replaces the previous 5-year cyclic batch-and-queue approach process. This is the first of an annual series of International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations summary articles that will include the cardiopulmonary resuscitation science reviewed by the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation in the previous year. The review this year includes 5 basic life support and 1 pediatric Consensuses on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations. Each of these includes a summary of the science and its quality based on Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation criteria and treatment recommendations. Insights into the deliberations of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation task force members are provided in Values and Preferences sections. Finally, the task force members have prioritized and listed the top 3 knowledge gaps for each population, intervention, comparator, and outcome question.

Part 3: Adult Basic Life Support and Automated External Defibrillation: 2015 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science With Treatment Recommendations.

This review comprises the most extensive literature search and evidence evaluation to date on the most important international BLS interventions, diagnostics, and prognostic factors for cardiac arrest victims. It reemphasizes that the critical lifesaving steps of BLS are (1) prevention, (2) immediate recognition and activation of the emergency response system, (3) early high-quality CPR, and (4) rapid defibrillation for shockable rhythms. Highlights in prevention indicate the rational and judicious deployment of search-and-rescue operations in drowning victims and the importance of education on opioid-associated emergencies. Other 2015 highlights in recognition and activation include the critical role of dispatcher recognition and dispatch-assisted chest compressions, which has been demonstrated in multiple international jurisdictions with consistent improvements in cardiac arrest survival. Similar to the 2010 ILCOR BLS treatment recommendations, the importance of high quality was reemphasized across all measures of CPR quality: rate, depth, recoil, and minimal chest compression pauses, with a universal understanding that we all should be providing chest compressions to all victims of cardiac arrest. This review continued to focus on the interface of BLS sequencing and ensuring high-quality CPR with other important BLS interventions, such as ventilation and defibrillation. In addition, this consensus statement highlights the importance of EMS systems, which employ bundles of care focusing on providing high-quality chest compressions while extricating the patient from the scene to the next level of care. Highlights in defibrillation indicate the global importance of increasing the number of sites with public-access defibrillation programs. Whereas the 2010 ILCOR Consensus on Science provided important direction for the "what" in resuscitation (ie, what to do), the 2015 consensus has begun with the GRADE methodology to provide direction for the quality of resuscitation. We hope that resuscitation councils and other stakeholders will be able to translate this body of knowledge of international consensus statements to build their own effective resuscitation guidelines.

Bradycardia during therapeutic hypothermia is associated with good neurologic outcome in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.

OBJECTIVE: Comatose patients resuscitated after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest receive therapeutic hypothermia. Bradycardia is frequent during therapeutic hypothermia, but its impact on outcome remains unclear. We explore a possible association between bradycardia during therapeutic hypothermia and neurologic outcome in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study, from January 2009 to January 2011. SETTING: University hospital medical and cardiac ICUs. PATIENTS: One hundred eleven consecutive comatose out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients treated with therapeutic hypothermia. INTERVENTIONS: Patients treated with standardized treatment protocol after cardiac arrest. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: All out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients' records were reviewed. Hemodynamic data were obtained every fourth hour during the first days. The patients were in temperature target range (32-34°C) 8 hours after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and dichotomized into bradycardia and nonbradycardia groups depending on their actual heart rate less than or equal to 60 beats/min or more than 60 beats/min at that time. Primary endpoint was Cerebral Performance Category score at hospital discharge. More nonbradycardia group patients received epinephrine during resuscitation and epinephrine and norepinephrine in the early in-hospital period. They also had lower base excess at admission. Survival rate with favorable outcome was significantly higher in the bradycardia than the nonbradycardia group (60% vs 37%, respectively, p = 0.03). For further heart rate quantification, patients were divided into quartiles: less than or equal to 49 beats/min, 50-63 beats/min, 64-77 beats/min, and more than or equal to 78 beats/min, with respective proportions of patients with good outcome at discharge of 18 of 27 (67%), 14 of 25 (56%), 12 of 28 (43%), and 7 of 27 (26%) (p = 0.002). Patients in the lowest quartile had significantly better outcome than the higher groups (p = 0.027), whereas patients in the highest quartile had significantly worse outcome than the lower three groups (p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Bradycardia during therapeutic hypothermia was associated with good neurologic outcome at hospital discharge. Our data indicate that bradycardia should not be aggressively treated in this period if mean arterial pressure, lactate clearance, and diuresis are maintained at acceptable levels. Studies, both experimental and clinical, are warranted.

