Situational analysis and reflections on the introduction of advanced practice nurses in Brazilian primary healthcare.

BACKGROUND: The shortage of doctors and their unequal distribution serve as challenges to advancing primary healthcare (PHC) and achieving effective universal healthcare coverage in Brazil. In an effort to use nurses' potential more efficiently, the country is investigating the introduction of the advanced practice nurse (APN) into PHC. This paper presents a situational analysis of the practices of Brazilian nurses based on the following components: regulation, practice, and education. METHODS: This is a national multi-method study with triangulated data from a documentary study, a scoping review, and an exploratory study. The regulation component involved the analysis of official normative documents on the regulation of nursing education and nurses' scope of practice. The practice component aimed to identify the practices performed by nurses in Brazilian PHC based on primary studies. The education component intended to identify the practices taught in nursing training based on a survey and interviews with directors of undergraduate nursing programs. RESULTS: Federal legislation in Brazil authorizes nursing graduates to perform a set of advanced practices as part of the PHC nurse's daily routine. They can request and interpret complementary tests and prescribe medication. However, in the local context, municipalities define the scope of this assistance based on technical norms or nursing protocols. Furthermore, this study indicates that undergraduate nursing programs do not fully prepare students to adequately execute these tasks. CONCLUSIONS: In the context of Brazilian PHC, advanced practices have already been implemented and respond to main healthcare demands. Therefore, it is unnecessary to introduce the APN as a new professional category. Upon detecting deficiencies in the training process, the current education model should undergo reforms that seek to incorporate the skills compatible with the regulated advanced practices and in-service training for practicing nurses. Regarding the introduction of APN along international lines, this article presents recommendations that may support the operationalization of a Brazilian APN model.

Tool to measure workload of health professionals in Primary Health Care: development and validation. / Instrumento de medida de carga de trabalho dos profissionais de Saúde na Atenção Primária: desenvolvimento e validação.

Objective To develop and validate an instrument that addresses the interventions/activities carried out by the family health team as reference for staff planning. Method Methodological research developed in stages: instrument development, content validation, and pilot test in three units located in the southeastern region of Brazil. Results 39 interventions were validated in a single instrument to measure workload for clinician, dental surgeon, oral health technician/assistant, nurse, nurse assistant, and community health agent. In the pilot test, the instrument contained 100% of the interventions observed and the observers reached 93.7% agreement. Conclusion The proposed instrument is an innovating tool because of its configuration for health team and supports staff planning in primary health care.

Human resources for health and decentralization policy in the Brazilian health system.

BACKGROUND: The Brazilian health reform process, following the establishment of the Unified Health System (SUS), has had a strong emphasis on decentralization, with a special focus on financing, management and inter-managerial agreements. Brazil is a federal country and the Ministry of Health (MoH), through the Secretary of Labour Management and Health Education, is responsible for establishing national policy guidelines for health labour management, and also for implementing strategies for the decentralization of management of labour and education in the federal states. This paper assesses whether the process of decentralizing human resources for health (HRH) management and organization to the level of the state and municipal health departments has involved investments in technical, political and financial resources at the national level. METHODS: The research methods used comprise a survey of HRH managers of states and major municipalities (including capitals) and focus groups with these HRH managers - all by geographic region. The results were obtained by combining survey and focus group data, and also through triangulation with the results of previous research. RESULTS: The results of this evaluation showed the evolution policy, previously restricted to the field of 'personnel administration', now expanded to a conceptual model for health labour management and education-- identifying progress, setbacks, critical issues and challenges for the consolidation of the decentralized model for HRH management. The results showed that 76.3% of the health departments have an HRH unit. It was observed that 63.2% have an HRH information system. However, in most health departments, the HRH unit uses only the payroll and administrative records as data sources. Concerning education in health, 67.6% of the HRH managers mentioned existing cooperation with educational and teaching institutions for training and/or specialization of health workers. Among them, specialization courses account for 61.4% and short courses for 56.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Due to decentralization, the HRH area has been restructured and policies beyond traditional administrative activities have been developed. However, twenty years on from the establishment of the SUS, there remains a low level of institutionalization in the HRH area, despite recent efforts of the MoH.

Performance evaluation: discussing technology for planning and managing health worforce. / Avaliação de desempenho: discutindo a tecnologia para o planejamento e gestão de recursos humanos em saúde.

This essay presents the outcome of reflections and analyses from examining the conceptual options inherent to the methodologies of employee performance appraisal (PA) and its possible application in the health area. It sets a conceptual discussion of the area, associating and integrating knowledge from different fields - health and public administration. It promotes an intersection between public health work management and personnel management strategies. It has the purpose to generate new analyses and studies that would allow for a new approach of the management practices for performance appraisals used in companies, adapting them to meet the specificities of the health sector.

