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Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs in women of reproductive age. Much of the treatment involves hormone therapy that suppresses the proliferation of endometriosis lesions.Objective To compare discontinuation rates of pharmacological treatment with estrogen-progestins and progestins medications. The secondary objective is to evaluate the main side effects of these drugs in patients with endometriosis.Methods This retrospective study analyzed data from 330 patients who attended the Hospital of the State Public Servant of São Paulo from August 1999 to September 2020 and received pharmacological treatment for endometriosis. The data were obtained by review of the files of medical appointments with specialized staff.Results The median treatment time was 18 months, ranging from 1 to 168 months, and 177 patients interrupted the proposed treatment. The combined contraceptives with estrogens and progestins were significantly linked to treatment interruption, with a relative risk of 1,99 (p = 0,005). The most important side effects that resulted in treatment interruption were pain persistence (p = 0,043), weight gain (p = 0,017) and spotting (p < 0,001).
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Efectos Colaterales y Reacciones Adversas Relacionados con Medicamentos , Endometriosis , Humanos , Femenino , Progestinas/uso terapéutico , Anticonceptivos , Endometriosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Estudios Retrospectivos , BrasilRESUMEN
The Sit4 protein phosphatase plays a key role in orchestrating various cellular processes essential for maintaining cell viability during aging. We have previously shown that SIT4 deletion promotes vacuolar acidification, mitochondrial derepression, and oxidative stress resistance, increasing yeast chronological lifespan. In this study, we performed a proteomic analysis of isolated vacuoles and yeast genetic interaction analysis to unravel how Sit4 influences vacuolar and mitochondrial function. By employing high-resolution mass spectrometry, we show that sit4Δ vacuolar membranes were enriched in Vps27 and Hse1, two proteins that are part of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport-0. In addition, SIT4 exhibited a negative genetic interaction with VPS27, as sit4∆vps27∆ double mutants had a shortened lifespan compared to sit4∆ and vps27∆ single mutants. Our results also show that Vps27 did not increase sit4∆ lifespan by improving protein trafficking or vacuolar sorting pathways. However, Vps27 was critical for iron homeostasis and mitochondrial function in sit4∆ cells, as sit4∆vps27∆ double mutants exhibited high iron levels and impaired mitochondrial respiration. These findings show, for the first time, cross-talk between Sit4 and Vps27, providing new insights into the mechanisms governing chronological lifespan.
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Mitocondrias , Proteína Fosfatasa 2 , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Vacuolas , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , Vacuolas/metabolismo , Hierro/metabolismo , Transporte de Proteínas , Complejos de Clasificación Endosomal Requeridos para el Transporte/metabolismo , Complejos de Clasificación Endosomal Requeridos para el Transporte/genética , Mutación/genéticaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the feasibility, neurophysiological aspects, stimulation patterns, and topographic distribution of trigemino-cervical reflex (TCR) components in humans under general anesthesia. METHODS: This prospective observational study enrolled 20 participants who underwent posterior fossa surgery, surgical proceduresin thecraniovertebral junction,or spinal cord surgery. TCR responses were simultaneously recorded in the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and trapezius muscles after electrical stimulation of the supraorbital and infraorbital nerves. TCR responses were recorded preoperatively and intraoperatively using single-pulse and multipulse (trains of 2-7 electrical stimuli) stimulation, respectively. Two stimulus duration patterns were evaluated: 0.2-0.5 ms and 0.5-1.0 ms. RESULTS: Intraoperatively, short- and long-latency TCR components were obtained in the SCM ipsilateral to the stimulation with variable recordability. Short-latency responses were the most commonly recorded components. A longer stimulus duration (0.5-1.0 ms) seems to favor the elicitation of TCR responses under general anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Short-latency components recorded in the SCM ipsilateral to the stimulation could be regularly elicited under general anesthesia when a larger stimulus duration (0.5-1.0 ms) was applied. SIGNIFICANCE: This is the first study to demonstrate the elicitation of TCR components in humans under general anesthesia. This neurophysiological technique can potentially optimize intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring during brainstem surgery.
