The epidemiology of airplane headache: A cross-sectional study on point prevalence and characteristics in 50,000 travelers.

BACKGROUND: The current knowledge on the epidemiology and clinical manifestation of airplane headache is mostly derived from case series and small cohort studies without evidence from large populations. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted over a five-month period in the arrival area of two international airports in Germany. 50,000 disembarking passengers were addressed about headaches during their flight to determine headache prevalence, and those confirming and willing to participate underwent a structured interview. RESULTS: Headache during travel was reported by 374 passengers (0.75%), and 301 underwent a structured interview. One hundred and one (0.2%) met the diagnostic criteria of airplane headache. Six passengers suffered from migraines and 134 from tension-type headaches. The differences in the age and gender distribution between the airplane headache and non-airplane headache groups were not statistically significant. The onset (79.2%), duration (82.2%), and location (73.3%) of airplane headache mostly complied with current diagnostic criteria but pain intensity (42.6%) and quality (42.6%) did less so. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest a substantially lower prevalence of airplane headaches than previously reported. The pain intensity and quality seem less characteristic than assumed, suggesting a need to refine the current diagnostic criteria.

Evaluation of antihyperalgesic and analgesic effects of 35% nitrous oxide when combined with remifentanil: A randomised phase 1 trial in volunteers.

BACKGROUND: Remifentanil is an effective drug in peri-operative pain therapy, but it can also induce and aggravate hyperalgesia. Supplemental administration of N2O may help to reduce remifentanil-induced hyperalgesia. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of 35 and 50% N2O on hyperalgesia and pain after remifentanil infusion. DESIGN: Single site, phase 1, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised crossover study. SETTING: University Hospital, Germany from January 2012 to April 2012. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-one healthy male volunteers. INTERVENTIONS: Transcutaneous electrical stimulation induced spontaneous acute pain and stable areas of hyperalgesia. Each volunteer underwent the following four sessions in a randomised order: 50 to 50% N2-O2 and intravenous (i.v.) 0.9% saline infusion (placebo); 50 to 50% N2-O2 and i.v. remifentanil infusion at 0.1 µg kg-1 min-1 (remifentanil); 35 to 15 to 50% N2O-N2-O2 and i.v. remifentanil infusion at 0.1 µg kg-1 min-1 (tested drug) and 50 to 50% N2O-O2 and i.v. remifentanil infusion at 0.1 µg kg-1 min-1 (gas active control). Gas mixtures were inhaled for 60 min; i.v. drugs were administered for 30 min. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Areas of pin-prick hyperalgesia, areas of touch-evoked allodynia and pain intensity on a visual analogue scale were assessed repeatedly for 160 min. RESULTS: Data from 20 volunteers were analysed. There were significant treatment and treatment-by-time effects regarding areas of hyperalgesia (P < 0.001). After the treatment period, the area of hyperalgesia was significantly reduced (P < 0.001) in the tested drug and in the gas active control (30.6 ±â€Š9.25 and 24.4 ±â€Š7.3 cm2, respectively) compared with remifentanil (51.0 ±â€Š17.0 cm2). There was also a significant difference between the gas active control and the tested drug sessions (P < 0.001). For the area of allodynia and pain rating, results were consistent with the results for hyperalgesia. CONCLUSIONS: Administration of 35% N2O significantly reduced hyperalgesia, allodynia and pain intensity induced after remifentanil. It might therefore be suitable in peri-operative pain relief characterised by hyperalgesia and allodynia, such as postoperative pain, and may help to reduce opioid demand. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EudraCT-No.: 2011-000966-37.

Workload and influencing factors in non-emergency medical transfers: a multiple linear regression analysis of a cross-sectional questionnaire study.

BACKGROUND: Human workload is a key factor for system performance, but data on emergency medical services (EMS) are scarce. We investigated paramedics' workload and the influencing factors for non-emergency medical transfers. These missions make up a major part of EMS activities in Germany and are growing steadily in number. METHODS: Paramedics rated missions retrospectively through an online questionnaire. We used the NASA-Task Load Index (TLX) to quantify workload and asked about a variety of medical and procedural aspects for each mission. Teamwork was assessed by the Weller teamwork measurement tool (TMT). With a multiple linear regression model, we identified a set of factors leading to relevant increases or decreases in workload. RESULTS: A total of 194 non-emergency missions were analysed. Global workload was rated low (Mean = 27/100). In summary, 42.8% of missions were rated with a TLX under 20/100. TLX subscales revealed low task demands but a very positive self-perception of performance (Mean = 15/100). Teamwork gained high ratings (Mean TMT = 5.8/7), and good teamwork led to decreases in workload. Aggression events originating from patients and bystanders occurred frequently (n = 25, 12.9%) and increased workload significantly. Other factors affecting workload were the patient's body weight and the transfer of patients with transmittable pathogens. CONCLUSION: The workload during non-emergency medical transfers was low to very low, but performance perception was very positive, and no indicators of task underload were found. We identified several factors that led to workload increases. Future measures should attempt to better train paramedics for aggression incidents, to explore the usefulness of further technical aids in the transfer of obese patients and to reconsider standard operating procedures for missions with transmittable pathogens.

