Unveiling the hidden threat of microplastics to coral reefs in remote South Atlantic islands.

The widespread presence of marine microplastics (< 5 mm) is a significant concern, as it may harm marine biodiversity and ocean ecosystems. Corals' capacity to ingest microplastics has emerged as a significant threat to reef ecosystems, owing to the detrimental physiological and ecological effects it can trigger. The extent of the impact of microplastics on Brazilian corals remains unclear and this study aimed to investigate its distribution and characteristics in four coral species: Favia gravida, Mussismilia hispida, Montastrea cavernosa, and Siderastrea stellata, found in the Trindade and Martim Vaz Islands - the most isolated archipelago of Brazil, located about 1200 km (680 miles) east of the coast. This study aims to reveal the extent of microplastic distribution in the coral reef environment, assess the amount of microplastics in different coral species, and compare each species' capacity to adhere and accumulate microplastics. A high concentration of ingested and adhered microplastics was detected in all coral species evaluated in the present study. No significant differences were observed in the sampling points which indicates that although the sampling points are located at different distances from the coast, the microplastic pollution is equally distributed in the region. Polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Rayon, and Nylon particles were detected, with a predominance of PE (45.5 %). No significant differences in microplastic concentration were detected among the various species and locations studied. Our research presents findings that demonstrate the extensive occurrence of microplastic contamination in coral colonies located on remote islands.

Retirement risks: Invasive coral on old oil platform on the Brazilian equatorial continental shelf.

The objective of this study was to report, for the first time, the presence of an invasive coral (Tubastraea tagusensis) in an oil platform on the Brazilian equatorial continental shelf. This structure is located more than 1200 km north from other oil and gas structures colonized by this coral. We also discussed the retirement and decommissioning of old biofouling-encrusted oil and gas platforms (~62 platforms) from decreased production and the current oil crisis, exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic. This presents an ecological concern due invasive coral range expansion and potential impacts to poorly studied ecosystems such as marginal shallow-water coral reefs and mesophotic ecosystems. It is imperative that mindful risk analysis and rigorous environmental studies must precede the installation of new oil and gas platforms. In addition, decommissioning of retired structures should take into consideration marine restoration and non-indigenous species dispersal, and more specifically, Tubastraea bioinvasion.

Diversity patterns of reef fish along the Brazilian tropical coast.

Causal mechanisms for broad-scale reef fish diversity patterns are poorly understood and current knowledge is limited to trends of species richness. This work compared the effects of ecological drivers on components of fish diversity across reefs spanning over 2.000 km of the tropical Brazilian coastline. A quarter of communities' diversity is accountable to common and dominant species, while remaining species are rare. Low-latitude sites were more diverse in rare species. Communities along the coast share common and dominant species, which display high densities across all reefs, but differ in rare species that show abundance peaks in particular reef morphotypes. The disproportionate distribution of rare species reveals a higher vulnerability of these communities to impacts and stochastic density fluctuations. Uneven conservation efforts directed to these morphotypes pose a threat to the maintenance of a paramount component of the reef fish diversity represented by rare species.

Effects of depth on reef fish communities: Insights of a "deep refuge hypothesis" from Southwestern Atlantic reefs.