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Anestesia General , Estudios de Factibilidad , Humanos , Femenino , Anestesia General/métodos , Masculino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Prospectivos , Anciano , Monitorización Neurofisiológica Intraoperatoria/métodos , Estimulación Eléctrica/métodos , Reflejo Trigeminocardíaco/fisiología , Nervio Trigémino/fisiología , Adulto Joven , Reflejo/fisiologíaRESUMEN
SUMMARY: This scoping review aims to summarize the technical strategies for obtaining trigeminocervical reflex (TCR) and trigeminospinal reflex (TSR) responses. Studies published on TCR or TSR elicitation in humans through electrical stimulation of trigeminal nerve branches were eligible for this scoping review. The data of interest included stimulation parameters, site of stimulation, recording parameters, and the feasibility of TCR and TSR elicitation, in healthy participants. Short-latency TCR responses were regularly obtained in both anterior and posterior neck muscles after electrical stimulation of the supraorbital and infraorbital nerves under voluntary muscle activation. However, without voluntary muscle activation, we found evidence of elicitation of short-latency TCR components only in the posterior neck muscles after supraorbital or infraorbital nerve stimulation. Long-latency TCR responses were regularly obtained in the anterior and posterior neck muscles in studies that evaluated this technique, regardless of the trigeminal branch stimulation or muscle activation status. Short-latency TSR components were not obtained in the included studies, whereas long-latency TSR responses were regularly recorded in proximal upper limb muscles. This scoping review revealed key heterogeneity in the techniques used for TCR and TSR elicitation. By summarizing all the methodological procedures used for TCR and TSR elicitation, this scoping review can guide researchers in defining optimized technical approaches for different research and clinical scenarios.
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Reflejo , Nervio Trigémino , Humanos , Nervio Trigémino/fisiología , Reflejo/fisiología , Estimulación Eléctrica/métodos , Músculos del Cuello/fisiología , ElectromiografíaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) can be used as upfront therapy in aggressive breast cancer (BC). human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-low BC, defined as tumors scoring +1 or +2 on immunohistochemistry without HER2 gene amplification by in situ hybridization, lacks information on real-world data (RWD) outcomes, especially in the NAC setting. This subgroup, which does not reach the HER2 positive criteria due to its lower receptor expression, represents a distinct clinical category potentially requiring tailored therapeutic approaches. STUDY OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study is to characterize patients with BC with HER2-low status who received NAC in a Brazilian public reference center for female tumors and key outcomes such as pathological complete response (pCR), overall survival (OS), and metastasis-free survival (MFS). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study based on a large BC database from a reference cancer center in Brazil. Patients with BC that received NAC, diagnosed between 2011 and 2020, were included if they presented HER2-low status (defined as tumors scoring +1 or +2 on immunohistochemistry without HER2 gene amplification by in situ hybridization) and had complete data on outcomes. Clinical and demographic data were collected, such as age, menopausal status, Ki-67, hormone receptor expression and others. Key outcomes from the study comprised pCR (defined as ypT0/TIs/ypN0), overall survival, and metastasis-free survival (MFS). Survival analyses were conducted through the semiparametric Kaplan-Meier method to assess OS and MFS by pCR status, considering BC diagnosis as the index date. RESULTS: Overall, 297 patients were eligible and 141 were included in the study after matching the HER2-low definition. The pCR was seen in 18 out of 141 patients (12.7%). The median overall survival was 8.2 years, and the median MFS was 2.7 years. The OS of pCR was 83.4% and non-pCR was 58.1%; the DFS of pCR was 55.5% and non-pCR 40.6%. CONCLUSION: This study gives updated insights on pCR, OS, and MFS in women with HER2-low BC exposed to NAC.
