[Distribution of usual vitamin intake and prevalence of inadequate intake among Chinese adults in 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the usual vitamin intake and the prevalence of inadequate intakes among Chinese adults in 2015, and to provide a scientific basis for developing nutrition intervention strategies and measures for target populations. METHODS: Data was drawn from the Chinese Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015-2017, a nationally representative cross-sectional study. The multistage stratified whole-group random sampling method was used to draw participants from 298 surveillance sites in 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities). Participants with no available information or abnormal energy intake were excluded, and finally, a total of 72 231 participants aged 18 years and older were included in the current study. The dietary data of the participants were collected by the 24-hour dietary recall method combined with the condiment weighing method for three consecutive days. The National Cancer Institute method was used to estimate the distribution of the usual intake of vitamin B_1(thiamine), vitamin B_2(riboflavin), niacin, vitamin C(ascorbic acid), and vitamin E(tocopherol), and the prevalence of inadequate intake was evaluated based on estimated average requirement or adequate intake from the Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes 2023. RESULTS: The usual intake of vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin B_1, vitamin B_2 and niacin were 27.93 mg/d, 77.67 mg/d, 0.78 mg/d, 0.62 mg/d and 13.15 mg/d, respectively. The prevalence of inadequate intake was, in descending order, vitamin B_2(95.98%), vitamin B_1(86.73%), vitamin C(63.70%), niacin(39.81%), and vitamin E(21.17%). The prevalence of inadequate vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin B_1 and niacin intake among females was higher than among males(P<0.01). Overall, the prevalence of inadequate vitamin intake increased with age. Rural residents had a higher prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamin C, vitamin B_2 and niacin than urban residents(P<0.01). Except for vitamin E, the prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamins decreased with increasing education levels. The prevalence of inadequate intake of these five vitamins was higher among participants with lower income levels than those with middle or high income(P<0.01). Participants with normal weight had a higher prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamin E than those with overweight or obesity and had a higher prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamin C than those with obesity. However, participants with normal weight had a higher prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamin E than those with overweight or obesity, with the differences being statistically significant(P<0.01). Except for vitamin E, the prevalence of inadequate intake of vitamins decreased with increasing physical activity intensity. CONCLUSION: In 2015, the usual intake of dietary vitamins of Chinese adults was low. There are differences in usual intakes of vitamins and prevalence of inadequate vitamin intake for adults aged 18 years and above in males and females, different age groups, urban and rural areas, education levels, household income levels, body mass index and physical activity intensity.

[Association between habitual tea consumption and 10-year cardiovascular risk among Chinese mid-aged and elderly].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between habitual tea consumption and 10-year cardiovascular disease risk among middle-aged and elderly Chinese. METHODS: China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015 applied a stratified, multistage, and random sampling method. The current study selected middle-aged and elderly participants aged 45 and older, and they were investigated by basic information survey, dietary survey based on the food frequency questionnaire, physical measurements including height, weight, and blood pressure, and a laboratory examination with fasting blood samples. Habitual tea consumption was defined by asking about the number of cups of tea usually consumed per day in the past 12 months, and the risk of cardiovascular disease incidence was calculated using the Framingham risk score over a 10-year period. The association between tea consumption and 10-year risk of cardiovascular disease in this population was analyzed using multiple logistic regression, and further analyzed using gender as a stratification factor. RESULTS: A total of 42 704 Chinese middle-aged and elderly were included in this study, with an average age of(59.4±9.4) years, 20 104 males and 22 600 females, 17 194 in urban areas and 25 510 in rural areas. For tea drinking, there were 12 519(29.32%) tea drinkers in the included sample, of which 4153(9.73%) consumed 1-2 cups/d, 3336(7.81%) 3-4 cups/d, and 5030(11.78%) ≥5 cups/d. For 10-year cardiovascular risk, 28 267 participants(66.19%) were estimated to be low risk, while 14 437(33.81%) were in the high risk. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, place of residence, education, income, marital status, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep, participation in medical examination within one year, DASH dietary score, energy intake and chronic disease status, the result showed a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease over a 10-year period among those who consumed 3-4 cups/d compared with those who did not consume tea(OR=0.820, 95%CI 0.719-0.934, P_(trend)=0.03). When stratified by gender, both gender showed participants who consumed 3-4 cups/d had a lower risk for cardiovascular disease than those who did not consume tea(males: OR=0.849, 95%CI 0.722-0.997; females: OR=0.697, 95%CI 0.527-0.922). And the result was more pronounced among females. CONCLUSION: Moderate habitual tea consumption could reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease among middle-aged and elderly Chinese people, and its protective effect is more pronounced among females.

