The effect of an Internet-based intervention designed to reduce HIV/AIDS sexual risk among Mexican adolescents.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect of an Internet-based intervention to reduce sexual risk behaviors and increase resilience to sexual risk behaviors among Mexican adolescents, a key HIV/AIDS risk group. METHODOLOGY: The study had a quasi-experimental design with single-stage cluster sampling. Participants ages 14-17 were stratified by gender and randomly assigned to either receive intervention "Connect" (which included face-to-face and Internet-based sessions designed to reduce sexual risk behaviors and increase resilience to sexual risk) or control (a general educational video on reducing health risks). A total of 9 survey instruments were administered online through SurveyMonkey pre- and post-intervention to assess changes in sexual risk and protective factors as well as two outcomes of interest: risky sexual behaviors and resilience. Pearson correlation assessed instrument reliability while multivariable linear regression models assessed two study hypotheses: (1) the effect of the intervention on sexual behavior and resilience is mediated by adolescent age, gender, and sexual experience and (2) risk and protective factors are mediators between the intervention and sexual behavior. RESULTS: The sample was composed of 193 adolescents between 14 and 17 years old (n = 96 in the control group and n = 97 in the experimental group). Survey instruments were reliable. Age was associated with pre-to-post test changes in sexual resilience (ß = -6.10, p = .019), which partially mediated the effect of the intervention on sexual resilience (ß = 5.70, p = .034). Social support was associated with pre-to-post test changes in risky sexual behavior (ß = -0.17, p = .039). CONCLUSION: Intervention "Connect" was independently associated with improved self-reported resilience to risky sexual behaviors, though not with a reduction in those behaviors in multivariate analyses. This is the first Internet-based intervention designed to reduce HIV/AIDS sexual risk among Mexican adolescents.

Fatalistic beliefs, self-care, and HbA1c in Mexican men with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study.

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between fatalistic beliefs, self-care, and glycemic control among Mexican men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This is a cross-sectional study in men diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus from 18 to 59 years of age from the Northeast of Mexico. Fatalistic beliefs, self-care, medication adherence, and HbA1C were evaluated. Patients were divided into glycemic control (<7% HbA1c) and without glycemic control (>7% HbA1c). Tests were performed to compare 2 independent groups, Student's t and U Mann Whitney. Correlation tests and multiple linear regression models were also performed. For statistical analysis, the SPSS v27 program was used. Forty-nine percent of the men had glycemic control (<7% HbA1c). Fatalistic beliefs were negatively correlated with self-care and medication adherence, but not with HbA1c. In multiple linear regression models, fatalistic beliefs were a negative predictor of self-care and medication adherence. In the model for HbA1c, the pessimism subdimension and self-care were the predictors. Fatalistic beliefs negatively affect self-care compliance and medication adherence, while the pessimism subdimension was related to the increase in HbA1c.

Personal, Interpersonal, and Sociocultural Factors of Condom Use in Rural Indigenous Nahuas Adolescents in Mexico.

The goal of this research was to determine the personal, interpersonal, and sociocultural predictors of condom use among rural Indigenous adolescents. Predictor variables were selected from Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory and Leininger's Transcultural Theory. The sample consisted of 419 Nahuas adolescents randomly selected from the total number of neighborhood blocks in a rural community in Puebla, Mexico. The instruments had acceptable psychometric characteristics (Cronbach alpha and validity scores). Multiple linear regression models were used. Results: 56.8% of participants were female, and 50.40% were students. Mean age was M = 17.5 (SD = 0.97), and the majority (63%) identified as Catholic. Age at menarche/first ejaculation (ß = -1.2, p = 0.038), attitude toward condom use (ß = 0.13, p < 0.001), ethnic identity (ß = 0.21, p < 0.001), and ability to negotiate condom use (ß = 0.13, p = 0.003) predicted (R2 = 22.3) condom use. This study provided a basis for integration of the cultural values of Indigenous adolescents within interventions for sexual health promotion.

[Psychometric properties of the Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire in elderly people]. / Propiedades psicométricas del Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire en personas mayores.