Towards cardiopulmonary resuscitation without vasoactive drugs.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Whereas there is clear evidence for improved survival with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation during cardiac arrest management, there is today lacking evidence that any of the recommended and used drugs lead to any long-term benefit for the patients. In this review, we try to discuss our current view on why advanced life support (ALS) today can be performed without the use of drugs, and instead gain all focus on improving the tasks we know improve survival: CPR and defibrillation. RECENT FINDINGS: Previous and recent cardiac arrest drug studies have been reviewed. These are mostly consisting of retrospective register data, some experimental data and a few new randomized trials. The alternative drug-free ALS concept is also discussed with relevant studies. SUMMARY: There is currently no evidence to support any specific drugs during cardiac arrest. Good-quality CPR, early defibrillation and goal-directed postresuscitation care is more important. Healthcare systems should not prioritize implementation of unproven drugs before good quality of care can be documented. More drug studies are indeed required, and future research needs to incorporate better diagnostic tools to test more specific and tailored therapies that account for underlying causes and individual responsiveness.

Cerebral perfusion and metabolism with mild hypercapnia vs. normocapnia in a porcine post cardiac arrest model with and without targeted temperature management.

Aim: To determine whether targeting mild hypercapnia (PaCO2 7 kPa) would yield improved cerebral blood flow and metabolism compared to normocapnia (PaCO2 5 kPa) with and without targeted temperature management to 33 °C (TTM33) in a porcine post-cardiac arrest model. Methods: 39 pigs were resuscitated after 10 minutes of cardiac arrest using cardiopulmonary bypass and randomised to TTM33 or no-TTM, and hypercapnia or normocapnia. TTM33 was managed with intravasal cooling. Animals were stabilized for 30 minutes followed by a two-hour intervention period. Hemodynamic parameters were measured continuously, and neuromonitoring included intracranial pressure (ICP), pressure reactivity index, cerebral blood flow, brain-tissue pCO2 and microdialysis. Measurements are reported as proportion of baseline, and areas under the curve during the 120 min intervention period were compared. Results: Hypercapnia increased cerebral flow in both TTM33 and no-TTM groups, but also increased ICP (199% vs. 183% of baseline, p = 0.018) and reduced cerebral perfusion pressure (70% vs. 84% of baseline, p < 0.001) in no-TTM animals. Cerebral lactate (196% vs. 297% of baseline, p < 0.001), pyruvate (118% vs. 152% of baseline, p < 0.001), glycerol and lactate/pyruvate ratios were lower with hypercapnia in the TTM33 group, but only pyruvate (133% vs. 150% of baseline, p = 0.002) was lower with hypercapnia among no-TTM animals. Conclusion: In this porcine post-arrest model, hypercapnia led to increased cerebral flow both with and without hypothermia, but also increased ICP and reduced cerebral perfusion pressure in no-TTM animals. The effects of hypercapnia were different with and without TTM.(Institutional protocol number: FOTS, id 14931).

Lung tissue injury and hemodynamic effects of ventilations synchronized or unsynchronized to continuous chest compressions in a porcine cardiac arrest model.

Aim: Compare lung injury and hemodynamic effects in synchronized ventilations (between two chest compressions) vs. unsynchronized ventilations during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) in a porcine model of cardiac arrest. Methods: Twenty pigs were randomized to either synchronized or unsynchronized group. Ventricular fibrillation was induced electrically and left for 1.5 minutes. Four minutes of basic chest compression:ventilation (30:2) CPR was followed by eight minutes of either synchronized or unsynchronized ventilations (10/min) during continuous compressions before defibrillation was attempted. Aortic, right atrial and intracerebral pressures, carotid and cerebral blood flow and cardiac output were measured. Airway monitoring included capnography and respiratory function monitor. Macro- and microscopic lung injuries were assessed post-mortem. Results: There were no significant differences between groups in any of the measured hemodynamic variables or inspiration time (0.4 vs. 1.0 s, p = 0.05). The synchronized ventilation group had lower median peak inspiratory airway pressure (57 vs. 94 cm H2O, p < 0.001), lower minute ventilation (3.7 vs. 9.4 l min-1, p < 0.001), lower pH (7.31 vs. 7.53, p < 0.001), higher pCO2 (5.2 vs. 2.5 kPa, p < 0.001) and lower pO2 (31.6 vs. 54.7 kPa, p < 0.001) compared to the unsynchronized group after 12 minutes of CPR. There was significant lung injury after CPR in both synchronized and unsynchronized groups. Conclusion: Synchronized and unsynchronized ventilations resulted in similar hemodynamics and lung injury during continuous mechanical compressions of pigs in cardiac arrest. Animals that received unsynchronized ventilations with one second inspiration time at a rate of ten ventilations per minute were hyperventilated and hyperoxygenated.Institutional protocol number: FOTS, id 6948.