Peltogynoids and 2-phenoxychromones from Peltophorum pterocarpum and evaluation of their estrogenic activity.

Phytochemical investigation of the dichloromethane extract of the leaves of Peltophorum pterocarpum, a tropical ornamental tree, led to the isolation of twelve compounds (1-12). One new derivative of peltogynoid ophioglonin (1) and a new 2-phenoxychromone (2) with its 3'-O-ß-D-glucoside derivative (3) are described here for the first time. In addition, nine flavonoid derivatives, including peltogynoid ophioglonin (4), were isolated for the first time from this plant. The structures were determined by spectroscopic and chemical methods. Evaluation of the estrogenic activities of 1, 2, and 4 using different model cell systems revealed that 4 was estrogenic and that 2 was largely inactive. Interestingly, 1 was unable to stimulate the proliferation of breast and endometrial cancer cells but exhibited substantial estrogen receptor α-mediated activation of gene expression. This observation indicates that 1 can be further evaluated for its cancer chemopreventive potential.

Metabolite profiling of Andrographis paniculata leaves and stem extract using UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS.

Andrographis paniculata is known as the king of bitter and it has been widely used as a medicinal plant. The properties of A. paniculata are generally determined by the metabolite composition, which may be influenced by several factors, one of which is the part of the plant extracted. The objectives of this research are to identify putatively the metabolite composition of the stem and the leaves extracts using LC-MS/MS and classify them using PCA. The stem and the leaves samples were separated and extracted using sonication with 70% ethanol. A total of 31 metabolite compounds has been putatively identified. All compounds were identified in the stem and the leaves extracts, which only differed in their intensity. These metabolite compounds were divided into diterpene lactones, flavonoids, and phenolic acid groups. By using the peak intensities of the 18 compounds identified, the leaves and stem extracts were grouped using PCA.

Antiplasmodial Activity and Phytochemical Constituents of Selected Antimalarial Plants Used by Native People in West Timor Indonesia.

OBJECTIVES: To document traditional antimalarial plants used by Tetun ethnic people in West Timor Indonesia and evaluate the antiplasmodial activity and phytochemicals of several plants that are widely used as oral medicine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A field study to document antimalarial plants followed by laboratory works to test antiplasmodial activity and identify the phytochemical constituents of some selected plants extract were applied. The inhibitory potency of ethanolic extracts of Strychnos ligustrina wood, roots of Calotropis gigantea, Fatuoa pilosa, and Neoalsomitra podagrica, whole plant of Cleome rutidosperma and Physalis angulata, stem barks of Alstonia spectabilis, Alstonia scholaris, Jatropha curcas and Plumeria alba, and leaves of Melia azedarach on the Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 strain in vitro were tested. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry instrument was used to analyze the phytochemicals of the extracts. RESULTS: The Tetun ethnic people use 50 plant species as antimalarials. P. angulata, J. curcas, and A. spectabilis extracts show strong antiplasmodial activity with IC50 values of 0.22, 0.22, and 1.23 µg/mL, respectively; N. podagrica, A. scholaris, F. pilosa, and P. alba were moderate antiplasmodials with IC50 values of 11.60, 15.46, 24.92, and 36.39 µg/mL, respectively; and C. rutidosperma, M. azedarach, S. ligustrina, and C. gigantea were weak antiplasmodials with IC50 values of 54.25, 63.52, 63.91, and 66.49 µg/mL, respectively. The phytochemicals identification data indicate that these 11 plants contain alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, coumarins, alcohols, thiols, phenolics, aldehydes, fatty acids, esters, and so forth. CONCLUSION: Plants widely used as antimalarials by the Tetun ethnic people is proven to have antiplasmodial activity.

ANTIVIRAL ACTIVITY OF Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. LEAVES AGAINST HIV-INFECTED MT-4 CELLS.