[Status of elevated blood pressure among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-17 from 2016 to 2017 according to 4 different references].

OBJECTIVE: To describe and analysis the detection rate of high normal blood pressure and high blood pressure among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7-17 years from 2016 to 2017 according to the clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in Children and Adolescents published by the American Academy of Pediatrics(the AAP reference), the international blood pressure references among Children and Adolescents aged 6 to 17 years(the international reference), health industry standard of the People's Republic of China "Reference of screening for elevated blood pressure among children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 years(WS/T 610-2018)"(the industry reference) and updating blood pressure references for Chinese children aged 3 to 17 years(the guideline reference). METHODS: Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Women(2016-2017), in which the multistage stratified whole group random sampling method was used to draw participants from 275 surveillance sites in 31 provinces(autonomous regions and municipalities). In total, 67 231 participants were included according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Blood pressure was measured three times by trained staff using a validated oscillometric blood pressure monitor at the same point. The average blood pressure was calculated for the three measurements for SBP and DBP. To match the sampling design methodology, all values were weighted to represent the total population of Chinese children and adolescents 7-17 years of age considering sampling weights for each stratification based on the sixth population census data provided by the National Bureau of Statistics. RESULTS: The detection rate varied greatly under different references. The detection rate of high normal blood pressure was ranked from high to low according to the AAP reference(20.15%) > the guideline reference(17.29%) > the industry reference(13.14%) > the international reference(12.66%); the detection rate of high blood pressure in descending order is the guideline reference(24.31%) > the international reference(21.34%) > the AAP reference(20.59%) > the industry reference(19.96%). CONCLUSION: Although the consistency between the AAP references and international references and our national two references were medium to high, the difference in detection rate obtained by analysis was large. Considering the differences of demographic characteristics in the reference population, caution should be taken when applying foreign references to judge the blood pressure status of children and adolescents in China.

Comparison of data-driven identified hypertension-protective dietary patterns among Chinese adults: based on a nationwide study.

PURPOSE: Diet pattern (DP) is a key modifiable and cost-effective factor in hypertension (HTN) management. The current study aimed to identify and compare the hypertension-protective DPs among Chinese adults. METHODS: 52,648 participants aged over 18 years were included from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance (CNHS) 2015-2017. Reduced rank regression (RRR) and partial least square regression (PLS) was applied to identify the DPs. Multivariable-adjusted logistic regression was used to assess the association between the DPs and HTN. RESULTS: DPs derived by RRR and PLS were both featured by higher consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits, mushrooms and edible fungi, seaweeds, soybeans and related products, mixed legumes, dairy products, fresh eggs, and lower of refined grain consumption. Compared to the lowest quintile, participants in the highest quintile had lower odds of HTN (RRR-DP: OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.72-0.83; PLS-DP: OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.71-0.82; all p < 0.0001). Simplified DP scores were observed the same protective tendencies (Simplified RRR-DP: OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.75-0.87; Simplified PLS-DP: OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.74-0.85; all p < 0.0001) and showed effective extrapolation in subgroups defined by gender, age, location, lifestyle, and different metabolic conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The identified DPs had high conformity with East Asian dietary habits, and significantly negative associations with HTN among Chinese adults. The simplified DP technique also indicated the potential for improving the extrapolation of the results of DP analysis related to HTN.

Association of fine particulate matter and its constituents with hypertension: the modifying effect of dietary patterns.

BACKGROUND: Studies have shown that nutritional supplements could reduce the adverse effects induced by air pollution. However, whether dietary patterns can modify the association of long-term exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and its constituents with hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline has not been evaluated. METHODS: We included 47,501 Chinese adults from a nationwide cross-sectional study. PM2.5 and five constituents were estimated by satellite-based random forest models. Dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) and alternative Mediterranean diet (AMED) scores were calculated for each participant. Interactions between dietary patterns and air pollution were examined by adding a multiplicative interaction term to logistic models. RESULTS: Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents was associated with an increased risk of hypertension and stage 1-2 hypertension. The DASH and AMED scores significantly modified these associations, as individuals with higher scores had a significantly lower risk of air pollution-related hypertension and stage 1-2 hypertension (P-interaction < 0.05), except for interaction between PM2.5, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium, and AMED score on stage 1 hypertension. For each IQR increase in PM2.5, participants with the lowest DASH and AMED quintiles had hypertension risk with ORs (95%CI) of 1.20 (1.10, 1.30) and 1.19 (1.09, 1.29), whereas those with the highest DASH and AMED quintiles had lower risks with 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) and 1.04 (0.97, 1.11). The stratified analysis found modification effect was more prominent in the < 65 years age group. Consuming more fresh vegetables, fruits, whole grains, and dairy would reduce the risk of hypertension caused by PM2.5 and its constituents. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary patterns rich in antioxidants can reduce long-term exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents-induced hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline, especially in young and middle-aged individuals. Compared to the Mediterranean diet, the DASH diet offers superior dietary guidance to prevent stage 1 hypertension caused by air pollution.

