Is Electronic Information Exchange Associated With Lower 30-Day Readmission Charges Among Medicare Beneficiaries?

OBJECTIVE: Fragmented readmissions, when admission and readmission occur at different hospitals, are associated with increased charges compared with nonfragmented readmissions. We assessed if hospital participation in health information exchange (HIE) was associated with differences in total charges in fragmented readmissions. DATA SOURCE: Medicare Fee-for-Service Data, 2018. STUDY DESIGN: We used generalized linear models with hospital referral region and readmission month fixed effects to assess relationships between information sharing (same HIE, different HIEs, and no HIE available) and total charges of 30-day readmissions among fragmented readmissions; analyses were adjusted for patient-level clinical/demographic characteristics and hospital-level characteristics. DATA EXTRACTION METHODS: We included beneficiaries with a hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, syncope, urinary tract infection, dehydration, or behavioral issues with a 30-day readmission for any reason. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In all, 279,729 admission-readmission pairs were included, 27% of which were fragmented (n=75,438); average charges of fragmented readmissions were $64,897-$71,606. Compared with fragmented readmissions where no HIE was available, the average marginal effects of same-HIE and different-HIE admission-readmission pairs were -$2329.55 (95% CI: -7333.73, 2674.62) and -$3905.20 (95% CI: -7592.85, -307.54), respectively. While the average marginal effects of different-HIE pairs were lower than those for no-HIE fragmented readmissions, the average marginal effects of same-HIE and different-HIE pairs were not significantly different from each other. CONCLUSIONS: There were no statistical differences in charges between fragmented readmissions to hospitals that share an HIE or that do not share an HIE compared with hospitals with no HIE available.

A Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the NIH Emotions Toolbox Among People Living with HIV and Who May Use Methamphetamine.

The National Institutes of Health Toolbox Emotion Battery (NIHTB-EB) was developed to provide researchers and clinicians with a concise tool for measuring emotional health. The NIHTB-EB has been validated and normed in English and Spanish-speaking populations in the United States. However, its application in certain groups, such as people living with HIV (PWH) and who may use methamphetamine has not been tested. This paper evaluates the factor structure in a sample of people without HIV and PWH who may or may not use methamphetamine. The sample included 773 adults ages 18 to 87. The factorial structure of the NIHTB-EB was examined using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in the full sample and among four subgroups based on HIV status and methamphetamine use. The CFA confirmed a three-factor structure that mirrors the previously validated structure with latent factors measuring negative affect, social relationships, and psychological well-being for three subgroups. While each latent factor was confirmed in all groups, we could not confirm, with confidence, the full battery in the smallest subgroup (HIV-seronegative participants who use methamphetamine). The three-factor NIHTB-EB is appropriate for use among PWH who may use methamphetamine, but further examination with larger samples is warranted.

Evaluation of a Photo Captioning Cognitive Empathy Intervention for Dementia Caregivers.

OBJECTIVES: The goal of this study was to develop and evaluate an intervention aimed at increasing cognitive empathy, improving mental health, and reducing inflammation in dementia caregivers, and to examine the relevant neural and psychological mechanisms. METHODS: Twenty dementia caregivers completed an intervention that involved taking 3-5 daily photographs of their person living with dementia (PLWD) over a period of 10 days and captioning those photos with descriptive text capturing the inner voice of the PLWD. Both before and after the intervention, participants completed questionnaires, provided a blood sample for measures of inflammation, and completed a neuroimaging session to measure their neural response to viewing photographs of their PLWD and others. RESULTS: 87% of enrolled caregivers completed the intervention. Caregivers experienced pre- to post-intervention increases in cognitive empathy (i.e. Perspective-Taking) and decreases in both burden and anxiety. These changes were paralleled by an increased neural response to photographs of their PLWD within brain regions implicated in cognitive empathy. CONCLUSION: These findings warrant a larger replication study that includes a control condition and follows participants to establish the duration of the intervention effects. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Cognitive empathy interventions may improve caregiver mental health and are worthy of further investigation.