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OBJECTIVE: Neuropathy is a well-recognized feature in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) or Machado-Joseph disease (MJD), but the pattern of neuropathy is still a matter of debate. This study aimed to evaluate peripheral nerve involvement in MJD patients. Neurophysiological and clinical data were analyzed to distinguish neuronopathy from length-dependent distal axonopathy. METHODS: In the present study we evaluated 26 patients with clinical and molecular-proven MJD and investigated their peripheral nerve involvement. Neurophysiological and clinical data were compared and correlated aiming to distinguish neuronopathy from distal axonopathy. RESULTS: The neurophysiological evaluation showed that 42.3% of the patients had polyneuropathy. Among these patients, 81.8% presented neuronopathy. CONCLUSION: We concluded that neuronopathy is the most common form of peripheral nerve involvement in MJD patients.
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Axones/patología , Enfermedad de Machado-Joseph/patología , Neuronas/patología , Nervios Periféricos/patología , Adulto , Anciano , Electromiografía , Humanos , Enfermedad de Machado-Joseph/fisiopatología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Conducción NerviosaRESUMEN
During the COVID-19 pandemic, several screening exams were postponed, including mammograms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 in mammographic screening in Brazil, considering 2015 to 2021. This was descriptive ecologic study based on the retrospective data of Brazil's mammographic screening program. A Brazilian national screening database (DATASUS - SISCAN (Cancer System Information)) was used as the data source, and the data in this database are publicly available for download and analysis. We report the number of screening rate from January 2015 to December 2021, using 2020 as reference year for COVID-19. From 2015 to 2021, 10,763,894 mammograms were performed and included in the analysis. Reductions of 39.6% and 13.3% were found in 2020 in 2021, respectively. During the pandemic's peak, the reduction was more pronounced, with maximum reductions of 82.4% in May 2020 and 34.8% in April 2021. There was an increase in the number of mammograms performed on high-risk patients from 11.2% in 2020 to 13.9% in 2021. This research demonstrated a decline in the breast cancer screening rate during the two years of the COVID-19 pandemic; this reduction will increase the burden of advanced breast cancer, potentially impacting morbidity and mortality related to this neoplasm.
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Since angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, ACE2, was identified as the receptor for SARS-CoV-2 and considering the intense physiological interplay between the two angitensinases isoforms, ACE and ACE2, as counter-regulatory axis of the renin-angiotensin system, we proposed the evaluation of polymorphisms in these two key regulators in relation to COVID-19 severity. A genetic association study involving 621 COVID-19 hospitalized patients from Brazil was performed. All subjects had a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 via RT-PCR. Patients were categorized into two groups: the "mild" group (N = 296), composed of individuals hospitalized in ward beds who progressed to cure, and the "severe" group (N = 325), composed of individuals who required hospitalization in an intensive care unit (ICU), or who died. Blood samples were genotyped for ACE I/D polymorphism and ACE2 G8790A polymorphism by real-time PCR via TaqMan assay. The analysis of combined polymorphisms revealed a protective role for genotypic profile II/A_ (ORA = 0,26; p = 0,037) against the worsening of COVID-19 in women. The results indicate a protection profile to COVID-19 progression, in which the II/A_ carriers have almost four times less chance of a severe outcome. It is proposed that a decreased activity of ACE (deleterious effects) in conjunction with an increased ACE2 activity (protective effects), should be the underlying mechanism. The findings are unprecedented once other studies have not explored the genotypic combination analysis for ACE and ACE2 polymorphisms and bring perspectives and expectations for dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic based on definitions of genetically-based risk groups within the context of personalized medicine.