[Association between cooking fuel and chronic diseases among Chinese housewives from 2015 to 2017].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the association between the use of different household cooking fuels(including solid fuels and clean fuels) and hypertension, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma among Chinese housewives. METHODS: 15616 housewives aged over 18 years were selected from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2015-2017, and their basic information investigation, physical examination and laboratory examination were carried out. Using multiple adjustment logistic regression analysis to compare the risk of using clean fuels and solid fuels in hypertension, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. And living areas(urban or rural) were used as stratified factors for stratified logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Among 15616 Chinese housewives, 9539(61.08%) used clean cooking fuels and 6077(38.92%) used solid cooking fuels at that time. There were significant differences in the composition of urban and rural areas, age groups, body mass index, education level, household annual income, smoking and drinking, second-hand smoke exposure level and whether to participate in physical examination within one year. After multivariable adjustment, using solid cooking fuels increased the risk of hypertension(OR=1.14, 95% CI 1.05-1.23), stroke(OR=1.44, 95% CI 1.18-1.75), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(OR=1.20, 95% CI 1.03-1.40) and asthma(OR 1.33, 95% CI 1.09-1.63). After stratified by urban and rural areas, the result showed that using solid cooking fuels among rural housewives significantly increased the risk of the above four diseases(hypertension: OR=1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.22; stroke: OR=1.49, 95% CI 1.17-1.91; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: OR=1.20, 95% CI 1.00-1.42; asthma: OR=1.40, 95% CI 1.09-1.79). While in urban housewives, except that using solid cooking fuels might increase the risk of hypertension, the risk of stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma has not increased significantly, but there was still an increasing tendencies(hypertension: OR=1.18, 95% CI 1.02-1.36; stroke: OR=1.37, 95% CI 0.99-1.90; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: OR=1.20, 95% CI 0.89-1.60; asthma: OR=1.20, 95% CI 0.82-1.74). CONCLUSION: The use of solid cooking fuels is a risk factor for Chinese housewives in hypertension, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and asthma, and is more significant among rural housewives.

[Energy and macronutrients intake of the elderly aged 75 years and above in China in 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the intake of energy and macronutrients in the elderly aged 75 years and above in China. METHODS: The data was sourced from the China National Chronic Non-communicable Disease and Nutrition Surveillance, which adopted a multi-stage stratified clustered random sampling method and selected 298 monitoring points from 31 provinces across the country to carry out chronic non-communicable disease and nutrition surveillance of Chinese adults. The condiments weighting method and 3-day 24-hour dietary review method were used to collect dietary data for residents. Based on the dietary survey result of 3368 elderly people aged 75 years and above in the surveillance, the intake of energy and macro nutrients of elderly people was analyzed. RESULTS: Among the elderly aged 75 years and above included in the analysis, there were 1727 males and 1641 females, 1511 people in urban areas and 1857 people in rural areas, 1956 people aged 75-79, 1412 people aged ≥ 80. The average energy intake of the elderly aged 75 years and above in China was(1601.0±473.4)kcal, and the average intakes of carbohydrate, protein and fat were(219.6±76.6)g, (48.2±18.6)g and(60.2±31.5)g, respectively. The energy supply ratios of carbohydrate, protein and fat were 54.9%, 12.0% and 33.1% respectively. The carbohydrate intake and its energy supply ratio of the urban elderly((200.0±74.0)g and 51.8%) were significantly lower than those of the rural elderly((235.5±75.0) and 57.4%), while the protein intake and its energy supply ratio((50.2±18.9)g and 13.0%), fat intake and its energy supply ratio((61.2±30.2)g and 35.2%)of the urban elderly were significantly higher than those of the rural elderly((46.5±18.2)g and 11.2% for protein, and(59.4±32.5)g and 31.4% for fat). According to Chinese dietary reference intake standard, only 28.1% of the elderly aged 75 and above reached the recommended value of energy, 71.9% of the elderly did not take enough energy, the proportion of insufficient protein intake was 72.2%, 68.5% in urban areas and 75.2% in rural areas, the proportion of people with fat to energy ratio more than 30% was 58.5%, 65.3% in urban areas and 52.9% in rural areas. CONCLUSION: The energy intake of the elderly aged 75 years and above in China was insufficient, the protein intake was low, the fat to energy ratio was too high, and the dietary structure was unreasonable.

[Screen time among Chinese primary and middle school students from 2016 to 2017].

