Pamidronate-Conjugated Biodegradable Branched Copolyester Carriers: Synthesis and Characterization.

The need for development of comprehensive therapeutic systems, (e.g., polymer-apatite composites) as a bone substitute material has previously been highlighted in many scientific reports. The aim of this study was to develop a new multifunctional composite based on hydroxyapatite porous granules doped with selenite ions (SeO32-) and a biodegradable branched copolymer-bisphosphonate conjugate as a promising bone substitute material for patients with bone tumours or bone metastasis. A series of biodegradable and branched copolymer matrices, adequate for delivery of bisphosphonate in the bone-deficient area were synthesized and physico-chemically and biologically (cyto- and genotoxicity assays) characterized. Branched copolymers were obtained using a hyperbranched bis-MPA polyester-16-hydroxyl initiator and Sn(Oct)2, a (co)catalyst of the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of l,l-lactide (LLA) and ε-caprolactone (CL). A new amide bond was formed between the hydroxyl end groups of the synthesized copolymer carriers and an amine group of pamidronate (PAM)-the drug inhibiting bone resorption and osteoclast activity in bone. The dependence of the physico-chemical properties of the copolymer matrices on the kinetic release of PAM from the synthesized branched copolymer conjugate-coated hydroxyapatite granules doped with selenite ions was observed. Moreover, the correlation of these results with the hydrolytic degradation data of the synthesized matrices was evidenced. Therefore, the developed composite porous hydroxyapatite doped with SeO32- ions/biodegradable copolymer-PAM conjugate appears most attractive as a bone substitute material for cancer patients.

[A comparative analysis of selected parameters of vascular angiogenesis in placentas from dizygotic twin pregnancies]. / Analiza porównawcza wybranych parametrów angiogenezy naczyniowej w lozyskach pochodzacych z ciaz blizniaczych dwuzygotycznych.

INTRODUCTION: Most of preIntroduction: Most pregnancies after assisted reproduction techniques are dizygotic twin gestations. There is a close relationship between the development and functioning of the placenta and the growth of both fetuses in dizygotic twin pregnancies. Angiogenesis is the process of creating new capillaries. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to compare the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOs) between placentas of dizygotic twins, taking into account their birth weight. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 35 women in dizygotic twin pregnancies, resolved after 30 completed weeks of gestation by a caesarean section. The patients were divided into two groups: twins whose weight did not differ by more than 20% (group 1) and twins whose weight differed by more than 20% (group 2). Twins with higher and lower birth weight were classified as A and B, respectively A comparative analysis of the placentas of twins A and B with regard to the selected parameters of angiogenesis, i.e. VEGF and eNOs, was performed. RESULTS: A strong expression of VEGF was observed in twins with lower birth weight in group 1, as well as a strong expression of eNOs in twins with higher weight in group 2, and with lower weight in group 1. CONCLUSIONS: Neovascularization is more expressed in the placentas of twins with lower birth weight (in the group with no significant differences in weight), possibly reflecting the existence of efficient mechanisms of compensation. High expression of e-NOS may indicate an increased risk of ischemia with intact endothelium.

Aryl versus Alkyl Redox-Active Diazoacetates ─ Light-Induced C-H Insertion or 1,2-Rearrangement.

Diazo compounds with redox-active leaving groups are versatile reagents for orthogonal functionalizations, previously utilized in the Rh-catalyzed synthesis of highly substituted cyclopropanes. Photochemical activation of aryl-substituted diazoacetates generates carbenes, whereas redox-active esters can furnish C-radicals via the photoexcitation of EDA complexes. However, the photochemical behavior of these two functionalities, while present in one molecule, remains to be defined. We demonstrate that under light irradiation, reactions occur only on the diazo moiety, leaving the NHPI functionality intact. Not only aryl- but also alkyl-substituted NHPI diazoacetates are activated by blue light; either C-H insertion or the hydrogen/carbon 1,2-rearrangement occurs depending on the aryl/alkyl group.

Unlocking the reactivity of diazo compounds in red light with the use of photochemical tools.

