Multiomics sequencing and immune microenvironment characteristics define three subtypes of small cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the cervix.

Small cell cervical carcinoma (SCCC) is the most common neuroendocrine tumor in the female genital tract, with an unfavorable prognosis and lacking an evidence-based therapeutic approach. Until now, the distinct subtypes and immune characteristics of SCCC combined with genome and transcriptome have not been described. We performed genomic (n = 18), HPV integration (n = 18), and transcriptomic sequencing (n = 19) of SCCC samples. We assessed differences in immune characteristics between SCCC and conventional cervical cancer, and other small cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, through bioinformatics analysis and immunohistochemical assays. We stratified SCCC patients through non-negative matrix factorization and described the characteristics of these distinct types. We further validated it using multiplex immunofluorescence (n = 77) and investigated its clinical prognostic effect. We confirmed a high frequency of PIK3CA and TP53 alterations and HPV18 integrations in SCCC. SCCC and other small cell carcinoma had similar expression signatures and immune cell infiltration patterns. Comparing patients with SCCC to those with conventional cervical cancer, the former presented immune excluded or 'desert' infiltration. The number of CD8+ cells in the invasion margin of SCCC patients predicted favorable clinical outcomes. We identified three transcriptome subtypes: an inflamed phenotype with high-level expression of genes related to the MHC-II complex (CD74) and IFN-α/ß (SCCC-I), and two neuroendocrine subtypes with high-level expression of ASCL1 or NEUROD1, respectively. Combined with multiple technologies, we found that the neuroendocrine groups had more TP53 mutations and SCCC-I had more PIK3CA mutations. Multiplex immunofluorescence validated these subtypes and SCCC-I was an independent prognostic factor of overall survival. These results provide insights into SCCC tumor heterogeneity and potential therapies. © 2024 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.

Methyltransferase-like 3 promotes cervical cancer metastasis by enhancing cathepsin L mRNA stability in an N6-methyladenosine-dependent manner.

N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a highly abundant RNA modification in eukaryotic cells. Methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3), a major protein in the m6A methyltransferase complex, plays important roles in many malignancies, but its role in cervical cancer metastasis remains uncertain. Here, we found that METTL3 was significantly upregulated in cervical cancer tissue, and its upregulation was associated with a poor prognosis in cervical cancer patients. Knockdown of METTL3 significantly reduced cervical cancer cell migration and invasion. Conversely, METTL3 overexpression markedly promoted cervical cancer cell metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, METTL3 mediated the m6A modification of cathepsin L (CTSL) mRNA at the 5'-UTR, and the m6A reader protein insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) bound to the m6A sites and enhanced CTSL mRNA stability. Our results indicated that METTL3 enhanced CTSL mRNA stability through an m6A-IGF2BP2-dependent mechanism, thereby promoting cervical cancer cell metastasis. These findings provide insights into a novel m6A modification pattern involved in cervical cancer development.

The MYBL2-CCL2 axis promotes tumor progression and resistance to anti-PD-1 therapy in ovarian cancer by inducing immunosuppressive macrophages.

BACKGROUND: An immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment in ovarian cancer facilitates tumor progression and resistance to immunotherapy. The function of MYB Proto-Oncogene Like 2 (MYBL2) in the tumor microenvironment remains largely unexplored. METHODS: A syngeneic intraovarian mouse model, flow cytometry analysis, and immunohistochemistry were used to explore the biological function of MYBL2 in tumor progression and immune escape. Molecular and biochemical strategies-namely RNA-sequencing, western blotting, quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, multiplex immunofluorescence, chromatic immunoprecipitation assay (CHIP) and luciferase assay-were used to reveal the mechanisms of MYBL2 in the OVC microenvironment. RESULTS: We found tumor derived MYBL2 indicated poor prognosis and selectively correlated with tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) in ovarian cancer. Mechanically, C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) transcriptionally activated by MYBL2 induced TAMs recruitment and M2-like polarization in vitro. Using a syngeneic intraovarian mouse model, we identified MYBL2 promoted tumor malignancyand increased tumor-infiltrating immunosuppressive macrophages. Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) was a known upstream kinase to phosphorylate MYBL2 and promote its transcriptional function. The upstream inhibitor of CDK2, CVT-313, reprogrammed the tumor microenvironment and reduced anti-PD-1 resistance. CONCLUSIONS: The MYBL2/CCL2 axis contributing to TAMs recruitment and M2-like polarization is crucial to immune evasion and anti-PD-1 resistance in ovarian cancer, which is a potential target to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy.