OBJECTIVE: To get a better knowledge of the current situation of screen time among primary and secondary school students in all provinces of China from 2016 to 2017. METHODS: Data was from the China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Women(2016-2017).275 monitoring points were selected from 31 provinces of China by multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling. A total of 280 primary and secondary school students from 2 primary schools, 2 junior middle schools and 1 senior high school were randomly selected from each monitoring point to complete the survey.73629 primary and secondary school students(except grade 9 and grade 12) were included in this study. RESULTS: From 2016 to 2017, the average daily screen time of Chinese primary and secondary school students was(1.65±1.54) hours, M(P25, P75) was 1.29(0.58, 2.21) h. In terms of provinces, the average daily electronic screen time of primary and secondary school students in Beijing, Tianjin, Jilin, Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan is more than 2 hours. In terms of rural and urban areas, the screen time of students in Beijing's rural and urban areas, Tianjin's rural areas, Hebei's urban areas, Liaoning's rural areas, Jilin's rural areas, Fujian's urban areas, Guangdong's urban areas, Guangxi's urban areas, Hainan's rural and urban areas, and Xinjiang's urban areas all exceeds 2 hours/day. Besides, screen times of rural primary and secondary school students in Beijing(Z=2.62, P<0.01), Tianjin(Z=5.94, P<0.01), Liaoning(Z=11.56, P<0.01), Jilin(Z=-7.59, P<0.01), Shanghai(Z=3.19, P<0.01), Jiangsu(Z=12.00, P<0.01), Zhejiang(Z=-4.80, P<0.01), Anhui(Z=-4.67, P<0.01), Jiangxi(Z=-3.29, P=0.01), and Sichuan(Z=-4.53, P<0.01) are longer than that of urban students. CONCLUSION: There are urban-rural differences in the average daily electronic screen time and different types of electronic screen time of primary and secondary school students in China's provinces from 2016 to 2017.

Uridylation: a vital way for cellular RNA surveillance.

RNA uridylation is an efficient posttranscriptional regulator of gene expression conserved in almost all eukaryotes. Terminal uridylyltransferase (TUTase) are responsible for monouridylation and oligouridylation of various RNA substrates, including snRNA, miRNA, mRNA and other ncRNAs. Studies have demonstrated that monouridylation on ncRNA intermediates alters their ultimate products and processing rates, whereas oligouridylation is often employed to degrade particular RNAs with spatio-temporal specificity and responsible for clearance of the aberrant RNAs and viral RNAs. Uridylation regulates gene expression by these two ways, therefore affects several important biological processes including organismal reproduction and early development, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, as well as virus infection. In this review, we provide the summarization of current researches on uridylation, introduce several techniques widely used for RNA 3' terminus detection, put more emphases on describing the mechanisms of how uridylation controls gene expression, and summarize the key roles of uridylation in RNA surveillance and several biological processes. Furthermore, we discuss other unsolved issues and crucial aspects of future research as well, with the aim of providing new ideas for anti-tumor and anti-virus therapies.

[Eating out behavior of residents aged 6 and above in China from 2015 to 2017].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the eating out behavior of Chinese residents aged 6 and above from 2015 to 2017. METHODS: Using the data of eating out behavior in the past week from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance(2015-2017), after data cleaning, a total of 150 682 subjects were included in this study, including 80 703 in 2015 and 69 979 in 2016-2017. The percentage of cases were used to describe the eating behaviors of different characteristics of the population, Chi-square test was used to comparative analysis. RESULTS: From 2015 to 2017, proportions of eating out for all the three meals was 46.3% of Chinese residents aged 6 and above in the past week, that of were 69.7%, 84.6%, 33.2%, 19.8% and 9.1% of Chinese residents aged 6 to 11, 12 to 17, 18 to 44, 45 to 59 and 60 and above, respectively. The proportion of urban and rural residents eating out in the past week were 52.8% and 41.2%, respectively, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The proportion of male and female residents eating out in the past week were 49.6% and 43.1%, respectively, the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Proportions of eating out for breakfast, lunch and dinner were 31.4%, 37.2% and 21.4% respectively of Chinese residents, that of were 17.3%, 29.1% and 15.1% of Chinese residents eating breakfast, lunch and dinner in work/school canteens. CONCLUSION: Children aged 6 to 17 years old are the key groups for eating out. Among adults aged 18 and above, residents aged 18 to 44 have the highest proportion of eating out. Proportions of eating out for lunch is the highest and the main eating-out place is the canteen for Chinese residents.

