Transcatheter left atrial decompression in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy: bridging to cardiac transplantation or recovery.

BACKGROUND: Left atrial congestion results from backward failure in dilated cardiomyopathy. We aimed to evaluate feasibility and efficacy of percutaneous atrioseptostomy to create a restrictive atrial septum defect in management of dilated cardiomyopathy.Methods and resultsFrom June 2009 to December 2016, 27 interventions comprised left atria decompressions in 22 dilated cardiomyopathy patients; 9 females; age: 24 days to 36.9 years; weight: 3-50 kg; NYHA-/Ross class IV (n=16). Mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 21.5±9.7% and brain natriuretic peptide was 2291±1992 pg/ml. Dilated cardiomyopathy was classified as chronic (n=9); acute (n=1) myocarditis; idiopathic (n=5); left ventricular non-compaction (n=4); mitochondriopathy, pacemaker induced, and arrhythmogenic (n=3). Atrioseptostomy was concomitantly performed with myocardial biopsies 6.5 days (±11.7) after admission (n=11). Trans-septal puncture was used in 18 patients; foramen ovale dilatation was done in four patients. Mean balloon size was 11 mm (range 7-14 mm); total procedure time was 133±38 minutes. No procedural complications were observed. Mean left atrial pressure decreased from 15.8±6.8 to 12.2±4.8 mmHg (p=0.005), left/right atrial pressure gradient from 9.6±5.6 to 5±3.5 mmHg; brain natriuretic peptide (n=18) decreased from 1968±1606 to 830±1083 pg/ml (p=0.01). One patient unsuitable for heart transplantation died at home despite additionally performed pulmonary artery banding and three further left atrial decompressions; five patients were bridged to transplantation, two died afterwards. Functional recovery occurred in the remaining 14 patients and in six after additional pulmonary artery banding. No patient required assist device. CONCLUSIONS: Percutaneous left atrial decompression is an age-independent, effective palliation treating patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.

Stenting and overdilating small Gore-Tex vascular grafts in complex congenital heart disease.

BACKGROUND: Gore-Tex® grafts are integral in the management of congenital heart disease. Issues of graft stenosis or somatic outgrowth may precipitate high-risk early surgery, and catheter intervention is a relatively under-reported management option. OBJECTIVES: To assess efficacy, safety, and outcomes of stenting and overdilating small Gore-Tex® vascular grafts with the aim of optimizing surgical timing. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of single-center, 13-year experience of 93 graft stenting interventions or reintervention in 80 patients, with the aim of relieving stenosis ± overdilation, to depose surgical graft revision or optimize surgical timing and candidacy. RESULTS: Median preintervention graft diameter was 52% (IQR 43-63) of nominal size, postintervention this increased to median 102% (IQR 96-120) [P < 0.001]. Overdilation was achieved in 54%; of these, the median final internal lumen was 126% (IQR 113-132) [P < 0.001]. Mean oxygen saturations increased from 69% to 82% [P < 0.001]. Adverse event rate was 14.9%; this includes mortality (3.2%) and atrioventricular conduction block (8.5%). Univariate analysis and logistic regression showed a significant relationship between adverse events and young age [P < 0.01], low weight [P < 0.01], univentricular physiology [P < 0.001], use of femoral venous access alone [P = 0.03], and intervention on a right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit [P = 0.03]. Within respective indication groups, 74% were bridged to elective cavopulmonary shunt, 95% were bridged to biventricular surgery, and 78% of long-term palliative care patients continue under follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Gore-Tex® vascular grafts can be stented effectively and expanded beyond nominal diameters by around +26%. This improves oxygen saturations, providing excellent palliation and optimized surgical timing. Adverse events are most frequent in precavopulmonary shunt patients. CONDENSED ABSTRACT: Gore-Tex® grafts are widely used in the palliation of cyanotic congenital heart disease. Grafts may become stenosed and do not allow for somatic growth. Over a 13 year period, graft stenting was performed in 80 patients (93 technically successful interventions, 4 unsuccessful.) Median internal lumen change was +50% (of nominal graft size), mean oxygen saturation change +13%. Over-dilation was performed in more than half of the cohort, with a median gain of +26% on nominal graft size. In precavopulmonary shunt patients, there was a moderate incidence of serious complications. Clinically useful deferral of surgery was achieved for the majority.

Restrictive atrial septum after the Fontan procedure.

In this study, three patients presenting with early or late postoperative Fontan complications were identified to suffer from restriction of the native atrial septum. This caused significant obstruction to pulmonary venous return and elevated systemic venous pressure. Dobutamine stress testing was used in one patient to identify this lesion. Transcatheter stenting was performed in the other two patients. Patients improved after relief of the obstruction.

