Subscaling of a cytosolic RNA binding protein governs cell size homeostasis in the multiple fission alga Chlamydomonas.

Coordination of growth and division in eukaryotic cells is essential for populations of proliferating cells to maintain size homeostasis, but the underlying mechanisms that govern cell size have only been investigated in a few taxa. The green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Chlamydomonas) proliferates using a multiple fission cell cycle that involves a long G1 phase followed by a rapid series of successive S and M phases (S/M) that produces 2n daughter cells. Two control points show cell-size dependence: the Commitment control point in mid-G1 phase requires the attainment of a minimum size to enable at least one mitotic division during S/M, and the S/M control point where mother cell size governs cell division number (n), ensuring that daughter distributions are uniform. tny1 mutants pass Commitment at a smaller size than wild type and undergo extra divisions during S/M phase to produce small daughters, indicating that TNY1 functions to inhibit size-dependent cell cycle progression. TNY1 encodes a cytosolic hnRNP A-related RNA binding protein and is produced once per cell cycle during S/M phase where it is apportioned to daughter cells, and then remains at constant absolute abundance as cells grow, a property known as subscaling. Altering the dosage of TNY1 in heterozygous diploids or through mis-expression increased Commitment cell size and daughter cell size, indicating that TNY1 is a limiting factor for both size control points. Epistasis placed TNY1 function upstream of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor complex (RBC) and one of its regulators, Cyclin-Dependent Kinase G1 (CDKG1). Moreover, CDKG1 protein and mRNA were found to over-accumulate in tny1 cells suggesting that CDKG1 may be a direct target of repression by TNY1. Our data expand the potential roles of subscaling proteins outside the nucleus and imply a control mechanism that ties TNY1 accumulation to pre-division mother cell size.

Uterine Arteriovenous Malformation: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges.

Uterine arteriovenous malformations are a rare cause of puerperal haemorrhage, but their incidence is increasing due to both improved diagnosis and the more frequent use of uterine surgery in recent years. The use of ultrasound, both B-mode and Doppler, is recommended for diagnosis and follow-up, as it has been shown to be the simplest and most cost-effective method. Endometrial thickening associated with an anechoic and vascular intramiometrial structure is very useful for diagnosis and can help to exclude other causes of dysfunctional bleeding. Pulsed Doppler shows low-resistance vessels and high pulsatility indices with a high peak systolic velocity (PSV). In a healthy myometrium, the vessels have a peak systolic velocity of 9-40 cm/s and a resistance index between 0.6 and 0.8, whereas in the case of AVMs, the systolic and diastolic velocities are 4-6 times higher (PSV 25-110 cm/s with a mean of 60 cm/s and a resistance index of 0.27-0.75 with a mean of 0.41). For treatment, we must individualise each case, taking into account haemodynamic stability, the patient's reproductive wishes, and the severity of the AVM as assessed by its size and PSV.

Specific cellular microenvironments for spatiotemporal regulation of StAR and steroid synthesis.

For many years, research in the field of steroid synthesis has aimed to understand the regulation of the rate-limiting step of steroid synthesis, i.e. the transport of cholesterol from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane, and identify the protein involved in the conversion of cholesterol into pregnenolone. The extraordinary work by B Clark, J Wells, S R King, and D M Stocco eventually identified this protein and named it steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR). The group's finding was also one of the milestones in understanding the mechanism of nonvesicular lipid transport between organelles. A notable feature of StAR is its high degree of phosphorylation. In fact, StAR phosphorylation in the acute phase is required for full steroid biosynthesis. As a contribution to this subject, our work has led to the characterization of StAR as a substrate of kinases and phosphatases and as an integral part of a mitochondrion-associated multiprotein complex, essential for StAR function and cholesterol binding and mitochondrial transport to yield maximum steroid production. Results allow us to postulate the existence of a specific cellular microenvironment where StAR protein synthesis and activation, along with steroid synthesis and secretion, are performed in a compartmentalized manner, at the site of hormone receptor stimulation, and involving the compartmentalized formation of the steroid molecule-synthesizing complex.

Functionality of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells derived from head and neck cancer patients - A FDA-IND enabling study regarding MSC-based treatments for radiation-induced xerostomia.