The scope of practice of primary health care physicians in rural and urban areas in Brazil.

This study aimed to identify differences in the scope of practice of primary care physicians and find the main factors associated with expanded practice in rural and urban areas of Brazil. Data from an online survey with 2,277 primary care physicians, conducted between January and March 2016, were used. Differences regarding activities and procedures performed by physicians per area were verified using Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's post hoc and chi-square tests. Multivariate linear regression analyses were done using a bootstrap technique to identify the main factors associated with an expanded scope of practice. Regardless of the location, the results showed that the practices of the primary care physicians are below their competences. Rural physicians performed a higher number of procedures and activities compared with their peers from intermediate and urban municipalities. Within the overall sample, the variables related to a broader scope of practice included: male gender, work in rural municipalities, participation in training and continuing education programs and consultation of clinical protocols, articles and books. This study contributes with evidence that the medical scope of practice varies according to location. Recognizing and understanding the differences and associated factors for an expanded scope of practice is necessary to determine the skills and resources required for practice in rural and urban areas, collaborating in proposals of strategies to improve quality and access of health care services.

Nursing training and their approximation to the assumptions of the National Curriculum Guidelines and Primary Health Care. / A formação de enfermeiros e sua aproximação com os pressupostos das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais e da Atenção Básica.

This article describes the characteristics of offer for job vacancies, curricular structure and competency profile of students from nursing undergraduate courses, seeking to identify elements that are in line with the assumptions of the National Curricular Guidelines (NCG) and of the nurses' work in primary health care. Applying a computer-assisted survey by telephone interviews with 94 course coordinators, it was verified: provision of job vacancies distant from the national needs; curricular structure focused on fragmented disciplines in the basic and vocational cycles, in disagreement with recommendations by the NCG; and competency profile potent for the development of actions of promotion, prevention, management and nursing techniques, which are predicted in the scope of general skills and abilities recommended for the exercise of the generalist professional nursing practice, according to the NCG, and compatible with the main demands of primary health care.

Este artigo descreve as características da oferta de vagas, da estrutura curricular e do perfil de competências de egressos de cursos de graduação em enfermagem, buscando identificar elementos que se aproximam com os pressupostos das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) e da atuação profissional do enfermeiro na atenção básica. Aplicando-se um survey por entrevistas telefônicas assistidas por computador com 94 coordenadores de cursos, verificou-se: oferta de formação distante das necessidades nacionais; estrutura curricular centrada em disciplinas fragmentadas nos ciclos básico e profissionalizante, destoando do recomendado pelas DCN; e perfil de competências potente para o desenvolvimento de ações de promoção, prevenção, gerenciamento e técnicas de enfermagem, as quais são previstas no escopo de competências e habilidades gerais preconizadas para o exercício profissional generalista da enfermagem, segundo as DCN, e compatíveis com as principais demandas assistenciais da atenção básica.

[Undergraduate studies in health: supply and institutional strategies in the context of the Brazilian Unified National Health System regionalization]. / Graduação em saúde: oferta e estratégias para o fortalecimento da regionalização do Sistema Único de Saúde.

This article aims to provide an overview of the territorial distribution of health training supply and to identify the strategies for strengthening regionalization adopted by teaching institutions that offer health courses and the changes in the regional surroundings as a function of these institutions. This is a descriptive-exploratory multiple-case study conducted at the national level in Brazil from December 2015 to September 2016. The study analyzed secondary data on health training supply and interviewed 68 administrators of undergraduate health courses, whose commentary was submitted to content analysis. There was an increase in health training institutions in smaller regions and municipalities (counties), although such institutions were still concentrated mainly in more socioeconomically developed regions. Policies have been implemented for access and enrollment in higher education from the perspective of promoting provision and professional retention in the region where the health course is located. The university's presence promotes regional development and has the potential to strengthen health regionalization.

Este artigo objetiva descrever o panorama de distribuição territorial da oferta de formação em saúde, bem como identificar as estratégias para o fortalecimento da regionalização adotadas pelas instituições de ensino que ofertam cursos de saúde e as mudanças verificadas no entorno regional em função dessas instituições. Trata-se de estudo descritivo-exploratório, do tipo estudo de casos múltiplos, desenvolvido em âmbito nacional no período de dezembro de 2015 a setembro de 2016. Foram analisados dados secundários de oferta de formação em saúde e foram entrevistados 68 gestores de ensino de cursos de graduação em saúde, cujos depoimentos foram submetidos a análise de conteúdo. Percebe-se um aumento de equipamentos para formação em saúde em regiões e municípios de menor porte, não obstante a concentração em locais com maior desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Políticas de acesso ao ensino superior de estudantes vêm sendo empreendidas, na perspectiva de promover a provisão e fixação profissional do entorno onde se localizam os cursos da saúde. Constata-se que a presença da universidade promove desenvolvimento regional e tem potencial para o fortalecimento da regionalização da saúde.

