RESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Cholangiocarcinoma has an unimproved prognosis. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has an oncogenic potential in some cancer diseases. However, the role of IL-6 in cholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis is not well understood. The current study investigated the role of IL-6 signaling in cholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis and efficacy of siltuximab treatment on cholangiocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: The expression of IL-6 was analyzed on human cholangiocarcinoma cell lines and murine and human cholangiocarcinoma tissues, using reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry. In addition, the effect of anti-IL-6 chimeric monoclonal antibody, siltuximab, was investigated in vitro by proliferation, migration, and two-dimensional and three-dimensional invasion assays and in vivo by xenograft mouse model. Western blot was applied to study the molecular alteration. RESULTS: Our result shows high expression of IL-6 in human cholangiocarcinoma cells, and IL-6 stimulants enhance cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation. In addition, murine and human cholangiocarcinoma tissues express significantly higher levels of IL-6, compared with adjacent non-tumor tissues. On the cholangiocarcinoma engineered mouse model, IL-6 level is associated with tumor volume. Taken together, our data indicate an oncogenic potential of IL-6 in cholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis. Siltuximab sufficiently abrogates IL-6 signaling and inhibits cholangiocarcinoma progression in vitro and in vivo. The results additionally indicate a relative alteration of IL-6 signaling and its molecular targets, such as STAT3, Wnt/ß-catenin, and mesenchymal markers. CONCLUSIONS: Interleukin 6 plays an essential role in cholangiocarcinoma carcinogenesis, and siltuximab has the potential to be considered as a new treatment option for cholangiocarcinoma patients.
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Anticuerpos Monoclonales/farmacología , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/patología , Carcinogénesis/genética , Colangiocarcinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Colangiocarcinoma/patología , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Colangiocarcinoma/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Expresión Génica , Humanos , Interleucina-6/genética , Masculino , Ratones , Persona de Mediana Edad , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Factor de Transcripción STAT3 , Proteínas Wnt , beta CateninaRESUMEN
Aberrant activation of Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway has been implicated in a variety of cancers including cholangiocarcinoma (CC); however, the influencing factors are still unknown. Additionally, intratumoral hypoxia is known to contribute towards therapeutic resistance through modulatory effects on various pathways. In this study, we investigated the relationship between hypoxia and SHH pathway activation and the effect of this interplay on cancer stemness and epithelial-to- mesenchymal transition (EMT) during cholangiocarcinogenesis. Hypoxia promoted SHH pathway activation, evidenced by upregulated SHH and SMO levels, and enhanced glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 (GLI1) nuclear translocation; whereas silencing of HIF-1α impaired SHH upregulation. Hypoxia also enhanced the expression of cancer stem cell (CSC) transcription factors (NANOG, Oct4, SOX2), CD133 and EMT markers (N-cadherin, Vimentin), thereby supporting invasion. Cyclopamine treatment suppressed hypoxia induced SHH pathway activation, consequently reducing invasiveness by downregulating the expression of CSC transcription factors, CD133 and EMT. Cyclopamine induced apoptosis in CC cells under hypoxia, suggesting that hypoxia induced activation of SHH pathway has modulatory effects on CC progression. Therefore, SHH signaling is proposed as a target for CC treatment, which is refractory to standard chemotherapy.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/metabolismo , Colangiocarcinoma/metabolismo , Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Proteínas Hedgehog/metabolismo , Oxígeno/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Antígeno AC133/genética , Antígeno AC133/metabolismo , Apoptosis , Hipoxia de la Célula , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular , Proteínas Hedgehog/genética , Humanos , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/genética , Subunidad alfa del Factor 1 Inducible por Hipoxia/metabolismo , Proteína Homeótica Nanog/genética , Proteína Homeótica Nanog/metabolismo , Células Madre Neoplásicas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Células Madre Neoplásicas/fisiología , Factor 3 de Transcripción de Unión a Octámeros/genética , Factor 3 de Transcripción de Unión a Octámeros/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción SOXC/genética , Factores de Transcripción SOXC/metabolismo , Receptor Smoothened/genética , Receptor Smoothened/metabolismo , Alcaloides de Veratrum/farmacología , Proteína con Dedos de Zinc GLI1/genética , Proteína con Dedos de Zinc GLI1/metabolismoRESUMEN
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is the second most common primary hepatic malignancy. CC treatment options are very limited especially for patients with distant metastasis. Kangai 1 C-terminal interacting tetraspanin (KITENIN) is highly expressed in numerous cancers, but the role of KITENIN in CC remains unknown. Here, we have investigated for the first time the function of KITENIN in human CC cell lines (TFK-1, SZ-1), tissues and a CC mouse model (Alb-Cre/LSL-KRASG12D/p53L/L). KITENIN was expressed in 92.2% of human CC tissues, in murine CC samples and also in human CC cell lines. Knockdown of KITENIN by small interfering RNA (siRNA) effectively reduced proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation in both intra- and extra-hepatic CC cells. The expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers like N-cadherin, Vimentin, Snail and Slug were suppressed in KITENIN knockdown CC cells. Our results indicate that KITENIN is crucial for cholangiocarcinogenesis and it might become a potential therapeutic target for human CC treatment.