PURPOSE: Salivary dysfunction is a significant side effect of radiation therapy for head and neck cancer (HNC). Preliminary data suggests that mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) can improve salivary function. Whether MSCs from HNC patients who have completed chemoradiation are functionally similar to those from healthy patients is unknown. We performed a pilot clinical study to determine whether bone marrow-derived MSCs [MSC(M)] from HNC patients could be used for the treatment of RT-induced salivary dysfunction. METHODS: An IRB-approved pilot clinical study was undertaken on HNC patients with xerostomia who had completed treatment two or more years prior. Patients underwent iliac crest bone marrow aspirate and MSC(M) were isolated and cultured. Culture-expanded MSC(M) were stimulated with IFNγ and cryopreserved prior to reanimation and profiling for functional markers by flow cytometry and ELISA. MSC(M) were additionally injected into mice with radiation-induced xerostomia and the changes in salivary gland histology and salivary production were examined. RESULTS: A total of six subjects were enrolled. MSC(M) from all subjects were culture expanded to > 20 million cells in a median of 15.5 days (range 8-20 days). Flow cytometry confirmed that cultured cells from HNC patients were MSC(M). Functional flow cytometry demonstrated that these IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) acquired an immunosuppressive phenotype. IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) from HNC patients were found to express GDNF, WNT1, and R-spondin 1 as well as pro-angiogenesis and immunomodulatory cytokines. In mice, IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) injection after radiation decreased the loss of acinar cells, decreased the formation of fibrosis, and increased salivary production. CONCLUSIONS: MSC (M) from previously treated HNC patients can be expanded for auto-transplantation and are functionally active. Furthermore IFNγ-stimulated MSC(M) express proteins implicated in salivary gland regeneration. This study provides preliminary data supporting the feasibility of using autologous MSC(M) from HNC patients to treat RT-induced salivary dysfunction.

Supervisión de salud de niños/as con Síndrome de Down realizado por enfermera, desde la mirada de sus cuidadores / Caregivers' perspectives about the health supervision of children with Down Syndrome carried out by a nurse

INTRODUCCION: Los niños con Síndrome de Down (SD) y sus cuidadores requieren de una atención de salud multidisciplinaria que responda a sus necesidades desde una perspectiva integral. OBJETIVO: conocer las experiencias y expectativas que tienen los cuidadores de niños con SD en relación con los cuidados brindados por la enfermera durante el control de supervisión de salud infantil. METOLOGÍA: Estudio cualitativo fenomenológico, muestra intencionada de casos por criterios conformada por 11 cuidadores de niños con SD entre 0 y 9 años, que recibieron prestaciones en el Control de Salud Infantil. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, los datos se analizaron siguiendo el esquema de reducción progresiva. Contó con la aprobación de la Dirección de Carrera de Enfermería, Universidad Santo Tomás (Temuco-Chile) (Acta 07-2018). RESULTADOS: se generaron dos categorías: "Experiencia de atención otorgada por la enfermera" y "Expectativas vinculadas a la atención proporcionada por la enfermera", se develó que los cuidadores de niños con SD perciben que los cuidados brindados por la enfermera durante la atención son insuficientes en relación con las necesidades que estos niños presentan. Esto estaría vinculado con la falta de conocimientos sobre esta condición y su abordaje integral. Con respecto a sus expectativas, refieren necesidad de acompañamiento, apoyo, educación y de profesionales de enfermería capacitados. CONCLUSIONES: urge abordar las brechas con respecto a las competencias del profesional de enfermería que realiza controles de salud del niño para poder entregar una atención de calidad a ellos y sus familias.

INTRODUCTION: Children with Down Syndrome (DS) and their caregivers require multidisciplinary health care that meets their needs from a comprehensive perspective. OBJECTIVE: to know the experiences and expectations that caregivers of children with DS have concerning the care provided by the nurse in the Child Health Supervision Attention. METHOD: A qualitative phenomenological study was conducted, an intentional sample of cases by criteria made up of 11 caregivers of children with DS between 0 and 9 years of age, who received benefits at the Child Health Control. Semi-structured interviews were carried out; the data were analyzed following the progressive reduction scheme. It had the approval of the Nursing Career Department, Santo Tomás University (Temuco-Chile) (Acta 07-2018). RESULTS: two categories were generated: "Experience of care provided by the nurse" and "Expectations linked to the care provided by the nurse", it was revealed that caregivers of children with DS perceive that the care provided by the nurse during the control is insufficient with the children's needs also, data showed a link to the lack of knowledge about this condition and its comprehensive approach. Regarding their expectations, they report the need for accompaniment, support, and education from the nurse, in addition to being a trained professional. CONCLUSION: It is urgent to address the gaps regarding the competencies of the nursing professional who performs child health checks to deliver quality care to them and their families.