El objetivo de este artículo es describir el panorama de la distribución territorial, en cuanto a la oferta de formación en salud, e identificar estrategias para el fortalecimiento de la regionalización, adoptadas por las instituciones de enseñanza que ofrecen cursos de salud, además de analizar los cambios verificados en el entorno regional, en función de estas instituciones. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo-exploratorio, de casos múltiples, desarrollado en el ámbito nacional de Brasil durante el período de diciembre de 2015 a septiembre de 2016. Se analizaron datos secundarios de oferta de formación en salud, y se entrevistaron a 68 gestores de enseñanza de cursos de grado en salud, cuyas declaraciones fueron sometidas a análisis de contenido. Se percibe un aumento de equipamientos para la formación en salud en regiones y municipios de menor porte, pese a la concentración en lugares con mayor desarrollo socioeconómico. Se están emprendiendo políticas de acceso e ingreso en la enseñanza superior de estudiantes, desde la perspectiva de promover la provisión y emplazamiento del profesional en el entorno donde se localizan los cursos de salud. Se constata que la presencia de la universidad promueve el desarrollo regional y tiene potencial para el fortalecimiento de la regionalización de la salud.

Policy of Labor Management and Health Education: a ProgeSUS experience. / Política de Gestão do Trabalho e Educação em Saúde: a experiência do ProgeSUS.

AIM: To evaluate the stage of labor management and education policies in municipal and state health secretariats (SMS and SES, respectively), having as reference the adherence to a qualification and structuring program of work management and education in the Unified Health System. METHOD: A descriptive and quantitative study, developed with 519 representatives from the Human Resources (HR) area of SMS and SES, through a survey composed of 56 questions, via a computer-assisted telephone interview in 2012. Responses were processed in a computerized database and the data treated by descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Changes in professional qualification, the establishment of job and salary plans and negotiation processes were identified; on the other hand, there was no progress related to the financial and budgetary autonomy of the area of work management and health education. CONCLUSION: It is observed progress in the incorporation of innovations in the management in SES and SMS from the process of training of managers and financial induction. It is necessary to monitor and periodically evaluate the operationalization of labor and education policies aimed at strengthening them, correcting directions and implementing innovative actions.

Continuous Health Education policy in Brazil: the contribution of the Teaching-Service Integration Standing Committees. / Política de Educação Permanente em Saúde no Brasil: a contribuição das Comissões Permanentes de Integração Ensino-Serviço.

The article analyzes the role of Permanent Committees of Teaching-Service Integration (CIES) in the implementation of Permanent Education in Health Policy (EPS). It is a multicenter study with a qualitative-quantitative approach which used a self-applied online questionnaire and a semi-structured interview for data collection. The key respondants were the responsible for EPS Policy of the 27 State Health Secretariats (SES) and 7 coordinators of CIESs of the five regions of Brazil. The findings showed the existence of a specific EPS sector in most SES; high level of schooling, experience and stable employment status of the managers. Regarding CIESs, it was verified: existence in most of the states; creative process diversity; plural composition; regularity of meetings; good relationship with training institutions; difficulties in the use and management of resources destined for EPS. The study indicated progress, showing the importance of these instances as spaces of negotiation, agreement and development of EPS. However, challenges still need to be overcome in order to consolidate projects in the SES, strengthening the PNEPS.

Assessment of the scope of practice of physicians participating in the Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program, and associated factors. / Avaliação do escopo de prática de médicos participantes do Programa Mais Médicos e fatores associados.

The purpose of this study was to characterize the scope of practice of physicians working in primary healthcare participating in the Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program ('PMM') and investigate the factors associated with execution of a larger number of clinical activities. It is an exploratory study carried over January to March 2016, through a self-applied questionnaire containing a list of 49 procedures, activities and actions carried out in primary healthcare. A total of 1,241 physicians took part in the study, most of them female, between age 40 and 49, and of Cuban nationality. The physicians carried out an average of 22.8 ± 8.2 procedures; they reported knowing how to carry out a larger number of procedures. Factors associated with executing a larger number of procedures were: being male, having graduated more recently, two years or less practicing in their primary healthcare unit, practicing in the North or South geographical regions, in small towns and more distant from the regional health headquarters. The main reason for not carrying out the procedures and activities that they reported knowing how to do was the lack of materials and inadequate infrastructure. The results show that the scope of practice of the physicians of the PMM is lower than their capacities, and that interventions with the intention of widening their scope are necessary.