Impact of the initial site of metastases on post-recurrence survival for neuroendocrine cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the risk factors and emphasize the prognostic importance of the site of recurrent neuroendocrine cervical cancer (NECC). METHODS: We enrolled 88 patients who developed recurrence after radical surgery for pathological stage I-IVa primary NECC between January 2003 and 30 December 2020 and classified these cases into 7 groups based on the initial recurrence. The risk factors for post-recurrence survival (PRS) were analyzed by Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression methods. RESULTS: Among 88 NECC patients, nearly all patients (95.50%) experienced progression within 3 years. The time to progression was significantly longer in patients with lung recurrence than in patients without lung recurrence (p = 0.008). After the first recurrence, the median follow-up was 11.1 months (range 2.37-65.50 months), and the 5-year PRS was only 20.6%. The depth of invasion in the primary surgery, number of recurrent sites, abdominal organ recurrence were correlated with PRS by univariate analysis. Multivariate analyses revealed that the number of recurrent sites (p = 0.025) and abdominal organ recurrence (p = 0.031) were independent prognostic factors. Notably, the combination of immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapy, with or without surgery, showed a 43.8% objective response rate in recurrent NECC. CONCLUSION: Patients with abdominal organ recurrence need more sophisticated therapy. The combination of immune therapy and chemotherapy might be an opportunity for recurrent NECC.

The efficacy of first and second immunotherapy exposure in patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Immunotherapy has led to changes in cervical cancer guidelines. Therefore, additional biomarkers to identify the ideal patient who would experience the most benefit may be important. METHODS: We retrospectively collected 208 patients with R/M CC and recorded clinicopathologic information, peripheral blood markers and treatments to analyze the prognostic factors of clinical outcomes. Response rate comparison, univariate, and multivariate analyses were performed to assess the efficacy of different factors. RESULTS: A total of 43.27% patients achieved objective responses, including 18 with complete response and 72 with partial response. Patients receiving first-line immunotherapy had much higher objective response rate (ORR) than the remaining patients (53.8% vs. 34.8%, p = 0.006). CRP >3 ECOG ≥1 and recurrence in 6 months predicted shorter progression free survival (PFS). CRP >3, GLU >6.1 independently predicted unfavorable overall survival (OS). Compared with no antiangiogenic therapy, previous antiangiogenic therapy reduced the median OS by nearly 14 months. Immunotherapy rechallenge was still effective after first immunotherapy failure, and combined with dual-immunotherapy or bevacizumab combined with chemoradiotherapy resulted in a 60.00% or 62.50% ORR, respectively. Patients with squamous cell carcinoma, with stable disease or objective response in the first immunotherapy or without chemotherapy in second immunotherapy had favorable clinical outcome. CONCLUSION: The baseline CRP levels in serum was an independent factor for PFS and OS of R/M CC patients treated with immunotherapy, and previous antiangiogenic therapy was associated with poor OS. Patients still show response to immunotherapy rechallenge and combined treatment with bevacizumab or candonilimab showed higher response rate than anti-PD-1 after immunotherapy failure.

Targeting the Cdc2-like kinase 2 for overcoming platinum resistance in ovarian cancer.