Structurally diversified diazoalkanes can be activated under red light irradiation relying on direct photolysis, photosensitization or photoredox catalysis.

[Analysis of delivery types in women after previous cesarean section]. / Analiza sposobu zakonczenia ciazy u kobiet po przebytym cieciu cesarskim.

OBJECTIVE: The study was undertaken to analyze the course of pregnancy and delivery in women after previous cesarean section. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 1272 pregnant women after one cesarean section, who delivered at the 1st Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Medical University of Lodz between 1st January 2007 and 31st December 2010. RESULTS: Among patients after previous cesarean section, the most numerous group constituted women whose pregnancy was resolved with an elective repeat cesarean section, without the attempt to deliver vaginally - 58,96% whereas the remaining 41,04% of the women were qualified to make an attempt at vaginal delivery 48,28% of them succeeded to gave birth vaginally and 51,72% underwent repeat cesarean section. CONCLUSIONS: Proper qualification of patients after previous caesarean section for a natural vaginal birth allows a successful vaginal delivery. A critical analysis of the indications for surgical delivery needs to be performed in order to lower the rate of cesarean sections.

Photochemical Doyle-Kirmse Reaction: A Route to Allenes.

This Letter describes the metal-free, blue-light-induced [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of sulfonium ylides generated from donor/acceptor diazoalkanes and propargyl sulfides. The reaction furnishes highly functionalized allenes from a broad range of starting materials in decent yield. Mechanistic experiments supported by the literature data suggest singlet carbenes as intermediates in this reaction.

[The course of pregnancy and perinatal period in overweight or obese pregnant women with regard to the condition of the newborn--own experience]. / Wplyw nadwagi lub otylosci u ciezarnych na przebieg ciazy i okresu okoloporodowego z uwzglednieniem stanu urodzeniowego noworodka w oparciu o material kliniczny.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to estimate whether obesity and overweight influence the course of a pregnancy and labor and to assess the condition of a newborn. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 92 cases of pregnant women with singleton pregnancy were analyzed and assessed. The patients were divided into three groups according to their body mass index. Women with BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 comprised the first group (controls), those with BMI from 25.0 to 29.9--the second group (overweight but not obese) and those with BMI of 30 and above--the third one (obese). RESULTS: Average weight gain in the course of a pregnancy was significantly lower in the obese group whereas average blood pressure in obese women was significantly higher than in the control group. Gestational complications, such as hypertension and gestational edemas were more common in the third group. Birth weight and neonatal outcome were similar in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: 1. There is a higher risk of complications in pregnancy in overweight and obese women. 2. Obesity of women may worsen the outcome of the neonate.

[Obstetric hysterectomy in a patient with uterine myoma of uterus duplex--case report]. / Histerektomia poloznicza u pacjentki z miesniakiem macicy podwójnej--opis przypadku.

A case of a 43-year-old multipara in 36th week of pregnancy with a duplicate uterus and uterine myoma with 15 centimeters diameter has been presented in the article. The aim of the study was to present her obstetric history, course of pregnancy and delivery mode.

Noncovalent interactions determine the conformation of aurophilic complexes with 2-mercapto-4-methyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid ligands.

We report the synthesis of three gold(i) complexes [Au(H(2)-mmta)(2)]Cl·(3)H(2)O (1), Na(3)[Au(mmta)(2)]·6H(2)O (2) and Na(3)[Au(mmta)(2)]·10.5H(2)O (3) (H(2)-mmta = 2-mercapto-4-methyl-5-thiazoleacetic acid) in which the Au(i) centre is incorporated either in cationic or anionic units of the [Au(SR)(2)](+/-) type depending on the protonation state of the ligand. All structures were characterized by single crystal X-ray analysis and found to exhibit unsupported aurophilic interactions leading to the formation of dimeric [Au(2)(H(2)-mmta)(4)](2+) and [Au(2)(mmta)(4)](6-) species. By applying several ab initio interpretative techniques we examine the character of the intermolecular interactions stabilizing the eclipsed arrangement of the aurophilic dimers formed in 1-3.