Tissue myeloid cells in SIV-infected primates acquire viral DNA through phagocytosis of infected T cells.

The viral accessory protein Vpx, expressed by certain simian and human immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs and HIVs), is thought to improve viral infectivity of myeloid cells. We infected 35 Asian macaques and African green monkeys with viruses that do or do not express Vpx and examined viral targeting of cells in vivo. While lack of Vpx expression affected viral dynamics in vivo, with decreased viral loads and infection of CD4⁺ T cells, Vpx expression had no detectable effect on infectivity of myeloid cells. Moreover, viral DNA was observed only within myeloid cells in tissues not massively depleted of CD4⁺ T cells. Myeloid cells containing viral DNA also showed evidence of T cell phagocytosis in vivo, suggesting that their viral DNA may be attributed to phagocytosis of SIV-infected T cells. These data suggest that myeloid cells are not a major source of SIV in vivo, irrespective of Vpx expression.

Preparing Students for Change: An Advisement Seminar Informed by Tolman and Kremling's Integrated Model of Student Resistance.

Graduate students entering entry-level occupational therapy programs are confronted by new ways of learning and interacting for which they may be ill-prepared. Confronted with the need to change their approach to learning, students may become frustrated and lose motivation, resulting in resistance. This article describes a pilot first term group advisement seminar, informed by Tolman and Kremling. Integrated Model of Student Resistance (IMSR), and designed to prepare students for these necessary changes. The article describes topics addressed, strategies implemented, and insights and reflections on the process and outcomes of participation in the seminar.

Immobilization Leads to Alterations in Intracellular Phosphagen and Creatine Transporter Content in Human Skeletal Muscle.

The role of dysregulated intracellular creatine metabolism in disuse atrophy is unknown. In this study, skeletal muscle biopsy samples were obtained after 7-days of unilateral leg immobilization (IMMOB) and the non-immobilized control limb (CTRL) of 15 healthy males (23.1 ± 3.5 yrs). Samples were analyzed for fibre-type cross-sectional area (CSA) and creatine transporter (CreaT) at the cell membrane periphery (MEM) or intracellular (INT) areas, via immunoflouresence microscopy. Creatine kinase (CK) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) were determined via immunoblot. PCr, Cr and ATP were measured via enzymatic analysis. Body composition and maximal isometric knee extensor strength were assessed before and after disuse. Leg strength and fat-free mass were reduced in IMMOB (~32% and 4%, respectively; P<0.01 for both). Type II fibre CSA was smaller (~12%; P=0.028) and intramuscular PCr lower (~13%; P=0.015) in IMMOB vs. CTRL. CreaT protein was greater in Type I fibres in both limbs (P<0.01). CreaT was greater in IMMOB vs. CTRL (P < 0.01) and inversely associated with PCr concentration in both limbs (P < 0.05). MEM CreaT was greater than the INT CreaT in Type I and II fibres of both limbs (~14% for both; P<0.01 for both). Type I fibre CreaT tended to be greater in IMMOB vs. CTRL (P=0.074). CK was greater, and phospho-to-total AMPKThr172 tended to be greater, in IMMOB vs. CTRL (P=0.013 and 0.051, respectively). These findings suggest that modulation of intracellular creatine metabolism is an adaptive response to immobilisation in young healthy skeletal muscle.

Correction to: Complementary and Alternative Medicine Among Persons living with HIV in the Era of Combined Antiretroviral Treatment.

In the original publication of the article, the given and family name of the fourth author was not correct. The name has been corrected with this erratum.

Complementary and Alternative Medicine Among Persons living with HIV in the Era of Combined Antiretroviral Treatment.

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), often pursued independent of prescribing clinicians, may interact with traditional treatments, yet CAM use has not been well characterized among people living with HIV (PLWH) in the combined antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. We analyzed data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (October 2012-April 2015) to characterize CAM use in PLWH on ART. CAM users were more likely to have lived longer with HIV, report more bothersome symptoms, be prescribed more benzodiazepines and opioids, and consume less nicotine and alcohol. Given its high prevalence, clinicians should routinely assess for CAM use and its impact among PLWH.