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Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/prevención & control , Proteínas Portadoras/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proliferación Celular , Colangiocarcinoma/prevención & control , Silenciador del Gen , Proteínas de la Membrana/antagonistas & inhibidores , ARN Interferente Pequeño/genética , Animales , Apoptosis , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/metabolismo , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/patología , Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Movimiento Celular , Colangiocarcinoma/metabolismo , Colangiocarcinoma/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones , Células Tumorales CultivadasRESUMEN
Palliative treatment options for human cholangiocarcinoma (CCC) are quite limited and new therapeutic strategies are of utmost need. c-MET has been shown to be deregulated in many cancers, but the role of c-MET in the carcinogenesis of CCC remains unclear. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the expression and also to investigate the role of c-MET and its effective inhibition for the treatment of CCC. In this study we investigated the effects of LY2801653, a small-molecule inhibitor with potent activity against MET kinase, in human CCC cell lines and in vivo using a xenograft mouse model. We have investigated the role of c-MET and its inhibitory effects on migration, invasion, colony formation, MET downstream targets, and CCC tumor growth. We also analyzed the role of apoptosis and senescence as well as the influence of hypoxia in this context. c-MET and p-MET were expressed in 72% and 12.5% of human CCC tissues and in TFK-1, SZ-1 cell lines. MET inhibition was achieved by blocking phosphorylation of MET with LY2801653 and subsequent down regulation of c-MET downstream targets. Treatment showed in a xenograft model potent anti-tumor activity. LY2801653 is an effective inhibitor and suppress the proliferation of CCC cells as well as the growth of xenograft tumors. Therefore, inhibition of c-MET could be a possible alternative approach for the treatment of human CCC. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/tratamiento farmacológico , Conductos Biliares/efectos de los fármacos , Colangiocarcinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Indazoles/uso terapéutico , Niacinamida/análogos & derivados , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-met/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-met/metabolismo , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/metabolismo , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/patología , Conductos Biliares/metabolismo , Conductos Biliares/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Colangiocarcinoma/metabolismo , Colangiocarcinoma/patología , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones Desnudos , Terapia Molecular Dirigida , Invasividad Neoplásica/patología , Invasividad Neoplásica/prevención & control , Niacinamida/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/uso terapéutico , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-met/análisis , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Neuroendocrine tumors (NET) are malignancies with an increasing incidence rate. NETs are graded or classified by the expression level of Ki67, a proliferation marker in Grade 1 and 2 tumors. Out of 120 patients who visited our hospital between 2003 and 2012, 40 were classified as G2 NET. This study was mainly designed to investigate a new threshold for optimising the Ki67 system. Patients were subdivided into two new groups according to Ki67 (group 1 = 3-9%, group 2 = 10-20%). Twenty-five patients were allocated to group 1 and 15 to group 2. The primary tumor originated in 46% from the foregut and 68% NET were functionally active. Patients were treated in 88 versus 60% by surgery, 48 versus 80% by somatostatin analogs, 0 versus 20% by chemotherapy, 2,5 versus 0% by Everolimus and 32 versus 47% underwent peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Group 1 patients showed a significantly (p = 0.01) better survival compared with group 2 and also a significant difference of Chromogranin A (p = 0.03) and alkaline phosphatase (p = 0.01). In addition, all patients with elevated lactate dehydrogenase showed a significantly (p = 0.03) shorter survival. Prognostic relevance of G2 NETs may be improved by using a new boundary. Patients with Ki67 of 3-9% showed a better response to current treatment methods and significantly longer survival compared to group 2. Thus, our data clearly show that patients with higher G2 proliferation index should be treated differently. Finally, LDH has been found to be a new prognostic factor in patients with G2 NET.