AIM AND BACKGROUND: In Mexico sexual dysfunctions are a relevant problem, depression and age are the main predisposing factors. Whereby it is necessary to considerate to have valid evaluation instruments in Mexican population. The aim of the study was to examine the psychometric properties of Massachusetts General Hospital-Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (MGH-SFQ) in that population. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The sample was 634 Northeast Mexican elderly, selected by a non-probabilistic procedure. The MGH-SFQ and the Depression Scale of the Center for Epidemiological Studies were used as measurements. RESULTS: The unifactorial structure is confirmed in elderly men and woman (RMSEA=.04; CFI=.92; RMSEA=.03; CFI=.95) shows adequate internal consistency reliability and adequate validity evidence of its measures. CONCLUSIONS: The MGH-SFQ is a questionnaire that provides reliable and valid measures of sexual functioning in Mexican elderly men and woman.

Multilevel elements associated with HIV serosorting for sexual encounters: a scoping literature review.

A scoping literature review to identify the multilevel HIV serosorting related elements was developed. Articles from EBSCO, PubMed, PsyNET and Science Direct with serosort* or serosorting at the tittle or abstract, written in English or Spanish were included. No restriction in type of population or design were applied. 239 records were retrieved after duplicates removed, but 181 references were extracted for full-text review. Individual level: HIV knowledge, serostatus, risk perceptions, abilities to disclose and for condom use negotiation, motivations, use of drugs, stigma, attitudes toward condom use, and perceptions/beliefs about the HIV and related treatments, HIV infection rates/testing and behavioral factors. Interpersonal level: social networks, abilities (sexual behavior negotiation, and communication). Community level: stigma, social norms, access to HIV related services. Structural level: political context, HIV related funding and public policies. HIV Serosorting is not solely an interpersonal behavior it involves multilevel elements that must be acknowledged by professionals and stakeholders.

[Interpersonal factors as predictors of sexual self-esteem in women in Northeast Mexico]. / Factores interpersonales como predictores de la autoestima sexual en mujeres del noreste de México.

OBJECTIVE: Sexual self-esteem has generated results that make clear their impact on sexual health, which is forged by interactions with other people. For this reason, the goal of this study is to evaluate if the variables time spent with the partner, number of sexual partners, support of the couple, sexual assertiveness and partner violence predict sexual self-esteem in women in Northeast Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Predictive and correlational study. The sample consisted of 605 women users of primary health care centers. As inclusion criteria, it was considered that participants were between 18 and 40 years of age (M=27.68; TD=6.52), who maintained a relationship of at least three months and with sexual activity within that relationship. RESULTS: Couple support, partner violence and sexual assertiveness behaved as predictive factors, accounting for 32% of sexual self-esteem in women (F=52.410, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Interpersonal factors are key elements in the understanding and evaluation of sexual self-esteem in women. These findings will support the improvement of the sexual health of this population, who are a vulnerable group to sexual problems in Mexico.

[Use of online sexual material and safe sex in men who have sex with men]. / Uso de material sexual en línea y sexo seguro en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres.

INTRODUCTION: Sexual material online has represented, from its origins, an important role in the life of men who have sex with men. Internet, which has become a vehicle without restriction for its access, has favored an increase in the use of this material, and has had an impact on the sexual behavior of these men. OBJECTIVE: To determine if the use of online sexual material influences safe sexual behavior in men who have sex with men. MATERIAL AND METHOD: An analytical observational study was conducted, with a sample of 251 men who have sex with men from a city in northeastern Mexico. The respondent driven sampling was used, an ad hoc sociodemographic and sexuality data questionnaire was applied, and a questionnaire to measure the use of online sexual material and questionnaire on safe sexual behavior. RESULTS: The simple linear regression model shows that the use of online sexual material negatively influences safe sexual behavior (R2=0.062; F[1,249]=16.937; p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The findings provide the guideline to continue with studies in the investigation of said sociocultural variable and its consideration is proposed in the programs focused on the prevention of HIV in this population.