[Status of dietary micronutrient intakes among the children of 12-17 years old in China from 2016 to 2017].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the status of dietary micronutrient in takes among the children of 12-17 years old in China from 2016 to 2017. METHODS: Multistage stratified random sampling method was used to collect data in 275 monitoring sites of the China National Nutrition and Health Survey of Chinese children and lactating mothers in 31 provinces of China from 2016 to 2017. Three consecutive 24-hour recalls method wasused to collect the information of food intake, and household or school canteen edible oil and condiments weighing were adopted. The dietary micronutrient were analyzed based on theChina Food Composition table. RESULTS: The average daily intakes of vitamin A(retinol activity equivalents), vitamin B_1(thiamine), vitamin B_2(riboflavin), vitamin C(ascorbic acid), calcium, iron, zinc and sodium were 356.8 µ g, 0.8 mg, 0.8 mg, 60.5 mg, 342.8 mg, 19.2 mg, 9.8 mg and 5 230.4 mg, respectively. The proportion ofdaily average intakes of vitamin A, vitamin B_1, vitamin B_2, vitamin C and calcium lower than 60% of the recommended value were 74.3%, 59.4%, 57.7%, 62.6% and 93.0%, respectively. The proportion of daily intake of iron and zinc reaching 80% of the recommended value were 73.8% and 64.8%, respectively. The proportion of daily average intake of sodium exceeded the appropriate intake by 94.4%. The average daily intakes of micronutrients increased with age among the children of 12-17 years old. There were differences of daily intake of vitamin A in gender, urban and rural areas(P<0.05), there was difference of vitamin C in urban and rural areas(P<0.01), there were differences of daily intake of vitamin B_1, vitamin B_2, calcium, iron and zinc in age, gender, urban and rural areas(P<0.01), there were differences in the average daily intake of sodium in age, gender(P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The average daily dietary of iron and zinc intakes in the diet were basically enough in most children of 12-17 years old in China, that of sodium was too much, and that of some micronutrients was insufficient.

[Current situation of screen time among Chinese primary and middle school students from 2016 to 2017].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and describe the status and characteristics of using electronic screens of primary and middle school students in China from 2016 to 2017. METHODS: From 2016 to 2017, 275 monitoring points were selected from 31 provinces in China, and 280 primary and middle school students were selected from each monitoring point to complete the survey. Using the suggestion from "Healthy China Initiative(2019-2030)"of which the screen time of primary and middle school students should be less than one hour per day as the standard. RESULTS: A total of 74 314 primary and secondary school students(except grade 9 and grade 12) were included in this study. Among them, there were 37 147 boys(50.0%) and 37 167 girls(50.0%); 44 612 pupils(60.0%), 14 858 junior school students(20.0%), and 14 844 senior high school students(20.0%); 38 995(52.5%) rural students and 35 319(47.5%) urban students; 53 287 boarding students(71.7%) and 20 537 day students(27.6%). From 2016 to 2017, the average daily screen time of Chinese primary school students was 1.45 hours, M(P25, P75) was 1.14(0.57, 1.93) h. That of junior high school students was 1.92 hours, M(P25, P75) was 1.43(0.71, 2.48) h. That of senior high school students was 2.37 hours, M(P25, P75) was 1.71(0.90, 3.02) h. The average daily screen time qualified rates of primary school, junior high and senior high school students were 46.1%, 37.1% and 27.7%, respectively. From 2016 to 2017, the most used electronic screen products of primary school students in China were TV/videos(62%), followed by mobile phones(21%). Junior high school students spent 38% and 37% of the total time watching TV/videos and playing mobile phones, respectively. High school students spend the longest time using mobile phones(49%) of the total time, followed by watching TV/videos(26%). CONCLUSION: With the increasing of grade, screen time became longer, and screen time qualified rate dropped. Moreover, the most used electronic screens were mobile phones and TV/videos.