Emergency Medical Services Provider Experiences of Hospice Care.

BACKGROUND: Growing numbers of emergency medical services (EMS) providers respond to patients who receive hospice care. The objective of this investigation was to assess the knowledge, attitudes, and experiences of EMS providers in the care of patients enrolled in hospice care. METHODS: We conducted a survey study of EMS providers regarding hospice care. We collected quantitative and qualitative data on EMS provider's knowledge, attitudes, and experiences in responding to the care needs of patients in hospice care. We used Chi-squared tests to compare EMS provider's responses by credential (Emergency Medical Technician [EMT] vs. Paramedic) and years of experience (0-5 vs. 5+). We conducted a thematic analysis to examine open-ended responses to qualitative questions. RESULTS: Of the 182 EMS providers who completed the survey (100% response rate), 84.1% had cared for a hospice patient one or more times. Respondents included 86 (47.3%) EMTs with Intermediate and Advanced training and 96 (52.7%) Paramedics. Respondent's years of experience ranged from 0-10+ years, with 99 (54.3%) providers having 0-5 years of experience and 83 (45.7%) providers having 5+ years of experience. There were no significant differences between EMTs and Paramedics in their knowledge of the care of these patients, nor were there significant differences (p < 0.05) between those with 0-5 and 5+ years of experience. Furthermore, 53 (29.1%) EMS providers reported receiving formal education on the care of hospice patients. A total of 36% respondents felt that patients in hospice care required a DNR order. In EMS providers' open-ended responses on challenges in responding to the care needs of hospice patients, common themes were family-related challenges, and the need for more education. CONCLUSION: While the majority of EMS providers have responded to patients enrolled in hospice care, few providers received formal training on how to care for this population. EMS providers have expressed a need for a formal curriculum on the care of the patient receiving hospice.

Interleukin-2 Therapy Induces CD4 Downregulation, Which Decreases Circulating CD4 T Cell Counts, in African Green Monkeys.

UNLABELLED: African green monkeys (AGMs) are natural hosts of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVAGM). Because these animals do not develop simian AIDS despite maintaining high viral loads, there is considerable interest in determining how these animals have evolved to avoid SIV disease progression. Unlike nonnatural hosts of SIV, adult AGMs maintain low levels of CD4(+) T cells at steady states and also have a large population of virus-resistant CD8αα T cells that lack CD4 expression despite maintaining T helper cell functionalities. In recent work, we have shown that homeostatic cytokines can induce CD4 downregulation in AGM T cells in vitro Through administering therapeutic doses of recombinant human interleukin-2 (IL-2) to AGMs, we show here that this mechanism is operative in vivo IL-2 therapy induced transient yet robust proliferation in all major T cell subsets. Within the CD4(+) T cell population, those that were induced into cycle by IL-2 exhibited characteristics of CD4-to-CD8αα conversion. In all animals receiving IL-2, circulating CD4(+) T cell counts and proportions tended to be lower and CD4(-) CD8αα(+) T cell counts tended to be higher. Despite reductions in circulating target cells, the viral load was unaffected over the course of study. IMPORTANCE: The data in this study identify that homeostatic cytokines can downregulate CD4 in vivo and, when given therapeutically, can induce AGMs to sustain very low levels of circulating CD4(+) T cells without showing signs of immunodeficiency.

Using social exchange theory to understand non-terminal palliative care referral practices for Parkinson's disease patients.