Validación del Sexual Opinión Survey (SOS) en migrantes de la Frontera Noroeste de México / Validation of the Sexual Opinion Survey (SOS) in migrants from the Northwest Border of Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: De este estudio es analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala breve de opinión sexual en población migrante. Materiales y métodos: La muestra estuvo conformada por 249 personas que migran, para medir al Erotofobia-erotofilia se utilizó la escala de opinión sexual, para examinar la validez de constructo, se adaptó la escala a un lenguaje coloquial, participaron 62 voluntarios para leer y expresar si entendieron cada una de las preguntas. Posteriormente, se analizó la validez interna y externa del SOS. Los participantes fueron seleccionados entre la población de migrantes mediante muestreo no probabilístico, por conveniencia. Resultados: El 85.4% eran hombres, provenientes en su mayoría de México (84.7%). Para la validación interna, se obtuvo alfa de Cronbach .763, presenta una estructura unidimensional, con respecto a la validez convergente se correlacionó con asertividad sexual. Conclusiones: Las mediciones obtenidas en la SOS en su versión breve de 6 ítems han mostrado valores de consistencia interna débiles, presenta una estructura unidimensional en muestra de migrantes, la escala ha mostrado ser estable en diferentes países como España, Colombia y El Salvador.

Abstract: Objective: Of this study is to analyze the psychometric properties of the brief sexual opinion scale in the migrant population. Materials and methods: The sample consisted of 175 people who migrate, to measure Erotophobia-erotophilia, the sexual opinion scale was used, to examine the construct validity, the scale was adapted to a colloquial language, 62 volunteers participated to read and Express if they understood each of the questions. Subsequently, the internal and external validity of the SOS was analyzed. The participants were selected from the population of migrants through non-probabilistic sampling, for convenience. Results: 85.4% were men, mostly from Mexico (84.7%). For internal validation, Cronbach's alpha .763 was obtained, it presents a unidimensional structure, with respect to convergent validity it was correlated with sexual assertiveness. Conclusions: The measurements obtained in the SOS in its brief version of 6 items have shown weak internal consistency values, it presents a one-dimensional structure in a sample of migrants, the scale has shown to be stable in different countries such as Spain, Colombia and El Salvador.

Perceived risk and decisional balance to HIV testing in men who have sex with men from Monterrey, Mexico. / Riesgo percibido y balance decisional hacia la prueba del VIH en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres de Monterrey, México.

The perceived risk to HIV and the decisional balance (pros and cons) towards HIV testing are fundamental aspects for understanding the motivation of men who have sex with men to engage in behaviours that reduce or increase the risk of infection with the virus. OBJECTIVES: To describe the perceived risk of HIV and the decisional balance towards HIV testing and determine the association between perceived risk and the decisional balance towards HIV testing of men who have sex with men. METHOD: Descriptive correlational design, we used respondent-driven sampling, with which we recruited 202 men who have sex with men. RESULTS: Mean age of 27.79 (SD=8.13), 66.3% reported low perceived risk to HIV. The most significant pros were: "If I had HIV I would not want to infect anyone else" (95%) and "I would like to be sure I did not have HIV to tell my sexual partner" (90.6%). The most significant cons were: "I am afraid of the needle used for the HIV test" (53%), "people could reject me if they had HIV" (78.7%). Finally, there was a correlation between the perceived risk and the decisional balance towards HIV testing (rs=.759, p<.001). CONCLUSIONS: Given such data, in future interventions it is important to consider information about the importance of HIV testing on a regular basis, as well as actions to increase the perception of vulnerability to HIV in this population.

Validation of the Scale of Perceived Risk of Sexually Transmitted Infections in Middle-aged and Older Adults

Background: Middle-aged and older adults often mistakenly underestimate the risk to which they are exposed when they engage in risky sexual behaviors. Furthermore, a reliable and valid measurement of the construct is necessary to capture its scope and meaning. Objective: To validate the structure of the Perceived Risk Scale for STIs in middle-aged and older adults, identify their perceived risk of STIs, and identify their relationship with some sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: The sample was composed of 295 middle-aged and older adults. A virtual online sampling was used. Males and females aged 50 years and older, sexually active in the last 12 months, were included. To measure the perceived risk of STIs, the scale of perceived risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was adapted, and a confirmatory factor analysis of the proposed three-factor structure was carried out. Results: The proposed structure of the scale was found to present acceptable adjustment rates (X 2= 48.283, p <.001; CFI = .962, RMSEA = .079, GFI = .963, TLI = .938). 28.1% of the participants presented low perceived risk; 46.8%, medium perceived risk; and 25.1%, high perceived risk. Association between marital status and perceived risk of STIs was identified. Conclusion: The Perceived Risk Scale for STIs is a reliable and valid instrument for capturing perceived risk of STIs in middle-aged and older adults. An appropriate measurement is considered important to accurately examine the relationship between perceived risk and behavior.