[Status of undernutrition of left-behind children under 6 years old in rural China in 2013].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze and describe the status and characteristics of undernutrition among left-behind children under 6 years old in rural China in 2013. METHODS: Data was from the China Nutrition and Health Surveillance among 0-5 Years Old Children and Lactating Women in 2013. Stratified multistage cluster sampling method was used, and 4576 participants under 6 years old from 55 sites of 30 provinces, autonomous region and municipalities were involved. Definition of undernutrition were according to the WHO 2006 growth standard in children less than 5 years old and the WHO 2007 growth reference in children of 5 years old. Results were computed by post stratification weight based on national census from the National Bureau of Statistics in 2010. RESULTS: The prevalence of stunting was 10. 6% among left-behind children under 6 years old in rural China in 2013. It was 11. 6% in boys and 9. 4% in girls. The rate of general rural area and poor rural area were 7. 1% and 16. 6%. The prevalence of stunting showed a significant difference in sex(P=0. 022), general rural and poor rural(P=0. 006), three regions(P=0. 003), parental type of outing(P=0. 005), mother's education(P<0. 001), annual per capita household income(P<0. 001). The prevalence of underweight was 3. 2% among left-behind children under 6 years old in rural China in 2013. It was 3. 4% in boys and 2. 9% in girls. The rate of general rural area and poor rural area were 1. 6% and 2. 0%. The prevalence of stunting showed a significant difference in general rural and poor rural(P<0. 001), three regions(P<0. 001), annual per capita household income(P=0. 0144), mother's education(P<0. 001). The prevalence of wasting was 2. 3% among left-behind children under 6 years old in rural China in 2013. It was 2. 3% in boys and 2. 2% in girls. The rate of general rural area and poor rural area were 1. 5%, 3. 5%. The prevalence of stunting of general rural showed a significant difference in parental type of outing(P=0. 033), the prevalence of stunting of poor rural showed a significant difference in mother's education(P<0. 001), annual per capita household income(P=0. 020). CONCLUSION: The undernutrition rate among left-behind children under the age of 6 in rural China should be paid attention, especially in the higher subgroups of poor rural areas, western regions, low-income families, mothers away from home and mothers with less than junior middle school education.

[Intakes of energy and macronutrients in 6-11 years old age group in 2016-2017 in China].

OBJECTIVE: To survey the intakes of energy and macronutrients in 6-11 years old age group in 2016-2017 in China. METHODS: Multi-stage cluster randomization sampling method was used to collect the data from China Nutrition and Health Surveillance of Children and Lactating Mothers in 2016-2017 in 257 surveillance sites of 31 provinces. 24-h dietary recalls for three consecutive days were used to obtain the dietary information. The intakes of energy, protein, fat and carbohydrate were calculated by the China Food Composition, and the intakes of protein were assessing by Chinese Dietary Reference Intakes(DRIs). RESULTS: A total of 8777 children in 6-11(9. 2±1. 6) years old group were recruited in this surveillance, the number of boys and girls were 4364 and 4413, respectively. The general intakes of energy were 1591. 7 kcal and that of boys and girls were 1624. 1 kcal and 1559. 7 kcal, respectively. The energy intakes in urban children were higher than rural children. The energy intakes in the east region were the highest and the middle region were the lowest. The general protein intakes were 50. 0 g, and that of boys and girls were 50. 9 g and 49. 1 g, respectively. The intakes of protein in urban children were higher than in rural. The intakes of protein in east region were higher than that in the middle and west regions. The ratios that above RNI of protein intakes were 52. 4%, and the ratios of urban and rural were 63. 0% and 42. 9%, respectively. The general fat intakes were 69. 6 g and that of boys and girls were 71.4 g and 67.8 g, respectively. The fat intakes in urban children were higher than in rural, but in the rural of the west the fat intakes were higher than in the urban of the east. The general intakes of carbohydrate were 196. 3 g, and that of boys and girls were 199. 5 g and 193. 2 g, respectively. The carbohydrate intakes in urban children were higher than in rural, and in the west region the intakes of carbohydrate were higher than in the east region. But in the rural populations, the carbohydrate intakes in the west region were higher than that in the east region. CONCLUSION: Comparing with 2010-2013, obvious changes of energy and macronutrients intakes in China 6-11 y children were observed in 2016-2017 surveillance. Inadequate intakes of protein were still the problem in rural children populations. The increase of fat intake was larger and more significant in the western region.

[Eating out behavior and its impact on obesity among Chinese residents aged 18-59 in 2015].

OBJECTIVE: To study the eating out behavior and its impact on obesity among Chinese residents aged 18-59. METHODS: Multistage stratified random sampling method was used to collect data in 302 monitoring sites of the China National Chronic Non-communicable Disease and Nutrition Surveillance of adults in 31 provinces of China from 2015. A total of 53 887 subjects were included in this study by data cleaning. The population data published by the National Bureau of Statistics in 2010 were used as a standard population of the data result for 2015. Complex sampling weighting method was adopted in data analyses. The number and percentage of cases were used to describe the eating behaviors of different characteristics of the population, Statistical analysis was conducted by using SURVEYFREQ process, and Chi-square test was used to comparative analysis. Multi-factor analysis was conducted to the relationship between eating out frequency and different characteristics and obesity by using SURVEYLOGISTIC model regression. RESULTS: In 2015, proportions of eating out for all the three meals was 36. 1% of Chinese residents aged 18-59 in the past week, that of were 41. 3% and 24. 3% of Chinese residents aged 18-44 and 45-59, respectively. Proportions of Chinese residents was 12. 2% for eating out 1-6 times a week, 15. 8% for eating out 7-13 times a week, and 8. 1% for eating out 14-21 times a week. Results from the multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that 18-44 years old, male, urban, highly educated, family per capita annual income ≥ 20 000 yuan, unmarried, on the job and school students chose to eat out more commonly. No statistical association was noticed between the frequency of eating out and obesity in women, men who ate out 14-21 times a week showed higher risk of obesity than those who not ate out, with OR=1. 8(95%CI 1. 3-2. 5). CONCLUSION: Proportions of eating out increased for Chinese residents aged 18-59, men who ate out 14-21 times a week showed higher risk of obesity.