BACKGROUND: A palliative approach is recommended in the care of Parkinson's disease patients; however, many patients only receive this care in the form of hospice at the end of life. Physician attitudes about palliative care have been shown to influence referrals for patients with chronic disease, and negative physician perceptions may affect early palliative referrals for Parkinson's disease patients. AIM: To use Social Exchange Theory to examine the association between neurologist-perceived costs and benefits of palliative care referral for Parkinson's disease patients and their reported referral practices. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey study of neurologists. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: A total of 62 neurologists recruited from the National Parkinson Foundation, the Medical Association of Georgia, and the American Academy of Neurology's clinician database. RESULTS: Participants reported significantly stronger endorsement of the rewards ( M = 3.34, SD = 0.37) of palliative care referrals than the costs ( M = 2.13, SD = 0.30; t(61) = -16.10, p < 0.0001). A Poisson regression found that perceived costs, perceived rewards, physician type, and the number of complementary clinicians in practice were significant predictors of palliative care referral. CONCLUSION: Physicians may be more likely to refer patients to non-terminal palliative care if (1) they work in interdisciplinary settings and/or (2) previous personal or patient experience with palliative care was positive. They may be less likely to refer if (1) they fear a loss of autonomy in patient care, (2) they are unaware of available programs, and/or (3) they believe they address palliative needs. Initiatives to educate neurologists on the benefits and availability of non-terminal palliative services could improve patient access to this care.

Exposing the Backstage: Critical Reflections on a Longitudinal Qualitative Study of Residents' Care Networks in Assisted Living.

In this article, we analyze the research experiences associated with a longitudinal qualitative study of residents' care networks in assisted living. Using data from researcher meetings, field notes, and memos, we critically examine our design and decision making and accompanying methodological implications. We focus on one complete wave of data collection involving 28 residents and 114 care network members in four diverse settings followed for 2 years. We identify study features that make our research innovative, but that also represent significant challenges. They include the focus and topic; settings and participants; scope and design complexity; nature, modes, frequency, and duration of data collection; and analytic approach. Each feature has methodological implications, including benefits and challenges pertaining to recruitment, retention, data collection, quality, and management, research team work, researcher roles, ethics, and dissemination. Our analysis demonstrates the value of our approach and of reflecting on and sharing methodological processes for cumulative knowledge building.

Activation of HIV-1 from latent infection via synergy of RUNX1 inhibitor Ro5-3335 and SAHA.

A major barrier to the elimination of HIV-1 infection is the presence of a pool of long-lived, latently infected CD4+ memory T-cells. The search for treatments to re-activate latent HIV to aid in clearance is hindered by the incomplete understanding of the mechanisms that lead to transcriptional silencing of viral gene expression in host cells. Here we identify a previously unknown role for RUNX1 in HIV-1 transcriptional latency. The RUNX proteins, in combination with the co-factor CBF-ß, are critical transcriptional regulators in T-cells. RUNX1 strongly modulates CD4 expression and contributes to CD4+ T-cell function. We show that RUNX1 can bind DNA sequences within the HIV-1 LTR and that this binding represses transcription. Using patient samples we show a negative correlation between RUNX1 expression and viral load. Furthermore, we find that pharmacologic inhibition of RUNX1 by a small molecule inhibitor, Ro5-3335, synergizes with the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor SAHA (Vorinostat) to enhance the activation of latent HIV-1 in both cell lines and PBMCs from patients. Our findings indicate that RUNX1 and CBF-ß cooperate in cells to modulate HIV-1 replication, identifying for the first time RUNX1 as a cellular factor involved in HIV-1 latency. This work highlights the therapeutic potential of inhibitors of RUNX1 to re-activate virus and aid in clearance of HIV-1.

The rise of Astyanax cavefish.

Numerous animals have invaded subterranean caverns and evolved remarkably similar features. These features include loss of vision and pigmentation, and gains in nonvisual sensation. This broad convergence echoes smaller-scale convergence, in which members of the same species repeatedly evolve the same cave-associated phenotypes. The blind Mexican tetra of the Sierra de El Abra region of northeastern Mexico has a complex origin, having recurrently colonized subterranean environments through numerous invasions of surface-dwelling fish. These colonizations likely occurred ∼1-5 MYa. Despite evidence of historical and contemporary gene flow between cave and surface forms, the cave-associated phenotype appears to remain quite stable in nature. This model system has provided insight to the mechanisms of phenotypic regression, the genetic basis for constructive trait evolution, and the origin of behavioral novelties. Here, we document the rise of this model system from its discovery by a Mexican surveyor in 1936, to a powerful system for cave biology and contemporary genetic research. The recently sequenced genome provides exciting opportunities for future research, and will help resolve several long-standing biological problems. Developmental Dynamics 244:1031-1038, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The Interplay Between Host Genetic Variation, Viral Replication, and Microbial Translocation in Untreated HIV-Infected Individuals.