Antecedentes: Los adultos de mediana y tercera edad suelen subestimar erróneamente el riesgo al que se exponen cuando realizan conductas sexuales de riesgo, además, es necesaria una medición fiable y válida del constructo para captar su alcance y significado. Objetivo: Validar la estructura de la Escala de Riesgo Percibido a las ITS en adultos de mediana y tercera, identificar su riesgo percibido a las ITS e identificar su relación con algunas características sociodemográficas. Métodos: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 295 adultos de mediana y tercera edad. Se utilizó un muestreo virtual en línea. Se incluyeron hombres y mujeres de 50 años o más, se-xualmente activos en los últimos 12 meses. Para medir el riesgo percibido a las ITS se adaptó la escala de riesgo percibido al Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) y se realizó un análisis factorial confirmatorio de la estructura propuesta conformada por tres factores. Resultados: Se comprobó que la estructura propuesta de la escala presentaba mostró índices de ajuste aceptables (X2 = 48.283, p <.001; CFI = .962, RMSEA = .079, GFI = .963, TLI = .938). El 28.1% de los participantes presentó un riesgo percibido bajo, el 46.8% un riesgo percibido medio y el 25.1% un riesgo percibido alto. Se identificó la asociación entre el estado civil y el riesgo percibido de ITS. Conclusiones: La Escala de Riesgo Percibido de ITS es un instrumento fiable y válido para captar el riesgo percibido a las ITS en adultos de mediana y tercera edad. Se considera importante una medición adecuada para examinar con precisión la relación entre el riesgo percibido y la conducta.

Facilitating and Inhibiting Factors of Sexual Behavior among Migrants in Transition from Mexico to the United States.

INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) is one of the most prevalent infectious diseases in the border region of Mexico due to the flow of migrants under desperate conditions, encouraging casual and unprotected sex. Since this has become a binational public health problem, it is important to understand the factors that predict these sexual behaviors. The aim of the current study was to investigate the facilitators and inhibitors of transition in the sexual behavior of migrants from two border regions on the Mexico-United States (US) border. METHODS: This was a predictive and cross-sectional study. A sample of 256 migrants in shelters for migrants on the border between Mexico and US were selected through systematic random sampling. Predictor variables investigated for effect on the safe sexual behavior (SSB) of the migrant were reasons for having sex; sexual attitudes; sexual machismo; knowledge about HIV; access to health services; and social discrimination. RESULTS: The sample was predominantly male (89.5%), with 46.1% reporting being single. The average age was 33.38 years (SD = 9.73) and the average number of years of education reported was 8.05 (SD = 3.37). A permissive sexual attitude and sexual machismo both correlated with condom use (rs = 0.130, p < 0.01 and rs = -0.174, p < 0.01, respectively). Regression analysis showed that a permissive sexual attitude decreased the practice of safe sex (ß = 0.17, t = 4.16, p < 0.001), as did sexual machismo (ß = -0.28, t = -4.83, p < 0.001) and HIV knowledge (ß = -0.11, t = -2.62, p = 0.006). DISCUSSION: It was found that access to health services did not influence the SSB of migrants, as suggested by the literature. However, a permissive sexual attitude, sexual machismo, and HIV knowledge were all variables capable of predicting SSB. It is recommended that the study is extended to study migrant populations from other parts of the border, as well undertaking as a qualitative approach to explore new variables.

Self-efficacy and Coping as Correlates of Migrant Safe Sexual Behavior to Prevent HIV.

Along the Mexico/United States border, migrants are at increased risk of HIV. The objective of our study was to investigate the relationship between two process indicators (self-efficacy to prevent HIV and coping with sexual risk) and safe sexual behaviors in migrants. A correlational design was used. Migrants were recruited from two cities on the northern border of Mexico. Transition theory informed the measurement of self-efficacy and coping process indicators. Three generalized linear models were built for each safe sexual behavior outcome: (a) partner communication, (b) use of condoms, and (c) safe sex. Of 311 migrants, indicators of self-efficacy and coping with sexual risk were associated with all three outcome measures of safe sexual behavior (p < .05). Process indicators explained 22.5% to 30.6% of the variance in the data. Therefore, self-efficacy to prevent HIV and coping ability are important correlates of migrant sexual risk behavior.