Deeper reefs are often considered to be less susceptible to local and global disturbances, such as overfishing, pollution and climate change, compared to shallow reefs and therefore could act as refugia for shallow water species. Hence, the interest on deeper reefs has happened at a time when shallow reefs are undergoing unprecedented changes. Here we investigated the hypothesis that fish community differed from shallow to deeper reefs due to factors apart from habitat structure and quality and therefore discuss for the first-time insights of a "deep refuge hypothesis" from Brazilian reefs. We collected data on fish community, benthic community and physiological conditions of two coral species on shallow (< 6 m) and deep reefs (> 25 m). No significant difference on substratum composition was observed comparing sites and depths. Additionally, physiological data on corals also showed similar oxidative status and growth conditions when comparing the two-coral species in shallow and deep reefs. Conversely, our study demonstrated strong differences on reef fish communities in terms of abundance, species richness, trophic groups, size classes and groups of interest when comparing shallow and deeper reefs. Fish abundance was 2-fold higher and species richness was up to 70% higher on deeper reefs. Also, a significant difference was observed comparing trophic groups of reef fish. Macrocarnivore, Mobile invertebrate feeders, Planktivores, Sessile Invertebrates Feeders and Roving Herbivores were more abundant on deeper reefs. On the other hand, Territorialist Herbivores almost exclusively dominated shallow reefs. Strong differences were also observed comparing the abundance of reef fish groups of interest and their respective size classes between shallow and deeper reefs. Ornamental, Great Herbivores and Groupers showed clear differences, with higher abundances being observed in deeper reefs. Considering size classes, larger individuals (> 15 cm) of Great Herbivores, Groupers and Snapper were uniquely recorded at deeper reefs. Additionally, individuals with > 30 cm were recorded almost exclusively on deeper reefs for all the analyzed groups of interest. Our findings suggest that fishing pressure on the target species may be attenuated on deeper reefs, and these regions may therefore be considered as areas of refuge from shallow water impacts. Therefore, the likely potential for deeper reefs protect species from natural or anthropogenic disturbances increases the attention of marine conservation planning and resource management on including deeper reefs in protected areas.

The influence of fire-coral colony size and agonistic behaviour of territorial damselfish on associated coral reef fish communities.

Branching hydrocorals from the genus Millepora play an important ecological role in South Atlantic reefs, where branching scleractinian corals are absent. Previous studies have shown a high proportion of reef fish species using branching fire-coral colonies as shelter, breeding, and feeding sites. However, the effects of Millepora spp. colony size and how the agonistic behaviour of a competitive damselfish affect the associated reef fish community are still unknown. The present study examined how fire-coral colony volume and the presence of a highly territorial and aggressive damselfish (Brazilian endemic Stegastes fuscus) affects the reef fish community associated with the fire-coral Millepora alcicornis. M. alcicornis colonies were surveyed from September 2012 to April 2013 at Tamandaré Reefs off Northeast Brazil. Our results show that the abundance and richness of coral associated fish was positively correlated with M. alcicornis coral colony volume. Additionally, behaviour of S. fuscus, the most abundant reef fish species found associated with fire-coral colonies (almost 57% of the fish community), was also influenced by fire-coral colony volume. There was a clear trend of increased agonistic behaviour and feeding on coral polyps as colony volume increased. This trend was reversed for the non-occupational swimming category, which decreased as M. alcicornis colony volume increased. Behavioural ontogenetic changes were also detected for S. fuscus individuals. Juveniles mainly showed two distinct behaviours: sheltered on coral branches and feeding on coral polyps. In contrast, adults presented greater equitability among the behavioural categories, mostly non-occupational swimming around coral colonies and agonistic behaviour. Lastly, S. fuscus individuals actively defended fire-coral colonies from intruders. A large number of agonistic interactions occurred against potential food competitors, which were mainly roving herbivores, omnivores, and sessile invertebrate feeders. To our knowledge, the present study provides the first evidence that through habitat competition, the presence of S. fuscus may affect reef fish communities associated with M. alcicornis coral colonies. Our findings also indicate that S. fuscus uses M. alcicornis coral colonies as part of their territory for shelter and foraging. In conclusion, M. alcicornis fire-coral colonies are extremely important habitats for reef fishes and the size and presence of a territorial damselfish are relevant variables for associated reef fish community.

"Swallowing it all" - Extreme ingestion capability of juvenile reef fish / "Engolindo inteiro" - Extrema capacidade de ingestão de peixes recifais juvenis

During a predation event a juvenile grouper, rock hind Epinephelus adscensionis, fed upon the redlip blenny Ophioblennius trinitatis. It is important to highlight that both individuals had pretty much the same size during the predation event (around 5 cm); however, the grouper ingested the whole prey.

Durante um evento de predação um indivíduo juvenil de Epinephelus adscensionis (peixe-gato) alimentou-se de Ophioblennius trinitatis (macaquinho). É importante destacar que ambos os peixes apresentavam praticamente o mesmo tamanho (aproximadamente 5 cm); no entanto, a garoupa engoliu a presa inteira.