Systemic immune activation, a major determinant of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease progression, is the result of a complex interplay between viral replication, dysregulation of the immune system, and microbial translocation due to gut mucosal damage. Although human genetic variants influencing HIV load have been identified, it is unknown how much the host genetic background contributes to interindividual differences in other determinants of HIV pathogenesis such as gut damage and microbial translocation. Using samples and data from 717 untreated participants in the Swiss HIV Cohort Study and a genome-wide association study design, we searched for human genetic determinants of plasma levels of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP/FABP2), a marker of gut damage, and of soluble CD14 (sCD14), a marker of lipopolysaccharide bioactivity and microbial translocation. We also assessed the correlations between HIV load, sCD14, and I-FABP. Although we found no genome-wide significant determinant of the tested plasma markers, we observed strong associations between sCD14 and both HIV load and I-FABP, shedding new light on the relationships between processes that drive progression of untreated HIV infection.

Homeostatic cytokines induce CD4 downregulation in African green monkeys independently of antigen exposure to generate simian immunodeficiency virus-resistant CD8αα T cells.

UNLABELLED: African green monkeys (AGMs; genus Chlorocebus) are a natural host of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVAGM). As they do not develop simian AIDS, there is great interest in understanding how this species has evolved to avoid immunodeficiency. Adult African green monkeys naturally have low numbers of CD4 T cells and a large population of major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted CD8α(dim) T cells that are generated through CD4 downregulation in CD4(+) T cells. Mechanisms that drive this process of CD4 downregulation are unknown. Here, we show that juvenile AGMs accelerate CD4-to-CD8αα conversion upon SIV infection and avoid progression to AIDS. The CD4 downregulation induced by SIV infection is not limited to SIV-specific T cells, and vaccination of an adult AGM who had a negligible number of CD4 T cells demonstrated that CD4 downregulation can occur without antigenic exposure. Finally, we show that the T cell homeostatic cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-7, and IL-15 can induce CD4 downregulation in vitro. These data identify a mechanism that allows AGMs to generate a large, diverse population of T cells that perform CD4 T cell functions but are resistant to SIV infection. A better understanding of this mechanism may allow the development of treatments to induce protective CD4 downregulation in humans. IMPORTANCE: Many African primate species are naturally infected with SIV. African green monkeys, one natural host species, avoid simian AIDS by creating a population of T cells that lack CD4, the human immunodeficiency virus/SIV receptor; therefore, they are resistant to infection. However, these T cells maintain properties of CD4(+) T cells even after receptor downregulation and preserve immune function. Here, we show that juvenile AGMs, who have not undergone extensive CD4 downregulation, accelerate this process upon SIV infection. Furthermore, we show that in vivo, CD4 downregulation does not occur exclusively in antigen-experienced T cells. Finally, we show that the cytokines IL-2, IL-7, and IL-15, which induce homeostatic T cell proliferation, lead to CD4 downregulation in vitro; therefore, they can provide signals that lead to antigen-independent CD4 downregulation. These results suggest that if a similar process of CD4 downregulation could be induced in humans, it could provide a cure for AIDS.

Changes in JC virus-specific T cell responses during natalizumab treatment and in natalizumab-associated progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) induced by JC virus (JCV) is a risk for natalizumab-treated multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Here we characterize the JCV-specific T cell responses in healthy donors and natalizumab-treated MS patients to reveal functional differences that may account for the development of natalizumab-associated PML. CD4 and CD8 T cell responses specific for all JCV proteins were readily identified in MS patients and healthy volunteers. The magnitude and quality of responses to JCV and cytomegalovirus (CMV) did not change from baseline through several months of natalizumab therapy. However, the frequency of T cells producing IL-10 upon mitogenic stimulation transiently increased after the first dose. In addition, MS patients with natalizumab-associated PML were distinguished from all other subjects in that they either had no detectable JCV-specific T cell response or had JCV-specific CD4 T cell responses uniquely dominated by IL-10 production. Additionally, IL-10 levels were higher in the CSF of individuals with recently diagnosed PML. Thus, natalizumab-treated MS patients with PML have absent or aberrant JCV-specific T cell responses compared with non-PML patients, and changes in T cell-mediated control of JCV replication may be a risk factor for developing PML. Our data suggest further approaches to improved monitoring, treatment and prevention of PML in natalizumab-treated patients.