"¿Por qué pasa esto? Porque vivimos en una sociedad que constantemente te dice que no eres mujer": género y riesgo del VIH en mujeres trans del noreste mexicano / "Why did this happen? Because we live in a society that constantly says that you are not a woman": gender and HIV risk in trans women in Northeast Mexico / "Por que isso está ocorrendo? Porque estamos vivendo em uma sociedade que constantemente te diz que você não é mulher": gênero e risco de HIV em mulheres trans do nordeste mexicano

Las mujeres trans enfrentan un riesgo desproporcionado de adquirir el VIH. Este estudio analiza cualitativamente el riesgo del VIH en mujeres trans mexicanas desde el género como estructura social. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo realizado en el noreste de México. Se hicieron 15 entrevistas a mujeres trans de entre 22 y 69 años y se realizó un análisis temático. El análisis de las entrevistas reveló tres categorías temáticas: construcciones sociales del VIH y estigma, el género y el VIH en las relaciones interpersonales, y el género y el VIH en las instituciones y la política. Los resultados muestran que las construcciones sociales del VIH se tejen en el colectivo, a partir de la interacción con otras mujeres trans. El VIH es un fenómeno atravesado por la temporalidad sociohistórica y, en ese sentido, se generan las percepciones de riesgo frente a él. El género como estructura de opresión se vincula con las experiencias de estigma y discriminación, así como la búsqueda de la legitimación del género a través de las relaciones con parejas sexuales. Las instituciones y la política pública se relacionan con el acceso a los servicios de salud, además se identifican y analizan las barreras institucionales, personales y colectivas a partir de la identidad de género. La política sostiene y refuerza la marginalización de las mujeres trans impactando en el riesgo del VIH. Los resultados muestran que el riesgo del VIH es un fenómeno multicausal basado en el género como estructura de opresión con implicaciones sistémicas.

Trans women experience disproportionate risk of HIV infection. The study performed a qualitative analysis of HIV risk in Mexican trans women from the perspective of gender as social structure. The qualitative study was performed in Northeast Mexico. Fifteen interviews were performed with trans women 22 to 69 years of age, followed by thematic analysis. The analysis revealed three thematic categories: social constructs of HIV and stigma, gender and HIV in interpersonal relations, and gender and HIV in institutions and policy. The results show that social constructs of HIV are produced collectively based on interaction with other trans women. HIV is a phenomenon traversed by sociohistorical temporality, generating risk perceptions. Gender as a structure of oppression is linked to experiences of stigma and discrimination and the search for gender legitimization through relations with sex partners. Institutions and public policy relate to access to health services, and institutional, personal, and collective barriers are identified and analyzed based on gender identity. The policy sustains and reinforces the marginalization of trans women, impacting HIV risk. HIV risk is a multicausal phenomenon based on gender as a structure of oppression with systemic implications.

As mulheres trans enfrentam um risco desproporcional de adquirir HIV. Este estudo analisa qualitativamente o risco do HIV em mulheres trans mexicanas a partir do gênero como estrutura social. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo realizado no nordeste de México. Foram realizadas 15 entrevistas com mulheres trans, com idade entre 22 e 69 anos, além de uma análise temática. A análise das entrevistas revelou três categorias temáticas: construções sociais do HIV e estigma, gênero e HIV nas relações interpessoais, e gênero e HIV nas instituições e a política. Os resultados mostram que as construções sociais do HIV se consolidam no coletivo, a partir da interação com outras mulheres trans. O HIV é um fenómeno atravessado pela temporalidade socio histórica e, neste sentido é que são geradas as percepções de risco frente a ele. O gênero como estrutura de opressão está relacionado às experiências de estigma e discriminação, e a busca da legitimação do gênero através das relações com parceiras sexuais. As instituições e a política pública são relacionadas com o acesso aos serviços de saúde e se identificam e analisam as barreiras institucionais, pessoais e coletivas, a partir da identidade de gênero. A política apoia e reforça a marginalização das mulheres trans, impactando o risco do HIV. Os resultados mostram que o risco do HIV é um fenómeno multicausal baseado gênero como estrutura de opressão com desdobramentos sistémicos.