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Fosfatasa Alcalina/sangre , Cromogranina A/sangre , Neoplasias Intestinales/terapia , Antígeno Ki-67/análisis , L-Lactato Deshidrogenasa/sangre , Tumores Neuroendocrinos/terapia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/terapia , Neoplasias Gástricas/terapia , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Biomarcadores de Tumor , Bases de Datos Factuales , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Intestinales/clasificación , Neoplasias Intestinales/mortalidad , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tumores Neuroendocrinos/clasificación , Tumores Neuroendocrinos/mortalidad , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/clasificación , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/mortalidad , Pronóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Neoplasias Gástricas/clasificación , Neoplasias Gástricas/mortalidad , Tasa de SupervivenciaRESUMEN
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease with a high rate of metastasis. Recent studies have indicated that Notch and janus kinase 2 (JAK2)/signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathways are both important for the initiation and progression of PDAC. The purpose of this study was to determine the outcome of targeting these two tumor signaling pathways simultaneously both in vitro and in vivo. We assessed the combinational effects of the γ-secretase inhibitor IX (GSI IX) and JAK2 inhibitor (AG-490) on growth and epithelial plasticity of human pancreatic cancer cell lines, and in a genetically engineered mouse model (Pdx1-Cre, LSL-KrasG12D, p53(lox/+)) of PDAC. Dual treatment with GSI IX and AG-490 significantly impaired cell proliferation, migration, invasion, soft agar growth and apoptosis when compared with monotherapies. Most importantly, combinational treatment significantly attenuates tumor progression in vivo and suppresses conversion from acinar-ductal-metaplasia to PDAC. Our results suggest that targeting Notch and JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathways simultaneously is superior to single inhibitions, supporting combined treatment by GSI IX and AG-490 as a potential therapeutic approach for PDAC. However, the study design limits the direct transfer into the clinic and the impact of dual treatment in patients with PDAC remains still to be determined.
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Neoplasias/patología , Proteínas Quinasas/metabolismo , Receptores Notch/antagonistas & inhibidores , Factores de Transcripción STAT/antagonistas & inhibidores , Línea Celular Tumoral , Progresión de la Enfermedad , HumanosRESUMEN
UNLABELLED: The Hedgehog signaling pathway plays a pivotal role during embryonic development, stem cell maintenance, and wound healing. Hedgehog signaling also is deregulated in many cancers. However, the role of this signaling pathway in the carcinogenesis of cholangiocarcinoma (CCC) is still unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of Hedgehog inhibition by cyclopamine and 5E1 in cultured human CCC cell lines and in vivo using a xenograft mouse model. We also investigated the involvement of Hedgehog in epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, and CCC tumor growth. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) ligand was highly expressed in 89% of human CCC tissues and in CCC cell lines. Cyclopamine and 5E1 treatments effectively inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by down-regulating the Hedgehog target genes glioblastoma 1 and glioblastoma 2. In vitro and in vivo, we detected an increase in epithelial marker, E-cadherin, after Hedgehog inhibition. In addition, we saw an increase in necrotic areas and a decrease in mitotic figures in cyclopamine and 5E1-treated CCC xenograft tumors. CONCLUSION: This study supports the presence of autocrine Hedgehog signaling in human CCC, where CCC cells produce and respond to Shh ligand. Blocking the Hedgehog pathway inhibited EMT and decreased the viability of CCC cells. In addition, cyclopamine and 5E1 inhibited the growth of CCC xenograft tumors.