[Meta-analysis on relationship between the Chinese maternal MTHFR gene polymorphism(C677T) and neural tube defects in offspring].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the association between maternal MTHFR gene polymorphism( C677T) and neural tube defects in offspring through Meta-analysis in China. METHODS: CNKI, Pub Med, Web of Science, Chinese Wan Fang Data databases, CBM, VIP for published articles were searched from the time of Database establishment to July 5 th 2017. The search strategy was based on combinations of the English and/or Chinese keywords, 'MTHFR'and 'folate pathway'and 'polymorphism'or 'SNP'and'NTDs or Neural Tube Defects'. References of reviews and retrieved studies were also scanned. All the case-control studies about MTHFR gene C677T polymorphism and susceptibility of neural tube defect were collected, which were fulfilled the followinginclusion criteria: case-control study and cohort study design, presentation of data necessary for calculating odds ratios( ORs). Data were extracted from studies and analyzed by Rev Man 5. 3 software. RESULTS: A total of 13 papers were selected, including1500 patients and 1654 controls. Meta-analysis result showed that the combined odds ratio values of neural tube defect for offspring with maternal TT, TT + CT and T allele genotypes were 1. 94, 1. 65 and 1. 39, respectively. CONCLUSION: The present Meta-analysis suggests that MTHFR C677T is significantly associated with maternal risk for NTDs in the Chinese population, supplemental folic acid supplementation based on MTHFR polymorphisms will be an important means to further reduce the birth defects of newborns.

[Association between the polymorphisms of TMPRSS6 and the levels of serum ferrtin and soluble transferrin receptor in pregnant women in Lüliang Area of Shanxi Province].

OBJECTIVE: To analysis the associations between the polymorphisms of TMPRSS6 and the levels of serum ferritin( SF) and soluble transferrin receptor( s TfR) in pregnant women. METHODS: A total of 807 pregnant women were recruited by using cluster random sampling method from Lüliang in Shanxi Province in 2014. Roche Tinaquant immunoturbidimetric assay was used to measure the level of SF and s TfR, then iron deficiency( ID) was identified by the criteria of SF < 25 ng/m L and s TfR > 4. 4 mg/L, respectively. Sequenom MassArray was used to genotype the 7 targeted single-nucleotide polymorphisms( SNPs)( rs11704654, rs1421312, rs2111833, rs2235321, rs2543519, rs4820268 and rs855791) of the subjects. The t test and ANOVA analysis were used to test the different levels of SF and s TfR among SNPs, and chi-square test and Logistic regression were conducted to detect the associations between genotypes of each locus and ID. RESULTS: The differences of the levels of Ln SF between genotypes in rs2111833 were significant( F = 3. 57, P = 0. 0287), and the Ln SF level of T allele carrier group was lower than CC group( t = 2. 03, P = 0. 0429). The Ln SF level of A allele carrier group was lower than GG carrier group in rs855791( t = 1. 97, P = 0. 0490). For rs11704654, the ratio of SF < 25 ng/m L of T allele carriers was higher than CC carriers( χ~2= 4. 5456, P = 0. 0330). For rs211183, the ratio of SF < 25 ng/m L of T allele carriers was higher than CC carriers( χ~2= 4. 6431, P = 0. 0312). For rs855791, the ratio of SF < 25 ng/m L of GG carriers was lower than A allele carriers( χ~2= 5. 0134, P = 0. 0263). rs11704654( T) and rs855791( A) were still shown the association with SF < 25 ng/m L status in logistic analysis adjusted by age and gestational weeks. The Ln s TfR level of T allele carrier group in rs11704654 was higher than CC carrier group( t =-2. 012, P = 0. 024), and the Ln s TfR level of G allele carrier group in rs2543519 was higher than AA carrier group( t =-1. 954, P = 0. 011). CONCLUSION: The associations between polymorphisms of TMPRSS6 and the levels of SF and s TfR are observed in pregnant women.

[Optimizing the detection of bovine milk ß-Lactoglobulin with protein chip].