Multilevel elements associated with HIV serosorting for sexual encounters: a scoping literature review / Elementos multinivel asociados a seroclasificación por VIH en encuentros sexuales: revisión de alcance de la literatura

Abstract A scoping literature review to identify the multilevel HIV serosorting related elements was developed. Articles from EBSCO, PubMed, PsyNET and Science Direct with serosort* or serosorting at the tittle or abstract, written in English or Spanish were included. No restriction in type of population or design were applied. 239 records were retrieved after duplicates removed, but 181 references were extracted for full-text review. Individual level: HIV knowledge, serostatus, risk perceptions, abilities to disclose and for condom use negotiation, motivations, use of drugs, stigma, attitudes toward condom use, and perceptions/beliefs about the HIV and related treatments, HIV infection rates/testing and behavioral factors. Interpersonal level: social networks, abilities (sexual behavior negotiation, and communication). Community level: stigma, social norms, access to HIV related services. Structural level: political context, HIV related funding and public policies. HIV Serosorting is not solely an interpersonal behavior it involves multilevel elements that must be acknowledged by professionals and stakeholders.

Resumen Se desarrolló una revisión de alcance de la literatura para identificar elementos multinivel relacionados a la seroclasificación de VIH. Se incluyeron artículos de EBSCO, PubMed y Science Direct con serosort* o serosorting en título o resumen, escritos en Inglés o Español. No se aplicaron restricciones por tipo de población y diseño. Después de remover duplicados, se recuperaron 239 records, solo 181 referencias se extrajeron para revisión a texto completo. Nivel individual: Conocimiento del VIH, seroestado, percepciones de riesgo, habilidades para develar el seroestado y negociar el condón, motivaciones, uso de drogas, estigma, actitudes sobre uso del condón, y percepciones/ creencias acerca del VIH y tratamientos, tasas de infección y tamizaje de VIH, factores conductuales. Nivel interpersonal: redes sociales, habilidades (negociación de la conducta sexual, y comunicación). Nivel comunitario: Estigma, normas sociales, acceso a servicios de VIH. Nivel estructural: contexto político, políticas públicas y financiamiento relacionado al VIH. La seroclasificación de VIH no es solamente una conducta interpersonal, incluye elementos multinivel que deben ser reconocidos por los profesionales de salud y tomadores de decisiones.

Factores socioculturales y conductas sexuales de riesgo del VIH en hombres adultos latinoamericanos: revisión sistemática / Sociocultural factors and sexual risk behaviors of HIV in Latin American adult men: systematic review

La infección por el Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) es un problema de salud pública mundial con consecuencias negativas. La vulnerabilidad a este virus está asociada con factores sociales y contextuales que experimentan los hombres y que pueden influir en la conducta sexual. OBJETIVO: Realizar una revisión bibliográfica y sintetizar la información disponible sobre los factores socioculturales asociados con las conductas sexuales de riesgo del VIH, en hombres adultos latinoamericanos. MÉTODO: Se realizó una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica disponible en 11bases de datos, PubMed, EBSCO (Academic Search Complete, Academic Search Elite, Fuente Academica y MedicLatina), Ovid, Springer, Web of Sicence, Scopus, Science Direct y Wiley Online Library. Se tomó en cuenta las guías de PRISMA y se elaboró una estrategia de búsqueda para garantizar la reproducibilidad. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron nueve artículos de un total de 1210 recuperados inicialmente, se realizaron en hombres adultos identificados como heterosexuales, homosexuales, bisexuales. Se encontró que el apoyo social, el desempleo, estar en una relación, la violencia física, el uso de redes sociales, consumo de alcohol y uso de drogas son factores asociados con las conductas sexuales de riesgo del VIH. CONCLUSIÓN: La mayoría de los estudios están enfocados en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres, sin embargo, es importante considerar las conductas sexuales de los hombres heterosexuales y bisexuales, una población culturalmente importante enla toma de decisiones para llevar a cabo conductas sexuales de riesgo o seguras.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is a global public health problem withnegative consequences. Vulnerability to this virus is associated with social and contextual factors that men experience and that can influence sexual behavior. OBJECTIVE:To conduct a bibliographic review and synthesize the available information on sociocultural factors associated with sexual risk behaviors of HIV in Latin American adult men. METHOD: A systematic review of the available scientific literature was carried out in 11 databases, PubMed, EBSCO (Academic Search Complete, Academic Search Elite, Academic Source and MedicLatina), Ovid, Springer, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct and Wiley Online Library. PRISMA guidelines were taken into account and a search strategy was developed to ensure reproducibility. RESULTS: Nine articles out of a total of 1210 initially recovered were included, they were carried out in adult men identified as heterosexual, homosexual and bisexual. It was found that social support, unemployment, being in a relationship, physical violence, andthe use of social networks, alcohol consumption and drug use are factors associated with sexual risk behaviors of HIV. CONCLUSION: Most studies are focused on men who have sex with men, however, it is important to consider the sexual behaviors of heterosexual and bisexual men since they are a culturally important population in making decisions to carry out risky sexual behaviors or safe.