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Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2 , COVID-19 , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A , Femenino , Humanos , Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2/genética , Brasil/epidemiología , COVID-19/genética , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Pandemias , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/genética , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/metabolismo , Sistema Renina-Angiotensina/genéticaRESUMEN
Objective: This study aims to evaluate the impact of the Pink October Campaign on the increase in mammographic screening in Brazil. Study design: Ecological observational study, based on retrospective data. Methods: Brazilian national screening database (DATASUS/SISMAMA/Information System on Breast Cancer) was used as a data source and is publicly available for download and analysis. We report screening numbers and outcome rates from January 2017 to December 2021 comparing statistically (ANOVA test, post-Tukey test), age groups, regions of Brazil, and the four quarters of the year. Results: During the study period, the average number of exams performed monthly over the five years was 137,400.117. An increase in the number of mammograms performed in October was identified, as well as in the two following months, respectively 33%, 39%, and 22%, with statistical significance (p = 0.000) in relation to the three quarters of the year. In addition, in the other months, we found values below the monthly average. Statistical difference was not found in the increase in mammograms considering age groups (p = 0.5) and different regions of the country (p = 0.6). Conclusions: This study showed an increase in mammographic screening in the three months following the Pink October Campaign, so we should intensify similar actions throughout the year and not just in October.
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Introduction: The evolving COVID-19 pandemic became a hallmark in human history, not only by changing lifestyles, but also by enriching scientific knowledge on viral infection and its consequences. Objective: Although the management of cardiorespiratory changes is pivotal to a favorable prognosis during severe clinical findings, dysregulation of other systems caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection may imbalance erythrocyte dynamics, such as a bidirectional positive feedback loop pathophysiology. Method and Results: Recent evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 is capable of affecting the genetics and dynamics of erythrocytes and this coexists with a non-homeostatic function of cardiovascular, respiratory and renal systems during COVID-19. In hypothesis, SARS-CoV-2-induced systematical alterations of erythrocytes dynamics would constitute a setpoint for COVID-19-related multiple organ failure syndrome and death. Conclusion: The present review covers the most frequent erythrocyte-related non-homeostatic findings during COVID-19 capable of providing mechanistic clues of SARS-CoV-2-induced infection and inspiring therapeutic-oriented scientific evidence.
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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate a group of spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3) or Machado-Joseph disease (MJD) (SCA3/MJD) patients and assess whether there is an association between neuropathy and serum ferritin levels and restless legs syndrome (RLS). METHODS: Twenty-six SCA3/MJD patients underwent electromyography studies to check for neuropathy. Their serum ferritin levels were measured as well. These findings were evaluated based on the presence or not of RLS and its severity. RESULTS: The proportion of neuropathy in the RLS group was not significantly higher compared to the non-RLS group (23 vs. 15%, Fisher's exact test, p = 1.000). Furthermore, no association was found between RLS and ferritin levels. CONCLUSION: We found no correlation between neuropathy or ferritin levels and RLS in SCA3/MJD patients.
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Enfermedad de Machado-Joseph/complicaciones , Enfermedad de Machado-Joseph/patología , Nervios Periféricos/fisiopatología , Síndrome de las Piernas Inquietas/etiología , Síndrome de las Piernas Inquietas/patología , Adulto , Intervalos de Confianza , Evaluación de la Discapacidad , Estimulación Eléctrica/métodos , Electromiografía , Femenino , Ferritinas/sangre , Humanos , Enfermedad de Machado-Joseph/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Conducción Nerviosa , Síndrome de las Piernas Inquietas/sangre , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Difficulties or limitations in producing high-pitched sounds while singing may be due to the vocal technique used or organic factor. The observation of such difficulty or limitation by singing teachers is one of the main reasons affected individuals are referred to otolaryngologists. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the laryngostroboscopic and electromyographic changes in the cricothyroid muscles of singers with difficulties or limitations producing high-pitched sounds. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study. Ten singers with difficulty producing high-pitched sounds underwent voice, laryngostroboscopic, and electromyographic evaluations. RESULTS: None of the evaluated singers presented signs of impairment of the superior laryngeal nerve on laryngostroboscopy. The electromyographic findings for the cricothyroid muscle were normal for all singers. Six singers presented vocal fold lesions, seven had signs suggestive of laryngopharyngeal reflux, and two presented vascular changes. CONCLUSION: No signs suggestive of superior laryngeal nerve paresis or paralysis were observed on laryngostroboscopy and electromyography of the cricothyroid muscle in singers with difficulties or limitations producing high-pitched sounds. The presence of vocal fold lesions should be investigated in this population.
