Asunto(s)
Sexología/tendencias , Conducta Sexual/fisiología , Conducta Sexual/psicología , Salud de la Mujer/tendencias , Animales , Antidepresivos/uso terapéutico , Nivel de Alerta/efectos de los fármacos , Nivel de Alerta/fisiología , Bencimidazoles/farmacología , Bencimidazoles/uso terapéutico , Terapia Cognitivo-Conductual , Anticonceptivos Orales/efectos adversos , Dopamina/metabolismo , Aprobación de Drogas , Epinefrina/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Hipotiroidismo/complicaciones , Hipotiroidismo/tratamiento farmacológico , Libido/efectos de los fármacos , Libido/fisiología , Masculino , Melanocortinas/metabolismo , Orgasmo/fisiología , Péptidos Cíclicos/farmacología , Péptidos Cíclicos/uso terapéutico , Calidad de Vida , Ratas , Proteínas de Transporte de Serotonina en la Membrana Plasmática/deficiencia , Proteínas de Transporte de Serotonina en la Membrana Plasmática/genética , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/efectos adversos , Globulina de Unión a Hormona Sexual/metabolismo , Conducta Sexual/efectos de los fármacos , Disfunciones Sexuales Psicológicas/complicaciones , Disfunciones Sexuales Psicológicas/fisiopatología , Disfunciones Sexuales Psicológicas/psicología , Disfunciones Sexuales Psicológicas/terapia , Tabú/psicología , Estados Unidos , United States Food and Drug Administration , Vagina/anatomía & histología , Vagina/irrigación sanguínea , Vagina/fisiología , alfa-MSH/farmacología , alfa-MSH/uso terapéuticoAsunto(s)
Ciencia/organización & administración , Ciencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Autoria , Disciplinas de las Ciencias Biológicas/organización & administración , Disciplinas de las Ciencias Biológicas/estadística & datos numéricos , Conducta Cooperativa , Emigración e Inmigración/legislación & jurisprudencia , Emigración e Inmigración/estadística & datos numéricos , Unión Europea/economía , Unión Europea/organización & administración , Historia del Siglo XVII , Invenciones , Londres , Selección de Personal , Ciencia/historia , Incertidumbre , Universidades/organización & administración , Universidades/normas , Universidades/estadística & datos numéricosAsunto(s)
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Ingeniería Genética/métodos , Genoma/genética , Animales , HumanosAsunto(s)
Biología Celular , Hipersensibilidad , Neurociencias , Física , Investigadores/historia , Derechos de la Mujer , Animales , Brasil , Biología Celular/historia , Niño , Cuidado del Niño , Crianza del Niño , Docentes , Femenino , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad/historia , Massachusetts , Neurociencias/historia , Optogenética/historia , Física/historia , Portugal , Embarazo , Investigadores/educación , Sexismo , Sudáfrica , Recursos HumanosAsunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/etiología , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Interacción Gen-Ambiente , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Neoplasias de la Mama/psicología , Niño , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Femenino , Genes BRCA1 , Genes BRCA2 , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Humanos , Menopausia/fisiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Obesidad/complicaciones , Linaje , Factores de Riesgo , Hermanos , Estrés Psicológico/complicaciones , Estudios en Gemelos como AsuntoRESUMEN
The COVID-19 pandemic has led governments worldwide to impose extensive restrictions on citizens, some of which may have long-term impact after their removal. Education is arguably the policy domain where closure policies are anticipated to lead to greatest lasting loss, in this case learning loss. Currently, limited data exists from which researchers and practitioners can draw insightful conclusions about how to remedy the problem. In this paper, we outline the global pattern in pandemic school-closure periods and illustrate data needs through the examples drawn from Brazil and India, two large countries which experienced prolonged periods of school closures during the pandemic. We conclude with a series of recommendations for building an improved data environment at government, school and household levels, to serve the building back agenda in education, and to provide better opportunities for evidence-based policymaking thereafter.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Pandemias/prevención & control , Instituciones Académicas , India , BrasilRESUMEN