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Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares , Conductos Biliares Intrahepáticos/patología , Colangiocarcinoma , Proteínas Hedgehog/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Alcaloides de Veratrum/farmacología , Animales , Comunicación Autocrina/efectos de los fármacos , Comunicación Autocrina/fisiología , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/metabolismo , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/patología , Cadherinas/metabolismo , Línea Celular Tumoral , Colangiocarcinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Colangiocarcinoma/metabolismo , Colangiocarcinoma/patología , Femenino , Proteínas Hedgehog/antagonistas & inhibidores , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Necrosis , Trasplante de Neoplasias , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the third most common tumor of the gastrointestinal tract. At the time of diagnosis, the majority of PDACs shows already metastasis and does not qualify for curative surgery. Therefore, palliative chemotherapy has a very high priority, but recommendations after failure of first-line chemotherapies are quite limited. The aim of our analysis was to evaluate the efficacy of different second-line treatments after pretreatment with gemcitabine (57.5%), gemcitabine + erlotinib (25%), and platinum-based chemotherapy (17.5%). We included all patients with advanced PDAC treated with second-line chemotherapy in our department between 2005 and 2012. A total of 22 patients were treated with XELOX, 8 patients with FOLFOX, 6 patients with gemcitabine (+/- erlotinib) and 4 patients with FOLFIRI. On average, the patients received 4.2 cycles (standard deviation [SD] SD: 3.5) over a period of 2.5 months (SD: 2.6). The median overall survival (OS) for all patients was 5.4 months, progression-free survival was 3.5 months, and a tumor control was achieved in 21% of all cases. Toxicity profile was acceptable between the second-line chemotherapies and there was no significant difference in the other investigated end points. Interestingly, there was also no effect of the first-line treatment and their duration for the OS of the second-line therapy. According to our findings, second-line chemotherapies in advanced PDAC are beneficial and should be offered to patients, but we did not detect any superiority of a specific drug combination. More prospective, randomized and larger studies are necessary to evaluate new strategies for second-line chemotherapies.
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Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapéutico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/tratamiento farmacológico , Cuidados Paliativos/métodos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antineoplásicos/administración & dosificación , Camptotecina/análogos & derivados , Camptotecina/uso terapéutico , Capecitabina , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/mortalidad , Desoxicitidina/administración & dosificación , Desoxicitidina/análogos & derivados , Desoxicitidina/uso terapéutico , Esquema de Medicación , Clorhidrato de Erlotinib , Femenino , Fluorouracilo/análogos & derivados , Fluorouracilo/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Leucovorina/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Compuestos Organoplatinos/uso terapéutico , Oxaloacetatos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/mortalidad , Quinazolinas/administración & dosificación , Estudios Retrospectivos , Análisis de Supervivencia , Resultado del Tratamiento , GemcitabinaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Diagnosis and curative treatment of cholangiocarcinoma (CC) often comes too late due to the lack of reliable tumour markers especially in patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). The authors recently introduced bile proteomic analysis for CC diagnosis. Nevertheless, bile collection depends on invasive endoscopic retrograde cholangiography. The authors therefore evaluated urine proteomic analysis for non-invasive CC diagnosis. METHODS: Using capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry the authors established a CC-specific peptide marker model based on the distribution of 42 peptides in 14 CC, 13 PSC and 14 benign biliary disorder (BBD) patients. RESULTS: In cross-sectional validation of 123 patients, the urine peptide marker model correctly classified 35 of 42 CC patients and 64 of 81 PSC and BBD patients with an area under the curve value of 0.87 (95% CI 0.80 to 0.92, p=0.0001, 83% sensitivity, 79% specificity). Evaluation of 101 normal controls resulted in 86% specificity. All 10 patients with CC on top of PSC were correctly classified. The majority of sequence-identified peptides are fragments of interstitial collagens with some of them also detected in blood indicating their extra-renal origin. Immunostaining of liver sections for matrix metallopeptidase 1 indicated increased activity of the interstitial collagenase in liver epithelial cells of CC patients. CONCLUSION: The urine test differentiates CC from PSC and other BBD and may provide a new diagnostic non-invasive tool for PSC surveillance and CC detection.