Prototipo móvil para fomentar el uso de condón en jóvenes mexicanos: un estudio de caso / Mobile Prototype for the Promotion of Condom Use in Mexican Youth: a Case Study

Se han utilizado aplicaciones móviles para promover el uso del condón que carecen de fundamento teórico y no consideran la opinión de los usuarios en su desarrollo por lo que han sido evaluadas negativamente. El objetivo fue desarrollar y evaluar una aplicación móvil para promover el uso correcto y consistente del condón en jóvenes mexicanos con riesgo de VIH, basado en enfoque de pensamiento de diseño centrado en el usuario. Utilizando metodología cualitativa se realizaron tres fases. En la primera fase, inspiración, se identificaron las necesidades de 9 jóvenes con respecto al uso del prototipo. En la segunda fase, ideación, se transformaron estas necesidades en soluciones y se validaron en 15 jóvenes. En la tercera fase, implementación, se realizó una prueba de usabilidad en otros 15 jóvenes. En conclusión, este enfoque ofreció una solución práctica para el desarrollo de un prototipo móvil para fomentar el uso de condón en jóvenes(AU)

Mobile applications have been used to promote the use of condoms, but those have no theoretical basis and do not consider the opinion of users in their development, which is why they have been evaluated negatively. The objective was to develop and evaluate a mobile application to promote the correct and consistent use of the condom in youth at risk of HIV, based on a user-centered design thinking approach. Using qualitative methodology, three phases were carried out. In the first phase, inspiration, the needs of 9 young people were identified with respect to the use of the prototype. In the second phase, ideation, these needs were transformed into solutions and validated in 15 youths. In the third phase, implementation, a usability test was conducted on other 15 youths. In conclusion, this approach offered a practical solution for the development of a mobile prototype to encourage the use of condoms in young people(AU)

Validación de un inventario de conductas sexuales en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres / Validation of an inventory of sexual behaviors in men who have sex with men / Validação de um inventário de comportamentos sexuais em homens que fazem sexo com homens

Objetivo: determinar la validez del cuestionario de conductas sexuales en hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (HSH). Método: se realizó una investigación instrumental con un diseño ex post-facto transversal. Se usó un muestreo dirigido por entrevistados para reclutar a 133 HSH mexicanos. Resultados: los ocho ítems de frecuencia de relaciones sexuales definieron dos escalas independientes: sexo con mujeres (α ordinal = .926) y sexo con hombres (α ordinal = .898). Ambos modelos unidimensionales mostraron ajustes aceptables. La escala de sexo desprotegido tuvo una estructura de tres factores con ajuste aceptable: con trabajadores/as sexuales (α ordinal = .961), con parejas ocasionales (α ordinal = .849) y con pareja estable (α ordinal = .858). Conclusión: el cuestionario muestra consistencia interna y validez estructural.(AU)

Objective: to determine the validity of the sexual behavior questionnaire in men who have sex with men (MSM). Method: an instrumental research was carried out with an ex-post-facto cross-sectional design. Respondent driven sampling was used to recruit 133 MSM Mexican. Results: the eight items of frequency of sexual relations defined two independent scales: sex with women (α ordinal = .926) and sex with men (α ordinal = .898). Both one-dimensional models showed acceptable adjustments. The unprotected sex scale had a structure of three factors with acceptable adjustment: with sex workers (α ordinal = .961), with occasional partners (α ordinal = .849) and with a stable partner (α ordinal = .858). Conclusion: the questionnaire shows internal consistency and structural validity.(AU)