Características clínicas, epidemiológicas y patológicas de los linfomas en pacientes del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño de Breña - Perú, 2015-2019

Objetivo. Determinar las características clínicas, epidemiológicas y patológicas de los linfomas en pacientes del Instituto Nacional de Salud del Niño Breña entre el 2015-2019. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio cuantitativo, observacional, transversal, descriptivo y retrospectivo; correspondiente a los pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de linfoma entre los años 2015 al 2019. Para el análisis se utilizó el programa SPSS v24. Las variables cuantitativas fueron expresadas en medidas de tendencia central y las cualitativas en frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados. Se incluyeron 43 casos, el promedio fue 7,2 años (1a - 16a), el 72,1% (n= 31) fueron del sexo masculino. Entre los síntomas más frecuentes están fiebre 51,2% (n= 22), baja de peso 41,9% (n= 18) y cansancio 20,9% (n= 9) y entre los signos prevalentes, las linfadenopatías 83,7% (n=36) y tumoración abdominal con 14% (n= 6). La localización más frecuente fue la de tipo ganglionar con 69,8% (n=30). La anemia se presentó en un 58,1% (n= 25). Según el diagnóstico anátomopatologico, 20 (48,8%) casos fueron Linfoma Hodgkin (LH) y 23 (51,2%) no Hodgkin (LNH); siendo los tipos más frecuente el linfoma linfoblástico B con un 25,6% (n=11), seguido de LH celularidad mixta con 20,9% (n= 9). El linfoma más frecuente en etapa preescolar fue el LH celularidad mixta con 31,3% (n= 5), mientras que en etapa escolar el linfoma linfoblástico B con 25,9% (n=7). Conclusiones. En pacientes pediátricos, el linfoma afectó mayormente al sexo masculino, presentando fiebre, baja de peso, linfoadenopatías, tumoración abdominal y anemia. El linfoma linfoblástico B fue el más frecuente; estas características clínicas son similares a lo reportado a nivel mundial.

Objective. To determine the clinical, epidemiological and pathological characteristics of lymphomas in patients of the National Institute of Child Health Breña between 2015-2019. Methods. A quantitative, observational, crosssectional, descriptive and retrospective study was carried out; corresponding to pediatric patients diagnosed with lymphoma between 2015 and 2019. The SPSS v24 program was used for the analysis. The quantitative variables were expressed in measures of central tendency and the qualitative ones in absolute and relative frequencies. Results. 43 cases were included, the average age was 7.2 years (1a - 16a), 72.1% (n = 31) were male. Among the most frequent symptoms are fever 51.2% (n = 22), weight loss 41.9% (n = 18) and fatigue 20.9% (n = 9) and among the prevalent signs, lymphadenopathy 83.7% (n = 36) and abdominal mass with 14% (n = 6). The most frequent location was the lymph node type with 69.8% (n = 30). Anemia occurred in 58.1% (n = 25). According to the pathological diagnosis, 20 (48.8%) cases were Hodgkin's Lymphoma (HL) and 23 (51.2%) were non-Hodgkin's (NHL); the most frequent types being B lymphoblastic lymphoma with 25.6% (n = 11), followed by mixed cellularity LH with 20.9% (n = 9). The most frequent lymphoma in preschool stage was mixed cellularity LH with 31.3% (n = 5), while in school stage B lymphoblastic lymphoma with 25.9% (n = 7). Conclusions. In pediatric patients, lymphoma mainly affects the male sex, presenting fever, weight loss, lymphadenopathy, abdominal tumor and anemia. B lymphoblastic lymphoma was the most frequent; these clinical characteristics are similar to those reported worldwide.