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Canto , Trastornos de la Voz , Estudios Transversales , Electromiografía , Humanos , Estroboscopía , Calidad de la VozRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a multifactorial condition that already affects one third of the worldwide population. The identification of candidate genes for hypertension is a challenge for the next years. Nevertheless, the small contribution of each individual genetic factor to the disease brings the necessity of evaluate genes in an integrative manner and taking into consideration the physiological interaction of functions. Angiotensin I-converting enzymes, ACE and ACE2, are key regulators of blood pressure that have counterbalance roles by acting on vasoactive peptides from Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS). Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of ACE gene and single nucleotide polymorphism G8790A of ACE2 gene have been associated with susceptibility to SAH, but the literature is controversial. We proposed to evaluate these two polymorphisms jointly exploring the combined effects of ACE and ACE2 genotypes on SAH susceptibility, an approach that have not been done yet for ACE and ACE2 polymorphisms. METHODS AND FINDINGS: This genetic association study included 117 hypertensive (mean age 59.7 years) patients and 123 normotensive and diabetes-free controls (mean age 57.5 years). ACE and ACE2 polymorphisms were genotyped by SYBR Green real-time PCR and RFLP-PCR, respectively. Crude and adjusted odds ratio (OR) values were calculated to estimate the susceptibility to SAH development. It was obtained homogeneity regarding distribution by sex, age range, smoking, alcohol consumption and body mass index (BMI) between case and control groups. No-association was verified for each gene individually, but the combination of ACE and ACE2 polymorphisms on female gender revealed a significative association for DD/G_ carriers who had a 3-fold increased risk to SAH development (p = 0.03), with a stronger susceptibility on DD/GG carriers (7-fold increased risk, p = 0.01). The D allele of ACE showed association with altered levels of lipid profile variables on case group (VLDL-cholesterol, p = 0.01) and DD genotype in all individuals analysis (triglycerides, p = 0.01 and VLDL-cholesterol, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that the combination of ACE and ACE2 polymorphisms effects may play a role in SAH predisposition been the DD/G_ genotype the susceptibility profile. This result allowed us to raise the hypothesis that an increased activity of ACE (prohypertensive effects) in conjunction with reduced ACE2 activity (antihypertensive effects) could be the underlining mechanism. The association of ACE D allele with lipid alterations indicate that this can be a marker of poor prognostic on SAH evolution and contribute to CVD development. Although these preliminary findings must be confirmed by further researches with larger sample size, we could observe that the integrative analysis of ACE and ACE2 can be an informative tool in hypertension understanding that needs to be explored in new studies.
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Dislipidemias/epidemiología , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Hipertensión/genética , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/genética , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Alelos , Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina 2 , Presión Sanguínea/genética , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Dislipidemias/genética , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Frecuencia de los Genes , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Humanos , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Mutación INDEL , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Factores de Riesgo , Factores Sexuales , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Reproducibility testing of nerve conduction studies and F-wave latencies in a group of healthy volunteers. METHODS: A total of 32 healthy volunteers underwent sensory and motor nerve conduction studies of the ulnar and tibial nerves, including F-waves, elicited by 32 stimuli, repeated in two different days by the same examiner. RESULTS: The F-wave latencies showed less variability than the other parameters of conduction studies, and, among them, the F-wave mean latency of the tibial nerve has been the one with the higher reproducibility. CONCLUSIONS: F-wave latencies were the parameters with best reproducibility, followed by conduction velocities and amplitudes. SIGNIFICANCE: Our data showed that the F-wave mean latency is a parameter with a high reliability, considering the reproducibility, for sequential studies.