The scope of practice of primary health care physicians in rural and urban areas in Brazil / O escopo da prática de médicos na atenção primária nas áreas rural e urbana do Brasil / Alcance de las consultas médicas en la atención primaria en salud en áreas rurales y urbanas brasileñas

This study aimed to identify differences in the scope of practice of primary care physicians and find the main factors associated with expanded practice in rural and urban areas of Brazil. Data from an online survey with 2,277 primary care physicians, conducted between January and March 2016, were used. Differences regarding activities and procedures performed by physicians per area were verified using Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's post hoc and chi-square tests. Multivariate linear regression analyses were done using a bootstrap technique to identify the main factors associated with an expanded scope of practice. Regardless of the location, the results showed that the practices of the primary care physicians are below their competences. Rural physicians performed a higher number of procedures and activities compared with their peers from intermediate and urban municipalities. Within the overall sample, the variables related to a broader scope of practice included: male gender, work in rural municipalities, participation in training and continuing education programs and consultation of clinical protocols, articles and books. This study contributes with evidence that the medical scope of practice varies according to location. Recognizing and understanding the differences and associated factors for an expanded scope of practice is necessary to determine the skills and resources required for practice in rural and urban areas, collaborating in proposals of strategies to improve quality and access of health care services.

O estudo buscou identificar diferenças no escopo da prática de médicos na atenção primária e os principais fatores associados com a ampliação dessa prática nas áreas rural e urbana do Brasil. Foram usados dados de um inquérito online com 2.277 médicos de atenção primária, realizado entre janeiro e março de 2016. Foram utilizados os testes de Kruskal-Wallis/post hoc de Dunn e qui-quadrado para verificar as diferenças em relação às atividades e procedimentos realizados pelos médicos, de acordo com o local. Foram realizadas análises de regressão linear multivariada, usando a técnica bootstrap para identificar os principais fatores associados com o escopo ampliado da prática. Independente de localização, os resultados mostraram que os médicos de atenção primária estão praticando abaixo de seus níveis de competências. Os médicos rurais realizavam mais procedimentos e atividades quando comparados aos colegas de municípios intermediários e urbanos. Na amostra total, as variáveis relacionadas ao escopo ampliado incluíam: sexo masculino, trabalho em municípios rurais, participação em programas de capacitação e de educação continuada, além de consultas a protocolos clínicos, artigos e livros. O estudo corrobora evidências de que o escopo da prática médica varia de acordo com a localização. O reconhecimento e compreensão das diferenças e fatores associados à ampliação do escopo de prática são relevantes para determinar as competências e recursos necessários para a prática médica nas áreas rural e urbana, contribuindo para propostas de estratégias para melhorar a qualidade e acesso a serviços de saúde.

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las diferencias en el alcance de las consultas médicas en atención primaria, así como averiguar los principales factores asociados con las consultas practicadas en áreas rurales y urbanas de Brasil. Los datos que se usaron provenían de una encuesta en línea a 2.277 médicos de asistencia primaria, llevada a cabo entre enero y marzo de 2016. Las diferencias, respecto a las actividades y procedimientos realizados por médicos según su localización, fueron verificadas por los test post hoc de Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn y chi-cuadrados. Los análisis de regresión lineal multivariada se realizaron usando una técnica de bootstrap para identificar los factores principales, asociados con un alcance extendido de la consulta. Independientemente de la localización, los resultados mostraron que los médicos de atención primaria están realizando su trabajo por debajo de sus competencias. Los médicos rurales realizaron un número más alto de procedimientos y actividades, comparado con sus pares en municipios de tamaño medio y urbanos. En la muestra global, las variables relacionadas con un alcance más amplio de las consultas incluyeron: género masculino, trabajo en municipalidades rurales, participar en el entrenamiento y programas de educación continua y protocolos de consulta clínica, artículos, y libros. Este estudio corrobora con evidencias que el alcance de las consultas médicas varía según la localización. Reconocer y comprender las diferencias y factores asociados para un alcance extendido de las consultas, son relevantes para determinar las habilidades y recursos requeridos para realizar consultas en áreas rurales y urbanas, así como para colaborar con propuestas de estrategias en la mejora de la calidad y acceso a los servicios de salud.

A formação de enfermeiros e sua aproximação com os pressupostos das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais e da Atenção Básica / Nursing training and their approximation to the assumptions of the National Curriculum Guidelines and Primary Health Care

Resumo Este artigo descreve as características da oferta de vagas, da estrutura curricular e do perfil de competências de egressos de cursos de graduação em enfermagem, buscando identificar elementos que se aproximam com os pressupostos das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCN) e da atuação profissional do enfermeiro na atenção básica. Aplicando-se um survey por entrevistas telefônicas assistidas por computador com 94 coordenadores de cursos, verificou-se: oferta de formação distante das necessidades nacionais; estrutura curricular centrada em disciplinas fragmentadas nos ciclos básico e profissionalizante, destoando do recomendado pelas DCN; e perfil de competências potente para o desenvolvimento de ações de promoção, prevenção, gerenciamento e técnicas de enfermagem, as quais são previstas no escopo de competências e habilidades gerais preconizadas para o exercício profissional generalista da enfermagem, segundo as DCN, e compatíveis com as principais demandas assistenciais da atenção básica.