Initial experience with the cook formula balloon expandable stent in congenital heart disease.

INTRODUCTION: Balloon expandable stents are an integral part in the catheter treatment of congenital heart disease. In the growing child, stents require dilatation to greater diameters over time. The Cook Formula stent is a recent 316 stainless steel open-cell design licensed for peripheral vascular work. METHODS: Following extensive ex vivo studies, 112 stents were implanted in 97 children [median age 3.9 (0.01-17.6) years; median weight 13.7 (2.4-62.8) kg] over a 27-month (Oct 2011-Dec 2013) period. RESULTS: Bench testing revealed that there was no stent shortening for dilatation to nominal diameter and beyond. The 5 mm stents could be dilated up to 10 mm, and the 10 mm stents to 20 mm. Stents were implanted through 4-7F sheaths or guide catheters over appropriate wires. Stent tracking and delivery was excellent. Twenty-three stents were implanted in the right ventricular outflow tract in Fallot-type lesions, 53 for branch pulmonary artery stenosis (22 post cavopulmonary shunt/Fontan), 14 conduit stenosis, 13 Fontan fenestrations, 3 PDA in hybrid stage I Norwood, 5 in coarctation, and 1 for SVC obstruction. Sixty-one stents (54%) were overdilated. There were no stent fractures. Radial strength was very good, whereas stent conformability was limited. CONCLUSIONS: The Cook Formula stent is a premounted balloon-expandable stent that can be significantly overdilated with virtually no shortening allowing for precise placement and minimal protrusion into adjacent vessels. The Formula stent is a very versatile addition to the range of stents for use in the catheter treatment of complex congenital heart disease in children. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Once daily dose gentamicin in neonates - is our dosing correct?

AIM: The aim of this paper is to study the safety and efficacy (measured by therapeutic level) of once daily gentamicin in neonates >or=32 weeks of gestation and or=32 weeks of gestation and 2 mg/L. Only 39 (60%) had peak and trough levels within the therapeutic range. All babies who had audiometric evaluation (62 out of 65) had normal hearing. Out of the 65 babies, 60 had paired serum creatinine levels estimated and none had evidence of renal dysfunction. Among term neonates, only 2 out of 50 had the trough serum concentration of >2 mg/L. In 38 (76%) of the 50 neonates, the trough serum gentamicin concentration was <2.0 mg/L and the peak level was <10 mg/L. Forty-eight babies had audiometric evaluation which was normal. CONCLUSION: A dose of 4 mg/kg/day produces serum gentamicin levels outside the therapeutic range in two-fifths of neonates between 32 and 36 +/- 6 weeks. A single dose of 4 mg/kg/day of gentamicin is appropriate for term babies and probably excessive for 32-36 weeks' neonates.

Catheter hemodynamic assessment of the univentricular circulation.

Children with very complex congenital heart disease not amenable to biventricular repair are increasingly being considered for a palliative univentricular care pathway. This involves a staged surgical approach culminating in the Fontan circulation with passive pulmonary blood flow and added resistances. The catheter based hemodynamic assessment at all three stages of this palliation is described in detail. Frequent pitfalls, inherent limitations and potential errors are discussed and clinical examples are illustrated.

Right ventricular outflow tract stent versus BT shunt palliation in Tetralogy of Fallot.

OBJECTIVE: This study sets out to compare morbidity, mortality and reintervention rates after stenting of the right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) versus modified Blalock-Taussig shunt (mBTS) for palliation in patients with tetralogy of Fallot (ToF)-type lesions. METHODS: Retrospective case review study evaluating 101 patients (64 males) with ToF lesions who underwent palliation with either mBTS (n=41) or RVOT stent (n=60) to augment pulmonary blood flow over a 10-year period. Procedure-related morbidity, mortality and reintervention rates were assessed and compared. RESULTS: Admission rate to paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) was lower in the RVOT stent group (22% vs 100%; p<0.001). Thirty-day mortality in the RVOT stent group was (1/60 (1.7%)) compared with (2/41 (4.9%)) in the mBTS group (p=0.565). Mortality until surgical repair was comparable in both groups (5/60, 8.4%, including three non-cardiac death in the RVOT stent group vs 2/41, 4.9% (p=0.698)). Total hospital length of stay was shorter for the RVOT stent group (median 7 days vs 14 days; p<0.003). Time to surgical repair was shorter in the RVOT stent group (median 232 days, IQR 113-360) compared with the mBTS group (median 428 days, IQR 370-529; p<0.001) due to improved pulmonary arterial growth. CONCLUSION: RVOT stenting in Fallot-type lesions can be accomplished safely, with lower PICU admission rate, a shorter hospital length of stay and shorter duration of palliation until complete repair compared with mBTS palliation.