Estudio sobre la pertinencia del uso de las normas disponibles del Raven en adultos mayores chilenos / Study on the relevance of using available norms Raven in Chileans older adults / Estudo sobre a pertinência da utilização das normas disponíveis de Raven em idosos chilenos

La evaluación de la inteligencia en población adulto mayor ha aumentado su relevancia debido al incremento de la esperanza de vida. Este estudio centra su interés en la pertinencia de normas disponibles para el Test de Matrices Progresivas de Raven para dicha población. Se utilizaron normas de Colchester (1942, en Raven, Court y Raven, 2008), las más completas existentes. Participaron 102 adultos mayores voluntarios (más de 60 años). El diseño fue no experimental transversal correlacional. Los resultados indican que las normas resultan poco exigentes para ese grupo y que existen diferencias significativas entre los adultos de la tercera y cuarta edad, privilegiando a los del primer grupo. El índice de discrepancia mostró alta sensibilidad, indicando que la distribución de puntajes esperados no se corresponde al de la población general. Se discuten los resultados en torno a la necesidad de actualización de las normas y la consideración de las nuevas características de este periodo vital.

The assessment of intelligence in the elderly population has increased its importance in terms of increased life expectancy. The present study focuses its interest on the relevance of available norms for Raven Progressive Matrices Test in the evaluation of elderly population. Standards were used Colchester (1942, en Raven, Court y Raven, 2008), the most comprehensive available. The non-probability sample involved 102 elderly (aged over 60 years old) who were volunteers. The study used a non-experimental cross-correlation design. The results indicate that the current norms are not very demanding for the aging population, and that there are significant differences between adults of the third and fourth age, better for the first group. Moreover, the discrepancy index showed high sensitivity, indicating that the expected distribution of scores does not correspond to the general population. Results are discussed regarding the need to update the norms and the consideration of the new features involved in this vital period.

A avaliação da inteligência na população idosa tem aumentado sua importância devido ao aumento da expectativa de vida. Este estudo está centrado na relevância das normas disponíveis para o teste de Matrizes Progressivas de Raven para essa população. Foram utilizadas as normas de Colchester (1942, citado por Raven, Court y Raven, 2008), as mais completas disponíveis. Participaram 102 idosos voluntários (com idade superior a 60 anos). O desenho do estudo foi não experimental transversal correlacional. Os resultados indicam que as normas são pouco exigentes para esse grupo e que existem diferenças significativas entre os adultos da terceira e quarta idade, privilegiando o primeiro grupo. O índice de discrepância mostrou alta sensibilidade, indicando que a distribuição de pontuações esperadas não corresponde a da população em geral. Os resultados são discutidos em relação à necessidade de atualização das normas e da consideração das novas características desse período vital.

Rasgos de personalidad ajuste psicológico y síndrome de agotamiento en personal de enfermería / Personality traits psychological adjustment and burnout syndrome in nursing staff

El personal de enfermería es propenso a desarrollar agotamiento por encontrarse dentro de un ambiente laboral considerado como emocionalmente tóxico y sometido a situaciones de interacción con pacientes y familiares que propician el desarrollo de diversos estresores. El síndrome de agotamiento es un estado mental negativo y persistente relacionado a la actividad laboral, el cual se presenta en individuos normales y se ha relacionado a ciertos rasgos de personalidad; sin embargo, los resultados son heterogéneos y no permiten su generalización. El presente estudio se orientó a identificar la relación entre Síndrome de Agotamiento, Rasgos de Personalidad y Ajuste Psicológico. Para ello se aplicaron cuestionarios a 117 sujetos pertenecientes al personal de enfermería del Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo, Venezuela. Los sujetos agotados presentaron rasgos de personalidad como: sensibilidad a la crítica, desconfianza hacia los demás, dificultad para establecer contactos sociales y bajo ajuste psicológico. Los no agotados presentaron rasgos como: optimismo, perspectiva realista ante acontecimientos, capacidad para establecer contactos interpersonales y alto ajuste psicológico. El síndrome de agotamiento no se relaciona con una "Personalidad tipo", se trata de rasgos de personalidad que se encuentran asociados con la capacidad de ajuste psicológico de un sujeto

A Violência praticada por adolescentes em escola de primeiro grau / The violence practiced by the adolesdents in middle school

Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar a violência praticada pelos adolescentes.A populaçäo estudada foi de 80 adolescentes entre 10 e 15 anos,estudantes da quarta e quinta série da Escola Estadual de primeiro grau do distrinto sanitário Barra/Rio Vermelho em salvador-Bahia.Os dados encontrados indicam que um número significativo dos adolescentes entrevistados praticaram algum tipo de violência escolar.Dentre os tipos de violência mais praticados estäo a violência física,sexual e psicológica.Percebeu-se também neste estudo que o grupo mais atingido pela violência escolar foram os próprios alunos, sendo que estes atos violentos tem como principal alvo seus próprios pares.