Platinum resistance represents a major barrier to the survival of patients with ovarian cancer (OC). Cdc2-like kinase 2 (CLK2) is a major protein kinase associated with oncogenic phenotype and development in some solid tumors. However, the exact role and underlying mechanism of CLK2 in the progression of OC is currently unknown. Using microarray gene expression profiling and immunostaining on OC tissues, we found that CLK2 was upregulated in OC tissues and was associated with a short platinum-free interval in patients. Functional assays showed that CLK2 protected OC cells from platinum-induced apoptosis and allowed tumor xenografts to be more resistant to platinum. Mechanistically, CLK2 phosphorylated breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) at serine 1423 (Ser1423) to enhance DNA damage repair, resulting in platinum resistance in OC cells. Meanwhile, in OC cells treated with platinum, p38 stabilized CLK2 protein through phosphorylating at threonine 343 of CLK2. Consequently, the combination of CLK2 and poly ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors achieved synergistic lethal effect to overcome platinum resistance in patient-derived xenografts, especially those with wild-type BRCA1. These findings provide evidence for a potential strategy to overcome platinum resistance in OC patients by targeting CLK2.

A Nomogram for Preoperative Prediction of the Risk of Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Epithelial Ovarian Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To develop a nomogram for predicting lymph node metastasis (LNM) in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). METHODS: Between December 2012 and August 2022, patients with EOC who received computed tomography (CT) and serological examinations and were treated with upfront staging or debulking surgery were included. Systematic pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy was performed in all patients. Univariate and multivariate analysis was used to identify significant risk factors associated with LNM. A nomogram was then constructed to assess the risk of LNM, which was evaluated with respect to its area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), calibration, and clinical usefulness. RESULTS: Of 212 patients enrolled in this study, 78 (36.8%) had positive LNs. The nomogram integrating CT-reported LN status, child-bearing status, tumour laterality, and stage showed good calibration and discrimination with an AUC of 0.775, significantly improving performance over the CT results (0.699, p = 0.0002) with a net reclassification improvement of 0.593 (p < 0.001) and integrated discrimination improvement of 0.054 (p < 0.001). The decision curve analysis showed the nomogram was of clinical use. CONCLUSIONS: A nomogram was constructed and internally validated, which may act as a decision aid in patients with EOC being considered for systemic lymphadenectomy.

Tislelizumab for cervical cancer: A retrospective study and analysis of correlative blood biomarkers.

Background: Tislelizumab is an anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody engineered to minimize binding to Fcγ receptors. It has been used to treat several solid tumors. However, its efficacy and toxicity, and the predictive and prognostic value of baseline hematological parameters in patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer (R/M CC) receiving tislelizumab remain unclear. Methods: We reviewed 115 patients treated for R/M CC with tislelizumab from March 2020 to June 2022 in our institute. The antitumor activity of tislelizumab was assessed using RECIST v1.1. Associations between the baseline hematological parameters and efficacy of tislelizumab in these patients were analyzed. Results: With a median follow-up of 11.3 months (range, 2.2-28.7), the overall response rate was 39.1% (95% CI, 30.1-48.2) and the disease control rate was 77.4% (95% CI, 69.6-85.2). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 19.6 months (95% CI, 10.7 to not reached). The median overall survival (OS) was not reached. Treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) of any grade occurred in 81.7% of the patients and only 7.0% of the patients experienced grade 3 or 4 TRAEs. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses showed that the level of pretreatment serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was an independent risk factor for the response (complete or partial response) to tislelizumab and the PFS of R/M CC patients treated with tislelizumab (P = 0.0001 and P = 0.002, respectively). R/M CC patients with elevated baseline CRP levels had a short PFS (P = 0.0005). Additionally, the CRP-to-albumin ratio (CAR) was an independent risk factor for the PFS and OS of R/M CC patients treated with tislelizumab (P = 0.001 and P = 0.031, respectively). R/M CC patients with an elevated baseline CAR had short PFS and OS (P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0323, respectively). Conclusions: Tislelizumab showed promising antitumor activity and tolerable toxicity in patients with R/M CC. The baseline serum CRP levels and CAR showed potential for predicting the efficacy of tislelizumab and the prognosis of R/M CC patients receiving tislelizumab.

Pretreatment Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index Can Predict Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Cervical Cancer at Stages IB2-IIB.