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Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/diagnóstico , Conductos Biliares Intrahepáticos , Biomarcadores/orina , Colangiocarcinoma/diagnóstico , Colangitis Esclerosante/diagnóstico , Proteómica , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/orina , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Colangiocarcinoma/orina , Colangitis Esclerosante/orina , Análisis por Conglomerados , Estudios Transversales , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Electroforesis Capilar , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Espectrometría de Masas , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mapeo Peptídico , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has a poor prognosis and only limited palliative treatment options. The deficiency of adiponectin and adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling was reported in several malignancies, but the alteration of these proteins in CCA is still unclear. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the role of adiponectin and AMPK signaling in CCA. Furthermore, AdipoRon, a novel adiponectin receptor (AdipoR) agonist, was evaluated in vitro and in vivo as a new anti-tumor therapy for CCA. METHODS: The expression of AdipoR1 and p-AMPKα in human tissue microarrays (TMAs) was evaluated by immunohistochemistry staining (IHC). The effect of 2-(4-Benzoylphenoxy)-N-[1-(phenylmethyl)-4-piperidinyl]-acetamide (AdipoRon) was investigated in vitro with proliferation, crystal violet, migration, invasion, colony formation, senescence, cell cycle and apoptosis assays and in vivo using a CCA engineered mouse model (AlbCre/LSL-KRASG12D/p53L/L). RT-qPCR and western blot methods were applied to study molecular alterations in murine tissues. RESULTS: AdipoR1 and p-AMPKα were impaired in human CCA tissues, compared to adjacent non-tumor tissue. There was a positive correlation between the AdipoR1 and p-AMPKα levels in CCA tissues. Treatment with AdipoRon inhibited proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation and induced apoptosis in a time- and dose-dependent manner in vitro (p<0.05). In addition, AdipoRon reduced the number of CCA and tumor volume, prolonged survival, and decreased metastasis and ascites in the treated group compared to the control group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: AdipoR1 and p-AMPKα are impaired in CCA tissues, and AdipoRon effectively inhibits CCA in vitro and in vivo. Thus, AdipoRon may be considered as a potential anti-tumor therapy in CCA.
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Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP , Apoptosis , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares , Proliferación Celular , Colangiocarcinoma , Receptores de Adiponectina , Colangiocarcinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Colangiocarcinoma/patología , Colangiocarcinoma/metabolismo , Receptores de Adiponectina/metabolismo , Receptores de Adiponectina/agonistas , Humanos , Animales , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Ratones , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/patología , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/metabolismo , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Piperidinas/farmacología , Piperidinas/química , Piperidinas/uso terapéutico , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ensayos de Selección de Medicamentos AntitumoralesRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: While marked changes in the frequency of hepatobiliary malignancies, most notably hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC), have been observed in different populations, no such data have been reported for Germany. We aimed to provide epidemiological data on recent trends in liver-related mortality, specifically mortality from hepatobiliary malignancies, in Germany. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We used incidence and mortality data to determine changes in the frequency of malignant and non-malignant liver disease in Germany over the past 30 years. RESULTS: While overall liver disease mortality has slightly declined in Germany, deaths from hepatobiliary malignancies have declined in women, but remained constant in men. Among hepatobiliary malignancies, ICC stands out, because mortality has more than tripled both in men and women between 1998 and 2008. This is mirrored by a marked increase in new cases reported to local cancer registries, that is, incidence. Over the same time period, HCC and extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ECC) have remained largely constant while gall bladder cancers (GBC) have declined twofold. The rapid rise in ICC is in line with finding from different regions worldwide, but in contrast to recent data from Denmark and France, two of Germany's direct neighbors. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of and mortality from ICC are rising markedly in Germany. The risk factors underlying this trend are as yet unclear.
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Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/mortalidad , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/mortalidad , Colangiocarcinoma/mortalidad , Neoplasias de la Vesícula Biliar/mortalidad , Neoplasias Hepáticas/mortalidad , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Niño , Femenino , Alemania/epidemiología , Humanos , Incidencia , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents a major health burden with limited curative treatment options. There is a substantial unmet need to develop innovative approaches to impact the progression of advanced HCC. Haprolid is a novel natural component isolated from myxobacteria. Haprolid has been reported as a potent selective cytotoxin against a panel of tumor cells in recent studies including HCC cells. The aims of this study are to evaluate the antitumor effect of haprolid in HCC and to understand its underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS: The efficacy of haprolid was evaluated in human HCC cell lines (Huh-7, Hep3B and HepG2) and xenograft tumors (NMRI-Foxn1nu mice with injection of Hep3B cells). Cytotoxic activity of haprolid was determined by the WST-1 and crystal violet assay. Wound healing, transwell and tumorsphere assays were performed to investigate migration and invasion of HCC cells. Apoptosis and cell-cycle distribution were measured by flow cytometry. The effects of haprolid on the Rb/E2F and Akt/mTOR pathway were examined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: haprolid treatment significantly inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was impaired by haprolid treatment and the expression level of N-cadherin, vimentin and Snail was downregulated. Moreover, growth of HCC cells in vitro was suppressed by inhibition of G1/S transition, and partially by induction of apoptosis. The drug induced downregulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin A, cyclin B and CDK2 and induced upregulation of p21 and p27. Further evidence showed that these effects of haprolid were associated with Rb/E2F downregulation and Akt/mTOR inhibition. Finally, in vivo nude mice experiments demonstrated significant inhibition of tumor growth upon haprolid treatment. CONCLUSION: Our results show that haprolid inhibits the growth of HCC through dual inhibition of Rb/E2F and Akt/mTOR pathways. Therefore, haprolid might be considered as a new and promising candidate for the palliative therapy of HCC.
