Xylooligosaccharides: A Bibliometric Analysis and Current Advances of This Bioactive Food Chemical as a Potential Product in Biorefineries' Portfolios.

Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are nondigestible compounds of great interest for food and pharmaceutical industries due to their beneficial prebiotic, antibacterial, antioxidant, and antitumor properties. The market size of XOS is increasing significantly, which makes its production from lignocellulosic biomass an interesting approach to the valorization of the hemicellulose fraction of biomass, which is currently underused. This review comprehensively discusses XOS production from lignocellulosic biomass, aiming at its application in integrated biorefineries. A bibliometric analysis is carried out highlighting the main players in the field. XOS production yields after different biomass pretreatment methods are critically discussed using Microsoft PowerBI® (2.92.706.0) software, which involves screening important trends for decision-making. Enzymatic hydrolysis and the major XOS purification strategies are also explored. Finally, the integration of XOS production into biorefineries, with special attention to economic and environmental aspects, is assessed, providing important information for the implementation of biorefineries containing XOS in their portfolio.

Hydrophobic Adsorption Followed by Desorption with Ethanol-Water for Recovery of Penicillin G from Fermentation Broth.

The hydrophobic adsorption is an alternative to traditional organic solvent extraction for the recovery and purification of Penicillin G (PenG). However, there is a lack of information concerning the effect of process variables and technical feasibility while balancing product degradation. After assessing the integrity of PenG under different conditions, Amberlite XAD-4 was selected from among three different adsorbents. During the batch process using only 0.05 gXAD-4/mLmedium, the adsorption yield increased from 36% at pH 6 to 44% at pH 4. More than 90% of the antibiotic was captured from the fermentation broth using 0.083 gXAD-4/mLmedium in a 45 min batch performed at pH 4 and 4 °C. Moreover, there was no PenG degradation. The desorption conditions were evaluated, and 95% of the antibiotic could be recovered in only one batch using water-ethanol, which is an unexplored PenG desorption process. The results showed selective adsorption, indicating that the process can also be useful for purification purposes. Hydrophobic adsorption with ethanol desorption is efficient, scalable, and green and could be used in place of traditional methods or in extractive fermentation.