From Empathy to Action: Design Thinking as a Catalyst for Community-Based Participatory Research in Dementia Caregiving.

This article delves into the understudied realm of investigating the potential benefits of integrating design thinking into community-based participatory research within the context of culturally diverse dementia caregivers. Following the Double-Diamond process model, we conducted a series of workshops with 15 family caregivers of dementia patients from three distinct communities (multi-racial, Black, and Latino ethnicity) to gain insights into their daily experiences and co-create interventions that could address their pressing challenges. The research question for this study aimed to explore the potential benefits of design thinking in community-based research on dementia caregiving. Our findings contribute to the health design community by demonstrating the potential of design thinking to 1) uncover common and distinct challenges in diverse communities, 2) translate findings into actionable solutions, and 3) design tailored interventions that are responsive to the context-specific needs of the community. Our study leads us to conclude that the integration of design thinking as a catalyst in community-based participatory research has the potential to amplify the identification of nuanced and previously unexamined challenges through empathetic exploration, and to propose innovative interventions that are more amenable to uptake and acceptance within the community.

Proactive Care-Seeking Strategies Among Adults Aging Solo With Early Dementia: A Qualitative Study.

OBJECTIVES: People living with dementia need increasing care over time, but 1 in 3 adults with cognitive impairment lives alone. The goal of this study was to explore the self-identified strengths and resources for future care needs of adults aging solo with early dementia. METHODS: Semistructured interviews with 15 adults not living with a partner and with no children in the same state, who self-identified as having early dementia or mild cognitive impairment; hybrid inductive/deductive reflexive thematic analysis using a successful aging framework. RESULTS: Participants placed a high value on maintaining independence and expressed concerns about preserving selfhood and becoming a burden to others. These values influenced how participants appraised financial and social resources available to address future care needs and strategies to preempt or respond to needs such as transportation, help with finances, or activities of daily living. DISCUSSION: Adults without close family are heterogeneous and have variable resources available to address care needs associated with dementia progression. Common values of retaining independence and minimizing burden to others may be helpful in motivating adults aging solo to undertake planning and help-seeking early.

Resident and Caregiver Dyads Talk About Death and Dying in Assisted Living: A Typology of Communication Behaviors.

BACKGROUND: In the U.S., assisted living (AL) is increasingly a site of death, and anxiety about dying has been identified in long-term care residents and their caregivers. Communication about death and dying is associated with better quality of life and care at end of life (EOL). OBJECTIVE: To understand communication behaviors used by AL residents and their informal caregivers (i.e., family members or friends) related to death and dying, and address communication needs or opportunities applicable to EOL care in AL. DESIGN: A thematic analysis of in-depth interviews and fieldnotes from a subsample of data from a 5-year NIA-funded study. SETTING/SUBJECTS: Participants included 15 resident-caregiver dyads from three diverse AL communities in Atlanta, Georgia in the U.S. MEASUREMENTS: Interview transcripts were coded for communication behavior. Concordances and discordances within dyads were examined. RESULTS: We identified a typology of four dyadic communication behaviors: Talking (i.e., both partners were talking with each other about death), Blocking (i.e., one partner wanted to talk about death but the other did not), Avoiding (i.e., each partner perceived that the other did not want to communicate about death), and Unable (i.e., dyads could not communicate about death because of interpersonal barriers). CONCLUSIONS: Older residents in AL often want to talk about death but are blocked from doing so by an informal caregiver. Caregivers and AL residents may benefit from training in death communication. Recommendations for improving advance care planning and promoting better EOL communication includes timing these conversations before the opportunity is lost.