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BACKGROUND: The complexity and heterogeneity of the human plasma proteome have presented significant challenges in the identification of protein changes associated with tumor development. Refined genetically engineered mouse (GEM) models of human cancer have been shown to faithfully recapitulate the molecular, biological, and clinical features of human disease. Here, we sought to exploit the merits of a well-characterized GEM model of pancreatic cancer to determine whether proteomics technologies allow identification of protein changes associated with tumor development and whether such changes are relevant to human pancreatic cancer. METHODS AND FINDINGS: Plasma was sampled from mice at early and advanced stages of tumor development and from matched controls. Using a proteomic approach based on extensive protein fractionation, we confidently identified 1,442 proteins that were distributed across seven orders of magnitude of abundance in plasma. Analysis of proteins chosen on the basis of increased levels in plasma from tumor-bearing mice and corroborating protein or RNA expression in tissue documented concordance in the blood from 30 newly diagnosed patients with pancreatic cancer relative to 30 control specimens. A panel of five proteins selected on the basis of their increased level at an early stage of tumor development in the mouse was tested in a blinded study in 26 humans from the CARET (Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial) cohort. The panel discriminated pancreatic cancer cases from matched controls in blood specimens obtained between 7 and 13 mo prior to the development of symptoms and clinical diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicate that GEM models of cancer, in combination with in-depth proteomic analysis, provide a useful strategy to identify candidate markers applicable to human cancer with potential utility for early detection.
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Biomarcadores de Tumor/sangre , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/diagnóstico , Proteoma/metabolismo , Animales , Humanos , Espectrometría de Masas , Ratones , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/sangre , Proteómica/métodos , ARN Mensajero/metabolismoRESUMEN
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077433.].
RESUMEN
Cancer stem cells (CSC) are associated with tumor resistance and are characterized in gastric cancer (GC). Studies have indicated that Notch and wnt-beta-catenin pathways are crucial for CSC development. Using CD44+ CSCs, we investigated the role of these pathways in GC carcinogenesis. We performed cell proliferation, wound healing, invasion, tumorsphere, and apoptosis assays. Immunoblot analysis of downstream signaling targets of Notch and wnt-beta-catenin were tested after gamma-secretase inhibitor IX (GSI) treatment. Immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) were used to determine CD44 and Hairy enhancer of split-1 (Hes1) expression in human GC tissues. CD44+ CSCs were subcutaneously injected into NMR-nu/nu mice and treated with vehicle or GSI. GC patients with expression of CD44 and Hes1 showed overall reduced survival. CD44+ CSCs showed high expression of Hes1. GSI treatment showed effective inhibition of cell proliferation, migration, invasion, tumor sphere formation of CD44+ CSCs, and induced apoptosis. Importanly, Notch1 was found to be important in mediating a crosstalk between Notch and wnt-beta-catenin in CD44+ CSCs. Our study highlights a crosstalk between Notch and wnt-beta-catenin in gastric CD44+ CSCs. Expression of CD44 and Hes1 is associated with patient overall survival. GSI could be an alternative drug to treat GC. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:819-829.