Abstract This article describes the characteristics of offer for job vacancies, curricular structure and competency profile of students from nursing undergraduate courses, seeking to identify elements that are in line with the assumptions of the National Curricular Guidelines (NCG) and of the nurses' work in primary health care. Applying a computer-assisted survey by telephone interviews with 94 course coordinators, it was verified: provision of job vacancies distant from the national needs; curricular structure focused on fragmented disciplines in the basic and vocational cycles, in disagreement with recommendations by the NCG; and competency profile potent for the development of actions of promotion, prevention, management and nursing techniques, which are predicted in the scope of general skills and abilities recommended for the exercise of the generalist professional nursing practice, according to the NCG, and compatible with the main demands of primary health care.

Graduação em saúde: oferta e estratégias para o fortalecimento da regionalização do Sistema Único de Saúde / Undergraduate studies in health: supply and institutional strategies in the context of the Brazilian Unified National Health System regionalization / Grado en salud: oferta y estrategias institucionales contextualizadas respecto a la regionalización del Sistema Único de Salud brasileño

Resumo: Este artigo objetiva descrever o panorama de distribuição territorial da oferta de formação em saúde, bem como identificar as estratégias para o fortalecimento da regionalização adotadas pelas instituições de ensino que ofertam cursos de saúde e as mudanças verificadas no entorno regional em função dessas instituições. Trata-se de estudo descritivo-exploratório, do tipo estudo de casos múltiplos, desenvolvido em âmbito nacional no período de dezembro de 2015 a setembro de 2016. Foram analisados dados secundários de oferta de formação em saúde e foram entrevistados 68 gestores de ensino de cursos de graduação em saúde, cujos depoimentos foram submetidos a análise de conteúdo. Percebe-se um aumento de equipamentos para formação em saúde em regiões e municípios de menor porte, não obstante a concentração em locais com maior desenvolvimento socioeconômico. Políticas de acesso ao ensino superior de estudantes vêm sendo empreendidas, na perspectiva de promover a provisão e fixação profissional do entorno onde se localizam os cursos da saúde. Constata-se que a presença da universidade promove desenvolvimento regional e tem potencial para o fortalecimento da regionalização da saúde.

Abstract: This article aims to provide an overview of the territorial distribution of health training supply and to identify the strategies for strengthening regionalization adopted by teaching institutions that offer health courses and the changes in the regional surroundings as a function of these institutions. This is a descriptive-exploratory multiple-case study conducted at the national level in Brazil from December 2015 to September 2016. The study analyzed secondary data on health training supply and interviewed 68 administrators of undergraduate health courses, whose commentary was submitted to content analysis. There was an increase in health training institutions in smaller regions and municipalities (counties), although such institutions were still concentrated mainly in more socioeconomically developed regions. Policies have been implemented for access and enrollment in higher education from the perspective of promoting provision and professional retention in the region where the health course is located. The university's presence promotes regional development and has the potential to strengthen health regionalization.

Resumen: El objetivo de este artículo es describir el panorama de la distribución territorial, en cuanto a la oferta de formación en salud, e identificar estrategias para el fortalecimiento de la regionalización, adoptadas por las instituciones de enseñanza que ofrecen cursos de salud, además de analizar los cambios verificados en el entorno regional, en función de estas instituciones. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo-exploratorio, de casos múltiples, desarrollado en el ámbito nacional de Brasil durante el período de diciembre de 2015 a septiembre de 2016. Se analizaron datos secundarios de oferta de formación en salud, y se entrevistaron a 68 gestores de enseñanza de cursos de grado en salud, cuyas declaraciones fueron sometidas a análisis de contenido. Se percibe un aumento de equipamientos para la formación en salud en regiones y municipios de menor porte, pese a la concentración en lugares con mayor desarrollo socioeconómico. Se están emprendiendo políticas de acceso e ingreso en la enseñanza superior de estudiantes, desde la perspectiva de promover la provisión y emplazamiento del profesional en el entorno donde se localizan los cursos de salud. Se constata que la presencia de la universidad promueve el desarrollo regional y tiene potencial para el fortalecimiento de la regionalización de la salud.