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Neuronas Motoras/fisiología , Conducción Nerviosa/fisiología , Nervio Tibial/fisiología , Nervio Cubital/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Electromiografía/métodos , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Reproducibilidad de los ResultadosAsunto(s)
Músculos , Reflejo , Humanos , Reflejo/fisiología , Electromiografía , Tronco Encefálico/fisiología , Lengua/fisiología , Estimulación EléctricaRESUMEN
Introdução: A incapacidade funcional e o desempenho físico são definidos pela dificuldade ou necessidade de ajuda para o indivíduo executar tarefas diárias, podendo repercutir na capacidade adaptativa das atividades diárias, tanto nas suas capacidades físicas quanto mentais. O processo de envelhecimento acarreta incapacidade funcional, comprometendo a qualidade de vida. Objetivo geral: Construir um aplicativo em saúde com foco na saúde do idoso com incapacidade na lombar. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo do tipo construção de um aplicativo, desenvolvido durante o período de agosto de 2021 a maio de 2022 em Fortaleza-CE, na página https://fabricadeaplicativos.com.br e será disponibilizado com um instrumento composto pelo índice de Oswestry 2.0 de Incapacidade. Resultados: Telas explicativas para download e acesso ao aplicativo desenvolvido para facilitar o alcance de informações relevantes aos idosos que sofrem limitações no seu dia a dia, provenientes do processo de envelhecimento. Conclusão: Tendo visto que existem poucos estudos e aplicativos sobre esse assunto, se faz necessário a criação de um aplicativo voltado ao tema.(AU)
Introduction: Functional disability and physical performance are defined by the difficulty or need for help for the individual to perform daily tasks. It can have repercussions on the adaptive capacity of daily activities, both in their physical and mental capacities. The aging process causes functional disability, thus compromising quality of life. General objective: To build a health application focused on the health of the elderly with disabilities in the lumbar. Methods: This is a study of the type of construction of an application, developed during the period from August 2021 to May 2022 in Fortaleza-Ceará, on page https://fabricadeaplicativos.com.br and will be made available with an instrument composed of the Oswestry 2.0 Disability Index. Results: Explanatory screens for download and access to the application that was developed to facilitate the reach of relevant information to the elderly who suffer limitations in their day-to-day coming from the aging process. Conclusion: Having seen that there are few studies and applications on this subject, it is necessary to create an application focused on the subject.(AU)
Introducción: La discapacidad funcional y el rendimiento físico se definen por la dificultad o necesidad de ayuda del individuo para realizar las tareas diarias, lo que puede repercutir en la capacidad adaptativa de las actividades diarias, tanto en sus capacidades físicas como mentales. El proceso de envejecimiento conduce a una discapacidad funcional, comprometiendo la calidad de vida. Objetivo general: Construir una aplicación de salud centrada en la salud de personas mayores con discapacidad lumbar. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio del tipo constructivo de una aplicación, desarrollado durante el período de agosto de 2021 a mayo de 2022 en Fortaleza-CE, en la página https://fabricadeaplicativos.com.br y estará disponible con un instrumento compuesto. por el Índice de Discapacidad Oswestry 2.0. Resultados: Pantallas explicativas de descarga y acceso a la aplicación desarrollada para facilitar el acceso a información relevante a personas mayores que sufren limitaciones en su vida diaria, derivadas del proceso de envejecimiento. Conclusión: Dado que existen pocos estudios y aplicaciones sobre este tema, es necesario crear una aplicación enfocada en el tema.(AU)
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Anciano , Dolor , Envejecimiento , Ejercicio Físico , Ciencia, Tecnología y SociedadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to examine the effect of the stimulus phase of air-conducted sound on ocular vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (oVEMPs). METHODS: oVEMPs were recorded after air-conducted sounds (500Hz, 4ms duration), presented with initial condensation (positive), rarefaction (negative), and alternant polarities from 12 healthy subjects. RESULTS: Most responses showed a bifid n10 peak separated by â¼1.9ms. The most prominent sub-peak after condensation was shorter than the most prominent sub-peak after rarefaction; however, the first sub-peak was shorter after the rarefaction stimuli. When a third sub-peak appeared, it occurred before the most prominent sub-peak after condensation and after the most prominent sub-peak after rarefaction. The latency difference between this third sub-peak and the closest sub-peak was shorter than the difference among the others sub-peaks, in both cases; the oVEMPs after alternating stimuli was an amalgam of the responses to the different stimuli. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the negative to positive change of the stimulus was the main event responsible for the stimulation, and that when a third sub-peak appeared it was related to the initiation or the end of the stimulus. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings suggested that the oVEMP response, obtained by air conducted sound, was secondary to stimulation of the same type of afferent vestibular unit, independent of the stimulus polarity.