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Secretasas de la Proteína Precursora del Amiloide/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Receptores de Hialuranos/metabolismo , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Receptores Notch/metabolismo , Neoplasias Gástricas/patología , Vía de Señalización Wnt , Secretasas de la Proteína Precursora del Amiloide/metabolismo , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones Desnudos , Invasividad Neoplásica , Células Madre Neoplásicas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre Neoplásicas/patología , Esferoides Celulares/efectos de los fármacos , Esferoides Celulares/metabolismo , Esferoides Celulares/patología , Análisis de Supervivencia , Factor de Transcripción HES-1/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Arriba/efectos de los fármacos , Vía de Señalización Wnt/efectos de los fármacos , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease with limited treatment options. The proteasome inhibitor Argyrin A, a cyclic peptide derived from the myxobacterium Archangium gephyra, shows antitumoral activities. We hypothesize that his analogue Argyrin F (AF) may also prevent PDAC progression. We have used PDAC cells and engineered mice (Pdx1-Cre; LSL-KrasG12D; p53 lox/+) to assess AF anticancer activity. We analyzed the effect of AF on proliferation and epithelial plasticity using MTT-, wound healing-, invasion-, colony formation-, apoptosis-, cell cycle- and senescence assays. In vivo treatment with AF, Gemcitabine (G) and combinational treatment (AF + G) was performed for survival analysis. AF inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion and colony formation in vitro. AF impaired epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), caused considerable apoptosis and senescence in a dose- and time-dependent manner and affected cell cycle G1/S phase transition. G treatment achieved longest mice survival, followed by AF + G and AF compared to vehicle group. However, AF + G treatment induced the largest reduction in tumor spread and ascites. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that AF prevents PDAC progression and that combined therapy was superior to AF monotherapy. Therefore, AF treatment might be useful as an additional therapy for PDAC.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Péptidos Cíclicos/farmacología , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/irrigación sanguínea , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/secundario , Línea Celular Tumoral , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidor p21 de las Quinasas Dependientes de la Ciclina/metabolismo , Inhibidor p27 de las Quinasas Dependientes de la Ciclina/metabolismo , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Puntos de Control de la Fase G1 del Ciclo Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Ratones Transgénicos , Invasividad Neoplásica , Neovascularización Patológica , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/irrigación sanguínea , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patología , Estabilidad Proteica , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Tiempo , Carga Tumoral/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) is the second most common primary malignant liver disease. During the last decades, various novel therapies have been introduced in the field of oncology; nevertheless, the number of treatment options for CC is still limited. METHODS: In this article, current palliative chemotherapy concepts as well as new drug therapies are outlined. RESULTS: Gemcitabine and cisplatin are the standard treatment of care for patients with inoperable CC. Second-line chemotherapy is not standardized yet and is dependent on the first-line compounds. Antibodies against VEGFR and EGFR showed mixed or negative results. New molecular systemic treatments are not established yet. CONCLUSION: Many clinical trials are still ongoing and new therapeutic strategies, including immunotherapies, are under active investigation.
RESUMEN
Cholangiocarcinoma (CC) worldwide is the most common biliary malignancy with poor prognostic value and new systemic treatments are desirable. Plant extracts like bromelain and papain, which are cysteine proteases from the fruit pineapple and papaya, are known to have antitumor activities. Therefore, in this study for the first time we investigated the anticancer effect of bromelain and papain in intra- and extrahepatic human CC cell lines. The effect of bromelain and papain on human CC cell growth, migration, invasion and epithelial plasticity was analyzed using cell proliferation, wound healing, invasion and apoptosis assay, as well as western blotting. Bromelain and papain lead to a decrease in the proliferation, invasion and migration of CC cells. Both plant extracts inhibited NFκB/AMPK signalling as well as their downstream signalling proteins such as p-AKT, p-ERK, p-Stat3. Additionally, MMP9 and other epithelial-mesenchymal-transition markers were partially found to be downregulated. Apoptosis was induced after bromelain and papain treatment. Interestingly, bromelain showed an overall more effective inhibition of CC as compared to papain. siRNA mediated silencing of NFκB on CC cells indicated that bromelain and papain have cytotoxic effects on human CC cell lines and bromelain and partially papain in comparison impair tumor growth by NFκB/AMPK signalling. Especially bromelain can evolve as promising, potential therapeutic option that might open new insights for the treatment of human CC.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/metabolismo , Bromelaínas/farmacología , Colangiocarcinoma/metabolismo , Transición Epitelial-Mesenquimal/efectos de los fármacos , Papaína/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Apoptosis , Neoplasias de los Conductos Biliares/tratamiento farmacológico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Colangiocarcinoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095605.].