BACKGROUNDS: Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. has been known to have anti-HIV activity. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of incubation time on the antiviral activity of the J. gendarussa leaves extract on HIV-infected MT-4 cells in vitro. Molecular docking test was also conducted to determine the interaction of alkaloids and flavonoids on the J. gendarussa leaves against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase receptor. It is expected that this research will provide scientific information on the development of J. gendarussa leaves as an anti-HIV drug. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the activity test, the effect of incubation time on the antiviral activity of J. gendarussa leaves on HIV-infected MT-4 cells were evaluated. During the activity test, a parameter of cytolysis effect inhibition on MT-4 cell line was observed after 4 days and 6 days incubation period. The molecular docking test is performed by using Molegro Virtual Docker software to determine the interaction of alkaloid and flavonoid compounds of J. gendarussa leaves with HIV-1 reverse transcriptase receptor. RESULTS: The incubation time influences the CC50 and EC50 value. Fractionated-70% ethanol extract of J. gendarussa leaves showed a higher anti-HIV activity with EC50 = 3.045 x 10-9 µg/mL, SI = 6.309 x 1012 (4 days of incubation) and EC50 = 6.066 µg/mL, SI = 58494.845 (6 days of incubation). From molecular docking test, it was found that flavonoid of J. gendarussa leaves could inhibit the activity of HIV reverse transcriptase enzyme. CONCLUSION: Fractionated-70% ethanol extract of J. gendarussa has potential as an anti-HIV.

EFFECT OF VARYING INCUBATION PERIODS ON CYTOTOXICITY AND VIRUCIDAL ACTIVITIES OF Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. LEAF EXTRACT ON HIV-INFECTED MOLT-4 CELLS.

BACKGROUNDS: Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. has an anti-HIV activity. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of incubation periods on the cytotoxicity and virucidal activities of the J. gendarussa leaves extract on MOLT-4 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cytotoxicity assay was evaluated by using the WST-1 test with incubation periods of 3 days and 5 days. The virucidal activity test was determined by measuring the inhibitory activities on the syncytium formation. RESULTS: The cytotoxicity assay showed the value of CC50 on MOLT-4 cell culture with the test material of 70% ethanol extract of J. gendarussa leaves as much as 3928.620 µg /mL and 3176.581 µg /mL (incubation day 3 and day 5, respectively); fractionated-70% ethanol extract = 81782.428 µg /mL and 12175.870 µg/mL; and water extract = 16372.689 µg/mL and 2946.117 µg/mL. The test results of the virucidal activities (inhibit ≥ 90% the formation of syncytium) of 70% ethanol extract of J. gendarussa leaves is at a concentration 250 µg/mL, 500 µg/mL and 1000 µg/mL (3-day incubation) and 250 µg/mL (5-day incubation); and fractionated-70% ethanol extract at a concentration 250 µg /mL, 500 µg/mL and 1000 µg/mL (3-day incubation) and 1000 µg/mL (5-day incubation). CONCLUSION: 70% ethanol extract, fractionated-70% ethanol extract, and water extract of J. gendarussa leaves were relatively nontoxic toward MOLT-4 cells, and fractionated-70% ethanol extract had better potentials in virucidal activities.

Metabolite Profiles in Various Plant Organs of Justicia gendarussa Burm.f. and Its in Vitro Cultures.

Metabolite profiles of plant organs and their in vitro cultures of Justicia gendarussa have been studied by using Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole Time-of-Flight-Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-Qtof-MS). Samples of leaves, stems, roots, and shoot cultures showed similar patterns of metabolites, while samples of root cultures gave very different profiles. Concentrations of secondary metabolites in shoot cultures were relatively low compared to those in the leaves and roots of the plants. The results suggested that secondary metabolites in J. gendarussa were biosynthetized in the leaves, then transported to the roots.

Metabolite Profiling of Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. Leaves Using UPLC-UHR-QTOF-MS.

An ultra-performance liquid chromatography ultra-high-resolution quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (UPLC-UHR-QTOF-MS) metabolite profiling ofxs Justicia gendarussa Burm. f. leaves was performed. PCA and HCA analyses were applied to observe the clustering patterns and inter-sample relationships. It seemed that the concentrations of Ca, P, and Cu in the soil could affect the metabolite profiles of Justicia gendarussa. Six significant metabolites were proposed.

Justidrusamides A-D, new 2-aminobenzyl alcohol derivatives from Justicia gendarussa.

Justidrusamides A-D (1-4), four new alkaloids containing 2-aminobenzyl alcohol, succinic acid, and 2,3-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl) butanoic acid skeletons have been isolated from leaves of Justicia gendarussa, and their structures were elucidated using 2D NMR data and chemical means. This is the first report of a 2,3-dihydroxy-2-(1-hydroxyethyl) butanoic acid derivative in nature.