A graduação em medicina no Brasil ante os desafios da formação para a atenção primária à saúde / Medical undergraduation in Brazil facing the challenges of training for primary health care

Este estudo objetivou identificar elementos da formação médica no Brasil, analisando a proximidade deles com os pressupostos da atuação profissional na Atenção Primária à Saúde e das Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais de 2014. Trata-se de estudo descritivo e exploratório, de abordagem qualiquantitativa, operacionalizado em 2015 e 2016, por entrevistas telefônicas e entrevistas in loco com coordenadores/diretores de cursos de graduação em medicina. Os resultados do survey indicam inclinação para uma formação médica generalista, com ênfase na atenção primária, mas que pouco prepara os alunos para o desenvolvimento de ações multiprofissionais. Nas entrevistas presenciais, foram relatadas fragilidades que limitam o desenvolvimento de competências para atuação na atenção primária, como a resistência e o pouco preparo dos docentes, as condições incipientes das unidades básicas, a rotatividade dos profissionais do serviço e a disputa dos cenários entre instituições de ensino públicas e privadas. Os achados indicam o caminho que está sendo desenhado após a implantação das novas diretrizes de medicina, sugerindo não apenas avanços, mas também desafios que precisam ser superados, especialmente em prol do desenvolvimento de competências para o trabalho colaborativo em equipe.(AU)

This study aimed to identify elements of medical education in Brazil, analyzing their proximity to the presuppositions of professional performance in Primary Health Care and the National Curricular Guidelines of 2014. It is a descriptive and exploratory study, with a qualitative and quantitative approach, developed in 2015 and 2016, through telephone interviews and on-site interviews with coordinators/directors of undergraduate medicine courses. The results of the survey indicate an inclination towards a generalist medical education, with emphasis on primary care, but that does not prepare students for the development of multiprofessional actions. In face-to-face interviews, weaknesses have been reported that limit the development of competencies for primary care, such as the resistance and lack of preparation of professors, the incipient conditions of basic units, the turnover of service professionals, and the dispute of space between public and private educational institutions. The findings indicate the path that is being drawn after the implementation of the new medical guidelines, suggesting not only advances, but also challenges that need to be overcome, especially for the development of skills for collaborative teamwork.(AU)

Nurse training in health in different regions in Brazil / A formação do enfermeiro em diferentes regiões de saúde do Brasil

Abstract Objectives: to identify on the one hand whether there has been any changes in the nurse training in Brazil and on the other if regionalizing health incurred interference in this process. Methods: an exploratory research of a multiple case study in a qualitative approach developed between November 2015 and March 2017, in seven regions in Brazil. The data were collected by in-depth interviews with 16 administrators of the undergraduate courses in nursing and by documentary analysis of the Projetos Políticos Pedagógicos (Political Pedagogical Projects). Content analysis was undertaken by having the theoretical references of the Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (National Curriculum Guidelines). Results: varied profiles of undergraduates were observed with higher tendency for the basic level in health practice or for hospital level with competencies in health care that is still fragmented and not interdisciplinary. The curricular structure of the courses focuses on isolated disciplines with little or no interdisciplinary integration and the pedagogical model is based on traditional teaching-learning strategies and additional evaluation process. There were no differences in health among the regions. Conclusions: it is necessary in concomitance with the changes that are required in the field of training to undertake efforts in the development of health units and training institutions, which has already proven to be a factor of professional retention and regional development.

Resumo Objetivos: identificar se ocorreram mudanças na formação do enfermeiro no Brasil, por um lado, e se a regionalização da saúde incorreu em ingerência nesse processo, de outro. Métodos: pesquisa exploratória, do tipo estudo de casos múltiplos, de abordagem quali-tativa, desenvolvida entre os meses de novembro de 2015 e março de 2017, em sete regiões de saúde do Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por entrevistas em profundidade com 16 gestores de cursos de graduação em enfermagem, e por análise documental de projetos políticos pedagógicos. Foi empreendida análise de conteúdo, tendo como referencial teórico as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais. Resultados: verificou-se perfis de egressos variados, com maior tendência ou para as práticas de saúde de nível básico ou para as de nível hospitalar, com competências para uma assistência à saúde ainda fragmentada e não interdisciplinar. A estrutura curricular dos cursos centra-se em disciplinas isoladas, com pouca ou nenhuma integração interdisciplinar e o modelo pedagógico alicerça-se em estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem majoritariamente tradicionais e em processos de avaliação somativa. Não foram evidenciadas diferenças entre as regiões de saúde. Conclusões: é preciso, em concomitância com as mudanças que se exigem no campo de formação, empreender esforço no desenvolvimento das redes de saúde e das instituições formadoras, o que já vem se provando fator de retenção profissional e de desenvolvimento regional.