Objetivo: determinar a validade do questionário de comportamento sexual de homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH). Método: uma investigação instrumental foi realizada com um design ex-post-facto de seção transversal. Uma amostra dirigida por entrevistados foi usada para recrutar 133 HSH mexicanos. Resultados: os oito itens de frequência de relações sexuais definiram duas escalas independentes: sexo com mulheres (α ordinal = .926) e sexo com homens (α ordinal = 0,898). Ambos os modelos unidimensionais mostraram ajustes aceitáveis. A escala sexual desprotegida tinha uma estrutura de três fatores com ajustamento aceitável: com profissionais do sexo (α ordinal = 0,961), com parceiros ocasionais (α ordinal = 0,849) e com um parceiro estável (α ordinal = 0,858). Conclusão: o questionário mostra consistência interna e validade estrutural.(AU)

Validación de la Sexual Assertiveness Scale en mujeres mexicanas / Validation of the Sexual Assertiveness Scale in Mexican Women

RESUMEN La asertividad sexual constituye una dimensión fundamental de la sexualidad humana por su relación con distintos indicadores de la salud sexual. Es la capacidad de las personas para iniciar la actividad sexual, rechazar la actividad sexual no deseada y emplear métodos anticonceptivos y así desarrollar comportamientos saludables. Esta se mide a través de la Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS). Hasta la fecha, la SAS no se ha validado en población mexicana, por lo que se considera importante examinar sus propiedades psicométricas en esta población. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo validar la SAS en una muestra de 202 mujeres mexicanas. Mediante un análisis factorial confirmatorio, se confirmó la estructura trifactorial del SAS: inicio, rechazo y embarazo-enfermedades de transmisión sexual (CFI = .953; TLI = .927). Asimismo, se obtuvo una confiabilidad adecuada en las tres subescalas y, de forma global (<±> = .85), sus puntuaciones correlacionaron significativamente en la dirección esperada con autoestima sexual y depresión rasgo. Se concluye que la SAS presenta buenas propiedades psicométricas en población femenina mexicana.

ABSTRACT Given its relationship to various indicators of sexual health, sexual assertiveness is a fundamental dimension of human sexuality. This is defined as the ability that people have to initiate sexual activity, refuse unwanted sexual activity, and use contraceptive methods, thereby developing healthy behaviours - which can be measured using the Sexual Assertiveness Scale (SAS). To date, the SAS has not been validated in the Mexican population, albeit it is considered important to examine the psychometric properties of the latter. Therefore, to the aim of this study was to validate the SAS in a sample of 202 Mexican women. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the three-factor structure of the SAS: initiation, rejection, and pregnancy-sexually transmitted diseases (CFI = .953; TLI = .927). Similarly, adequate reliability was obtained in the three subscales and overall (<±> = .85). Their scores significantly correlated in the expected direction with sexual self-esteem and the trait depression. It is concluded that the SAS has psychometric properties which are acceptable in Mexican women.

Factors Associated with Lifetime HIV Testing in Texas by Race/Ethnicity.

INTRODUCTION: In United States, roughly 1/5 of all HIV infected persons remain undiagnosed. Because HIV testing is critical to improve prevention efforts, more research is needed to understand the characteristics of individuals who get tested for HIV. METHODS: This secondary analysis of the 2010 Texas Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System used data from 9,744 respondents between 18-64 years of age to evaluate the relationship between demographic characteristics (gender, race/ethnicity, age, area of residence, education, marital status, employment status, and income), healthcare characteristics (insurance status, having a primary provider, and access to healthcare), and HIV risk behaviors with ever having received an HIV test. RESULTS: Significant associations between gender, age, area of residence, marital and employment status, and HIV risk behaviors and HIV testing in a Texas population by race/ethnicity were observed. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have important implications for future research into racial/ethnic disparities between lifetime HIV testing, and can help guide practitioners who work with populations at risk for HIV/AIDS in Texas.