Background: The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) has been identified as a predictor of chemotherapy efficacy for a variety of cancers, and we aimed to determine its ability to predict the response to chemotherapy and its long-term prognosis for patients with cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) who have underwent platinum-based neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). Methods: The date from 210 patients (133 in the training cohort and 77 in the validation cohort) with CSCC who received NACT were analyzed retrospectively. The association between SII and the pathological complete response (pCR) was determined using Pearson's chi-square test, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and Logistic regression analysis. The Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional regression model were used to assess the relationship between SII and progression-free survival (PFS) or overall survival (OS). Results: The calculated optimal SII cutoff values for pCR and survival were 568.7051 and 600.5683, respectively, and patients were divided into two groups: a low SII group (≤568.7051 or ≤600.5683) and a high SII group (>568.7051 or >600.5683). A high SII was associated significantly with a lower pCR. Further analysis determined that SII was a more efficient predictor of pCR than the prognostic nutritional index, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio. Upon multivariate logistic analysis, SII proved to be an independent risk factor to predict the pCR of patients with CSCC. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that PFS and OS rates were significantly higher in the low-SII group compared with those in the high-SII group. Additional multivariate analysis indicated that the SII is an independent prognostic factor for patients with CSCC treated with NACT. Conclusion: The results confirmed that the pre-treatment SII is not only an independent predictor of pCR but also an independent prognostic factor of CSCC patients treated with platinum based NACT.

Pretreatment C-Reactive Protein/Albumin Ratio is Associated With Poor Survival in Patients With 2018 FIGO Stage IB-IIA HPV-Positive Cervical Cancer.

Objectives: The present study aimed to identify the predictive value of inflammatory indexes stratified according to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection status in women with FIGO 2018 stage IB∼IIA cervical cancer. We also explored the influences of HPV infection status on the survival of cervical cancer patients. Methods: We collected data for 583 women with stage IB∼IIA cervical cancer in Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center between 2009 and 2017. The t-test, chi-squared (χ2) test and Fisher's exact test were applied to compare the differences of inflammatory indexes and clinicopathological features between HPV-positive and HPV-negative groups. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify clinicopathological factors that were associated with the prognosis of cervical cancer patients. Results: There were no differences in overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) between HPV-positive and HPV-negative groups. In HPV-positive group, the maximum tumor size, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the body mass index (BMI) correlated significantly with C-reactive protein/albumin ratio (CAR). The maximum tumor size and the prognostic nutritional index (PNI) correlated significantly with the platelet-lymphocyte ratio (PLR). The maximum tumor size, neoadjuvant chemotherapy and PLR correlated significantly with PNI. Univariate and multivariate analyses showed that the depth of tumor invasion (HR: 3.651, 95% CI: 1.464-9.103, p = 0.005; HR: 2.478, 95% CI: 1.218-5.043, p = 0.012) and CAR (HR: 5.201, 95% CI: 2.080-13.004, p < 0.0001; HR: 2.769, 95% CI: 1.406-5.455, p = 0.003) were independent predictors of poor OS and PFS. PNI was an independent protective factor of OS (HR: 0.341, 95% CI: 0.156-0.745, p = 0.007). PLR was an independent factor of PFS (HR: 1.991, 95% CI: 1.018-3.894, p = 0.044). In HPV-negative group, BMI correlated significantly with CAR. Only depth of invasion (HR: 9.192, 95% CI: 1.016-83.173, p = 0.048) was the independent predictor of poor OS, and no inflammation indexes were independent predictors of prognosis. Conclusion: In patients with HPV-positive cervical cancer, depth of invasion, PNI and CAR are independent factors of OS, and depth of invasion, PLR and CAR are independent factors for PFS. For patients with HPV-negative disease, no inflammation indexes had predictive value for prognosis. The predictive value of inflammation indexes on prognosis is more significant in patients with HPV-positive cervical cancer. Stratification of HPV infection status promotes a more precise clinical application of inflammation indexes, thus improving their accuracy and feasibility.