OBJECTIVE: To optimize the conditions of protein chip assay for bovine milk ß-Lactoglobulin( ß-Lg). METHODS: A microarrayer was used for printing anti-ß-Lg as antibody I on each 3-dimensional-slide, another antis ß-Lg antibody was used as detection antibody II and goat antibody coupled to Cy3 was used as antibody III. The standard ß-Lg was detected by double antibody sandwich technique. RESULTS: Mouse monoclonal ß-Lg antibody66# was chosen as the probe and contact printing as the printing method. The range between 42 and 92 spots was chosen as the basic printing condition. The concentration of ß-Lg probes was 0. 5 mg / mL. The ß-Lg detection antibody titre was 1∶2000. One percent no protein blocking solution was choosen as the blocking buffer. The lower detection limit and the biological detection limit of ß-Lg were 17. 54 ng / m L and 55. 31 ng / m L respectively. The linear range was determined according to the S type curve of ß-Lg and the best fitting models and standard curve were established for ß-Lg( R~2=0. 9993). CONCLUSION: The study optimizes conditions of a quantitative analysis system for measurement of ß-Lg with protein chip, thus establishing the protein chip platform for quantitative detection of bovine milk ß-Lactoglobulin.

Analysis of polymorphisms of genes associated with folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism and neural tube defects in Chinese Han Population.

BACKGROUND: The polymorphism of genes involved in folate-mediated one-carbon metabolism may be a risk factor for neural tube defects (NTDs). In the present study, we aimed to investigate the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the genes BHMT, CUBN, FTCD, GAMT, GART, SARDH, SHMT1, and MUT, and their effect on NTDs in the Chinese Han population. METHODS: A total of 270 NTDs cases and 192 controls were enrolled in this study. The SNPs were analyzed with the next-generation sequencing method. The folate levels of brain tissues from 113 available NTDs cases and 123 available controls were measured. RESULTS: Next-generation sequencing identified 818 single nucleotide variants, including 214 SNPs used for further analysis. Statistical analysis showed that two independent SNP loci, rs2797840 and rs2073817 in SARDH, may be associated with the susceptibility of NTDs. Specifically, the minor allele G of rs2797840 was significantly associated with NTDs risk in spina bifida subgroup (p value = 0.0348). For subjects whose folate content was measured, the protective allele G of rs2797840 was significantly associated with increased folate content of brain. rs2797840 is within several ENCODE regulatory regions, indicating this SNPs may influence expression of SARDH. CONCLUSION: The SNPs rs2797840 and rs2073817 in SARDH may serve as an indicator for the occurrence of NTDs in the Chinese Han population, and rs2797840 may also be an indicator for folate content of brain.

[Association of genetic polymorphisms in HjV-BMPs-SMADs pathway of hepcidin regulation with the incidence of anemia in Chinese adolescent aged 12 -18 years old].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations of the genetic polymorphisms in HjV-BMPs-SMADs pathway of hepcidin regulation with the incidence of anemia in Chinese adolescent. METHODS: 657 boarding school students aged 12 -18 were recruited by using cluster random sampling method from Chengdu Sichuan Province, Baicheng Jilin Province, Zhaoqing Guangdong Province, Puding Guizhou Province, Wenshang Shandong Province and Songyang Zhejiang Province. Cyanomethemoglobin determination test was used to measured the concentration of Hb, and then the subjects were classified by "Method for anemia screen" into corresponding groups. Magnetic heads for DNA extraction was selected, and 29 variants were genotyped by conducted by Sequenom MassArray. The Hb levels and anemia in different groups were compared with the genotype of each locus by chi-square test and t test aimed to study the associations between them. RESULTS: The risk of homozygote of T on rs173 107 to anemia was 5.80 times higher than homozygote of G (P < 0.05, OR = 5.80, 95% CI 1.34 - 25.04), and the concentrations of H b were (143.7 ± 14.6) g/L and (145.6 ± 12.0) g/L, respectively. The risk of heterozygote on rs855791 to anemia was 4.00 times higher than homozygote of A (P < 0.05, OR = 4.00, 95% CI 1.35 - 11.82), and the concentrations of Hb were (144.2 ± 14.8) g/L and 145.8 ± 12.0 g/L, respectively. The risk of G allele carriers was 3.68 times higher than homozygote of A (P < 0.05, OR = 3.68, 95% CI 1.27 - 10.66), and the concentrations of Hb were (144.3 ± 14.4) g/L and ( 145.8 ± 12.0) g/L, respectively. The levels of Hb among groups of the two loci were shown no different (P > 0.05), but the lowering trends were observed in the homozygote of T on rs173107 and G allele carriers on rs855791 groups. CONCLUSION: Variants rs173107 and rs855791 in HjV-BMPs-SMADs pathway are associate with anemia in Chinese adolescent.