We present a panel dataset of COVID-19 vaccine policies, with data from 01 January 2020 for 185 countries and a number of subnational jurisdictions, reporting on vaccination prioritization plans, eligibility and availability, cost to the individual and mandatory vaccination policies. For each of these indicators, we recorded who is targeted by a policy using 52 standardized categories. These indicators document a detailed picture of the unprecedented scale of international COVID-19 vaccination rollout and strategy, indicating which countries prioritized and vaccinated which groups, when and in what order. We highlight key descriptive findings from these data to demonstrate uses for the data and to encourage researchers and policymakers in future research and vaccination planning. Numerous patterns and trends begin to emerge. For example: 'eliminator' countries (those that aimed to prevent virus entry into the country and community transmission) tended to prioritize border workers and economic sectors, while 'mitigator' countries (those that aimed to reduce the impact of community transmission) tended to prioritize the elderly and healthcare sectors for the first COVID-19 vaccinations; high-income countries published prioritization plans and began vaccinations earlier than low- and middle-income countries. Fifty-five countries were found to have implemented at least one policy of mandatory vaccination. We also demonstrate the value of combining this data with vaccination uptake rates, vaccine supply and demand data, and with further COVID-19 epidemiological data.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Vacunas , Humanos , Anciano , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Vacunación , PolíticasAsunto(s)
Gobierno Federal , Libertad , Apoyo a la Investigación como Asunto/legislación & jurisprudencia , Ciencia/legislación & jurisprudencia , Producto Interno Bruto , Sector Privado/economía , Investigadores/economía , Investigadores/legislación & jurisprudencia , Apoyo a la Investigación como Asunto/economía , Ciencia/economía , Universidades/economía , Universidades/legislación & jurisprudencia , VenezuelaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: To date, public health policies implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic have been evaluated on the basis of their ability to reduce transmission and minimise economic harm. We aimed to assess the association between COVID-19 policy restrictions and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: In this longitudinal analysis, we combined daily policy stringency data from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker with psychological distress scores and life evaluations captured in the Imperial College London-YouGov COVID-19 Behaviour Tracker Global Survey in fortnightly cross-sections from samples of 15 countries between April 27, 2020, and June 28, 2021. The mental health questions provided a sample size of 432 642 valid responses, with an average of 14 918 responses every 2 weeks. To investigate how policy stringency was associated with mental health, we considered two potential mediators: observed physical distancing and perceptions of the government's handling of the pandemic. Countries were grouped on the basis of their response to the COVID-19 pandemic as those pursuing an elimination strategy (countries that aimed to eliminate community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within their borders) or those pursuing a mitigation strategy (countries that aimed to control SARS-CoV-2 transmission). Using a combined dataset of country-level and individual-level data, we estimated linear regression models with country-fixed effects (ie, dummy variables representing the countries in our sample) and with individual and contextual covariates. Additionally, we analysed data from a sample of Nordic countries, to compare Sweden (that pursued a mitigation strategy) to other Nordic countries (that adopted a near-elimination strategy). FINDINGS: Controlling for individual and contextual variables, higher policy stringency was associated with higher mean psychological distress scores and lower life evaluations (standardised coefficients ß=0·014 [95% CI 0·005 to 0·023] for psychological distress; ß=-0·010 [-0·015 to -0·004] for life evaluation). Pandemic intensity (number of deaths per 100 000 inhabitants) was also associated with higher mean psychological distress scores and lower life evaluations (standardised coefficients ß=0·016 [0·008 to 0·025] for psychological distress; ß=-0·010 [-0·017 to -0·004] for life evaluation). The negative association between policy stringency and mental health was mediated by observed physical distancing and perceptions of the government's handling of the pandemic. We observed that countries pursuing an elimination strategy used different policy timings and intensities compared with countries pursuing a mitigation strategy. The containment policies of countries pursuing elimination strategies were on average less stringent, and fewer deaths were observed. INTERPRETATION: Changes in mental health measures during the first 15 months of the COVID-19 pandemic were small. More stringent COVID-19 policies were associated with poorer mental health. Elimination strategies minimised transmission and deaths, while restricting mental health effects. FUNDING: None.