Implantação das mesas nacionais de negociação permanente do Sistema Único de Saúde em secretarias estaduais e municipais de saúde / Implementation of the Brazilian National Health System permanent negotiating tables in state and municipal health secretariats

O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a implantação da mesa de negociação permanente e identificar os entraves e os avanços decorridos dos processos de negociação no âmbito dos estados e dos municípios brasileiros. O método usado foi estudo descritivo e exploratório, de abrangência nacional. A coleta de dados se deu em 2012 e 2013, por meio de survey com 519 gestores de saúde e grupos focais com 49 gestores e 11 integrantes da Mesa Nacional de Negociação Permanente. Dados foram analisados por estatística descritiva e por análise de conteúdo. Verificou-se existência de 132 mesas de negociação, das quais apenas 87 estão em funcionamento. Os principais motivos para não implantação das mesas são a falta de assessoria técnica e a utilização de outras ferramentas para negociação do trabalho. As principais mudanças nas relações de trabalho em decorrência da atuação das mesas de negociação foram a realização de concursos e de processos seletivos públicos, políticas de desprecarização do trabalho e a implantação de planos de cargos, carreiras e salários. Conclui-se que apesar da potencialidade das mesas como dispositivos de negociação, sua implantação e seu pleno funcionamento esbarram em grandes desafios. (AU)

This article aimed to evaluate the implementation status of the permanent negotiating tables and to identify the obstacles and the advances that have elapsed from the negotiation processes in the Brazilian states and cities. It was a descriptive and exploratory study of national scope. The data collection took place in 2012 and 2013, through a survey of 519 health managers and focus groups with 49 managers and 11 members of the National Permanent Negotiating Table. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and by content analysis. We identified 132 negotiating tables, of which only 87 are in operation. The main reasons for not deploying the tables are the lack of technical advice and the use of other tools for negotiating labor. The main changes in work relationships because of the negotiating tables were the holding of public tenders and selective processes, work valuation policies and the implementation of careers and salary plans. We concluded that despite the potential of the tables as negotiating devices, their implementation and full operation face great challenges. (AU)

Planos de carreira, cargos e salários no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde: além dos limites e testando possibilidades / Career plans, positions and salaries in the scope of the Unified Health System: beyond the limits and testing possibilities

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou analisar experiências de planos de carreira, cargos e salários premiadas pelo Ministério da Saúde. Para tanto, foi realizada pesquisa descritiva e qualitativa, em 2013, mediante análise documental e entrevistas com gestores de secretarias de saúde com planos implantados. Dados foram analisados à luz das diretrizes nacionais para a instituição de planos no Sistema Único de Saúde. Os planos estudados, negociados com os trabalhadores e baseados nas diretrizes, consideram a avaliação de desempenho e a qualificação profissional para a progressão na carreira. Conclui-se que os planos necessitam incluir os diversos tipos de vínculos empregatícios e formas de remuneração compatíveis com as carreiras da saúde.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to analyze the experiences of career plans, positions and salaries awarded by the Ministry of Health. For this purpose, a descriptive and qualitative research was conducted, in 2013, through documentary analysis and interviews with managers of the health secretariats with implanted plans. Data were analyzed in the light of national guidelines for the establishment of plans in the Unified Health System. The studied plans, negotiated with the employees and based on the guidelines, consider performance evaluation and professional qualification for career progression. It is concluded that plans need to include the various types of employment bonds and forms of remuneration compatible with health careers.

Política de Gestão do Trabalho e Educação em Saúde: a experiência do ProgeSUS / Policy of Labor Management and Health Education: a ProgeSUS experience

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar o estágio das políticas de gestão do trabalho e educação em secretarias municipais e estaduais de saúde (SMS e SES, respectivamente), tendo como referencial a adesão a um programa de qualificação e estruturação da gestão do trabalho e da educação no Sistema Único de Saúde. Estudo descritivo, qualiquantitativo, desenvolvido com 519 representantes da área de recursos humanos (RH) de SMS e SES, por meio de um survey composto por 56 questões, via entrevista telefônica assistida por computador no ano 2012. As respostas foram processadas em banco informatizado e os dados tratados por estatística descritiva. Identificaram-se mudanças na qualificação profissional, na implantação de planos de cargos e salário e processos de negociação; por outro lado, não se constatou avanço relacionado à autonomia financeira e orçamentária da área de gestão do trabalho e educação na saúde. Observa-se avanço na incorporação de inovações na gestão em SES e SMS a partir do processo de capacitação de gestores e de indução financeira. Constata-se a necessidade de monitoramento e avaliação periódica da operacionalização das políticas do trabalho e da educação visando o fortalecimento delas, correção de rumos e implementação de ações inovadoras.

Abstract Aim To evaluate the stage of labor management and education policies in municipal and state health secretariats (SMS and SES, respectively), having as reference the adherence to a qualification and structuring program of work management and education in the Unified Health System. Method A descriptive and quantitative study, developed with 519 representatives from the Human Resources (HR) area of SMS and SES, through a survey composed of 56 questions, via a computer-assisted telephone interview in 2012. Responses were processed in a computerized database and the data treated by descriptive statistics. Results Changes in professional qualification, the establishment of job and salary plans and negotiation processes were identified; on the other hand, there was no progress related to the financial and budgetary autonomy of the area of work management and health education. Conclusion It is observed progress in the incorporation of innovations in the management in SES and SMS from the process of training of managers and financial induction. It is necessary to monitor and periodically evaluate the operationalization of labor and education policies aimed at strengthening them, correcting directions and implementing innovative actions.