Mixed-species schooling behavior and protective mimicry involving coral reef fish from the genus Haemulon (Haemulidae)

The present study analyzed heterotypic schooling behavior and protective mimicry relationships involving species of the genus Haemulon and other coral reef fishes on coastal reefs at Tamandaré, Pernambuco State, Northeastern Brazil. The work was performed during 35 hours of direct observation using the "focal animal" method. The observed events involved 14 species of reef fish in eight different families. The phenomenon of mixed schooling appeared to be related to the large number of individuals of the genus Haemulon present in reef environments and to the tendency of individuals with limited populations to try to aggregate in schools (e.g. genus Scarus).

O presente estudo analisou o comportamento de formação de cardumes mistos e mimetismo de proteção envolvendo espécies do gênero Haemulon e demais peixes recifais nos recifes costeiros de Tamandaré, estado de Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. O trabalho foi realizado utilizando observações subaquáticas e incluiu 35 horas de observação direta utilizando o método animal focal, durante as quais foram registradas associações com 14 espécies pertencentes a oito famílias diferentes. Os fenômenos registrados possivelmente estão relacionados à grande quantidade de indivíduos do gênero Haemulon presentes nos ecossistemas recifais e também à tendência de indivíduos com reduzidas populações a permanecerem em cardumes (e.g. gênero Scarus).

Dieta e comportamento alimentar de Malacoctenus delalandii (Perciformes: Labrisomidae) / Diet and feeding behavior of Malacoctenus delalandii (Perciformes: Labrisomidae)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar a composição da dieta e o comportamento alimentar de Malacoctenus delalandii, uma espécie carnívora, de hábitos diurnos, que habita tocas e frestas de ambientes rochosos de águas tropicais. Para avaliação da dieta, foram coletados 31 indivíduos utilizando puçás, na praia da Fortaleza, município de Ubatuba. A oferta alimentar foi analisada comparando-se o conteúdo estomacal dos indivíduos com dez amostras do fital da alga calcária Amphiroa beauvoisii, local de forrageio da espécie. Para descrever o comportamento alimentar de M. delalandii foram realizadas 44 sessões de observação usando técnicas ad libitum e animal focal. Os itens alimentares considerados constantes foram os crustáceos pertencentes à ordem Isopoda (75,8 por cento) e à subordem Gammaridea (86,2 por cento), confirmando o hábito alimentar carnívoro da espécie. Houve uma diferença significativa (G = 278,89, g.L. = 70, p < 0,01) entre a disponibilidade de itens no substrato e a ocorrência destes nos estômagos. Foram realizados 410 minutos (6,8 horas) de observações subaquáticas diretas e concluiu-se que os indivíduos utilizam a estratégia alimentar de especulação do substrato ("grubber excavation while moving"). A espécie apresentou uma taxa de forrageamento de 0,74 ± 0,164 mordicadas per minutes (média ± desvio padrão), evidenciando baixa atividade alimentar e hábito criptobêntico.

This work analyzed the diet composition and the feeding behavior of Malacoctenus delalandii, a carnivorous species, with diurnal habit, that lives in holes and crevices of rock areas in tropical waters. For diet evaluation, 31 individuals were collected during diving using hand nets, in the Fortaleza beach, Ubatuba. The feeding offer was analyzed comparing the stomach contents of the collected individuals with ten samples of the Amphiroa beauvoisii calcareous algal phytal, the species foraging site. To describe the feeding behavior of M. delalandii 44 observation sections were performed using ad libitum and focal animal methods. The food items considered constant were crustaceans belonging to the order Isopoda (75.8 percent) and the suborder Gammaridea (86.2 percent), confirming the species carnivorous feeding habit. There was a significant difference (G = 278.89, df=70, p < 0.01) between the availability of items in the substrate and the occurrence in the stomachs. A total of 410minutes (6.8 hours) of direct underwater observations were performed, and we concluded that the individuals use the grubber excavation while moving feeding strategy. The species presented a foraging rate of 0.74 ± 0.164 bites per minutes (average ± standard deviation), evidencing low feeding activity and cryptobenthic habit.