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Estimulación Acústica/métodos , Potenciales Vestibulares Miogénicos Evocados/fisiología , Vestíbulo del Laberinto/fisiología , Adulto , Femenino , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The role of oxidative stress in schizophrenia has been demonstrated, particularly in subjects with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS). In such patients, the decreased levels of antioxidants in conjunction with the increased generation of reactive oxygen species in the brain exposes the neurons to a higher risk of damage. METHODS AND FINDINGS: We evaluated the association of deletion polymorphisms of two genes of the antioxidant Glutathione S-Transferase family, GSTT1 and GSTM1, with susceptibility to TRS. A total of 54 TRS patients (mean age 38.7 years) and 78 healthy control subjects (mean age 39.0 years) were enrolled in this study. The subjects were matched by sex, age, and smoking and alcohol consumption habits. In the case group, the frequencies of GSTT1-null and GSTM1-null genotypes were 24.1 and 51.9%, respectively, whereas for the control group, the frequencies were 12.8 and 46.2%, respectively. Analysis performed with respect to the risk of developing TRS associated with the GSTT1 and GSTM1 deletion polymorphisms, resulted in odds ratio (OR) values of 2.1 and 1.2, respectively. However, the association was not found to be significant (p = 0.1229 and p = 0.5916, respectively). The analysis performed with respect to the combined genotypes of GSTT1 and GSTM1 revealed that the double-null genotype confers a 4.6-fold increased risk of developing TRS (p = 0.0412). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicate that a combination of GST deficiencies may play a role in enhanced susceptibility to TRS, and the present genotype of one of these genes may buffer the deficiency caused by the lack (null genotype) of the other. The results suggest that combined deletion polymorphisms of GSTT1 and GSTM1 can have implications in the prediction of the clinical course of the disease.
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Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Genotipo , Glutatión Transferasa/genética , Esquizofrenia/genética , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Brasil , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Esquizofrenia/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Abstract Introduction The evolving COVID-19 pandemic became a hallmark in human history, not only by changing lifestyles, but also by enriching scientific knowledge on viral infection and its consequences. Objective Although the management of cardiorespiratory changes is pivotal to a favorable prognosis during severe clinical findings, dysregulation of other systems caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection may imbalance erythrocyte dynamics, such as a bidirectional positive feedback loop pathophysiology. Method and Results Recent evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 is capable of affecting the genetics and dynamics of erythrocytes and this coexists with a non-homeostatic function of cardiovascular, respiratory and renal systems during COVID-19. In hypothesis, SARS-CoV-2-induced systematical alterations of erythrocytes dynamics would constitute a setpoint for COVID-19-related multiple organ failure syndrome and death. Conclusion The present review covers the most frequent erythrocyte-related non-homeostatic findings during COVID-19 capable of providing mechanistic clues of SARS-CoV-2-induced infection and inspiring therapeutic-oriented scientific evidence.