Política de Educação Permanente em Saúde no Brasil: a contribuição das Comissões Permanentes de Integração Ensino-Serviço / Continuous Health Education policy in Brazil: the contribution of the Teaching-Service Integration Standing Committees

Resumo O artigo analisa o papel das Comissões Permanentes de Integração Ensino-Serviço (CIES) na implementação da Politica de Educação Permanente em Saúde (EPS). Trata-se de estudo multicêntrico de abordagem qualiquantitativa que utilizou questionário on line autoaplicável e entrevista semiestruturada como técnica de coleta de dados. Os informantes chave foram os responsáveis pela Política de EPS das 27 Secretarias Estaduais de Saúde (SES) e 7 coordenadores das CIESs das cinco Regiões do Brasil. Os achados apontaram a existência de setor específico de EPS na maioria das SES; alta escolarização, experiência e vínculo estável dos gestores. Quanto às CIESs, constatou-se: existência na maioria dos estados; diversidade de seu processo de criação; composição plural; regularidade de reuniões; boa relação com instituições formadoras; dificuldades na utilização e manejo dos recursos destinados à EPS. O estudo apontou avanços demonstrando a importância dessas instâncias como espaços de negociação, pactuação e desenvolvimento da EPS. Contudo, desafios ainda precisam ser superados para que se consolidem os projetos nas SES fortalecendo a PNEPS.

Abstract The article analyzes the role of Permanent Committees of Teaching-Service Integration (CIES) in the implementation of Permanent Education in Health Policy (EPS). It is a multicenter study with a qualitative-quantitative approach which used a self-applied online questionnaire and a semi-structured interview for data collection. The key respondants were the responsible for EPS Policy of the 27 State Health Secretariats (SES) and 7 coordinators of CIESs of the five regions of Brazil. The findings showed the existence of a specific EPS sector in most SES; high level of schooling, experience and stable employment status of the managers. Regarding CIESs, it was verified: existence in most of the states; creative process diversity; plural composition; regularity of meetings; good relationship with training institutions; difficulties in the use and management of resources destined for EPS. The study indicated progress, showing the importance of these instances as spaces of negotiation, agreement and development of EPS. However, challenges still need to be overcome in order to consolidate projects in the SES, strengthening the PNEPS.

Avaliação do escopo de prática de médicos participantes do Programa Mais Médicos e fatores associados / Assessment of the scope of practice of physicians participating in the Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program, and associated factors

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar o escopo de prática de médicos inseridos na Atenção Primária em Saúde (APS), participantes do Programa Mais Médicos (PMM) e investigar os fatores associados à execução de maior número de atividades clínicas. Trata-se de um estudo exploratório transversal realizado entre janeiro e março de 2016, por meio de questionário autoaplicável, contendo uma lista de 49 procedimentos, atividades e ações realizadas na APS. Participaram do estudo 1.241 médicos, a maioria do sexo feminino, entre 40-49 anos de idade, de nacionalidade cubana. Os médicos realizaram uma média de 22,8 ± 8,2 procedimentos, porém, relataram saber fazer um número maior. Fatores associados à realização de maior número de procedimentos foram sexo masculino, menor tempo de graduação, dois anos ou menos de atuação na UBS, atuar na região geográfica Norte ou Sul, em municípios de pequeno porte e mais distantes da sede da região de saúde. O principal motivo para não realizar os procedimentos e atividades que relataram saber fazer foi a falta de materiais e a infraestrutura inadequada. Os resultados revelam que o escopo de prática dos médicos do PMM está abaixo de suas capacidades, sendo necessárias intervenções para o ampliar.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to characterize the scope of practice of physicians working in primary healthcare participating in the Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program (‘PMM') and investigate the factors associated with execution of a larger number of clinical activities. It is an exploratory study carried over January to March 2016, through a self-applied questionnaire containing a list of 49 procedures, activities and actions carried out in primary healthcare. A total of 1,241 physicians took part in the study, most of them female, between age 40 and 49, and of Cuban nationality. The physicians carried out an average of 22.8 ± 8.2 procedures; they reported knowing how to carry out a larger number of procedures. Factors associated with executing a larger number of procedures were: being male, having graduated more recently, two years or less practicing in their primary healthcare unit, practicing in the North or South geographical regions, in small towns and more distant from the regional health headquarters. The main reason for not carrying out the procedures and activities that they reported knowing how to do was the lack of materials and inadequate infrastructure. The results show that the scope of practice of the physicians of the PMM is lower than their capacities, and that interventions with the intention of widening their scope are necessary.