Comparison of Xenon with LED illuminant in difficult and inhalation injury airway scenario: A randomized crossover manikin study.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of a Xenon halogen with a light-emitting diode (LED) laryngoscope light handle in a difficult airway scenario, as well as in an inhalation injury airway scenario that combines a difficult airway and a limited view. METHODS: We recruited forty-two anesthetists into a randomized crossover trial. Each performed tracheal intubation (TI) with a Xenon halogen and a LED light handle in the two manikin scenarios. The primary endpoint was the "time to intubate". Other endpoints were the "time to vocal cords", the "time to ventilate", the rate of successful intubation, the number of intubation attempts, the Cormack-Lehane score, the number of optimization maneuvers, the number of audible dental click sounds indicating dental damage and subjective impressions. RESULTS: In the difficult airway scenario, no significant differences in the recorded intubation times were observed. In the inhalation injury airway scenario, the intubation times were significantly shorter using the LED light handle. Regarding the subjective values, the LED illuminant enabled a significant better view and illumination of the oropharyngeal space and the vocal cords, in both manikin scenarios. CONCLUSION: The LED laryngoscope light handle did not affect the recorded intubation times in the simulated difficult airway scenario, but provided significant advantages in the inhalation injury airway scenario that combines a difficult airway with a limited view caused by a sooted pharynx. We therefore hypothesize, that the LED illuminant might be beneficial in the airway management of burn patients with severe inhalation injury.

Comparison of Metal and Plastic Disposable Laryngoscope Blade with Reusable Macintosh Blade in Difficult and Inhalation Injury Airway Scenario: A Manikin Study.

BACKGROUND: Single-use plastic blades (SUPB) and single-use metal blades (SUMB) for direct laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation have not yet been compared with reusable metal blades (RUMB) in difficult airway scenarios. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of our manikin study was to compare the effectiveness of these different laryngoscope blades in a difficult airway scenario, as well as in a difficult airway scenario with simulated severe inhalation injury. METHODS: Thirty anesthetists performed tracheal intubation (TI) with each of the three laryngoscope blades in the two scenario manikins. RESULTS: In the inhalation injury scenario, SUPB were associated with prolonged intubation times when compared with the metal blades. In the inhalation injury scenario, both metal laryngoscope blades provided a quicker, easier, and safer TI. In the difficult airway scenario, intubation times were significantly prolonged in the SUPB group in comparison to the RUMB group, but there were no significant differences between the SUPB and the SUMB. In this scenario, the RUMB demonstrated the shortest intubation times and seems to be the most effective device. CONCLUSIONS: Generally, results are in line with previous studies showing significant disadvantages of SUPB in both manikin scenarios. Therefore, metal blades might be beneficial, especially in the airway management of patients with inhalation injury.

The effect of a standardised source of divided attention in airway management: A randomised, crossover, interventional manikin study.

BACKGROUND: Dual-tasking, the need to divide attention between concurrent tasks, causes a severe increase in workload in emergency situations and yet there is no standardised training simulation scenario for this key difficulty. OBJECTIVES: We introduced and validated a quantifiable source of divided attention and investigated its effects on performance and workload in airway management. DESIGN: A randomised, crossover, interventional simulation study. SETTING: Center for Training and Simulation, Department of Anaesthesiology, Erlangen University Hospital, Germany. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and fifty volunteer medical students, paramedics and anaesthesiologists of all levels of training. INTERVENTIONS: Participants secured the airway of a manikin using a supraglottic airway, conventional endotracheal intubation and video-assisted endotracheal intubation with and without the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), which served as a quantifiable source of divided attention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary endpoint was the time for the completion of each airway task. Secondary endpoints were the number of procedural mistakes made and the perceived workload as measured by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's task load index (NASA-TLX). This is a six-dimensional questionnaire, which assesses the perception of demands, performance and frustration with respect to a task on a scale of 0 to 100. RESULTS: All 150 participants completed the tests. Volunteers perceived our test to be challenging (99%) and the experience of stress and distraction true to an emergency situation (80%), but still fair (98%) and entertaining (95%). The negative effects of divided attention were reproducible in participants of all levels of expertise. Time consumption and perceived workload increased and almost half the participants make procedural mistakes under divided attention. The supraglottic airway technique was least affected by divided attention. CONCLUSION: The scenario was effective for simulation training involving divided attention in acute care medicine. The significant effects on performance and perceived workload demonstrate the validity of the model, which was also characterised by high acceptability, technical simplicity and a novel degree of standardisation.

Increased Rate of Poor Laryngoscopic Views in Patients Scheduled for Cardiac Surgery Versus Patients Scheduled for General Surgery: A Propensity Score-Based Analysis of 21,561 Cases.

OBJECTIVES: Former analyses reported an increased rate of poor direct laryngoscopy view in cardiac surgery patients; however, these findings frequently could be attributed to confounding patient characteristics. In most of the reported cardiac surgery cohorts, the rate of well-known risk factors for poor direct laryngoscopy view such as male sex, obesity, or older age, were increased compared with the control groups. Especially in the ongoing debate on anesthesia staff qualification for cardiac interventions outside the operating room a detailed and stratified risk analysis seems necessary. DESIGN: Retrospective, anonymous, propensity score-based, matched-pair analysis. SETTING: Single-center study in a university hospital. PARTICIPANTS: No active participants. Retrospective, anonymous chart analysis. INTERVENTIONS: The anesthesia records of patients undergoing cardiac surgery in a period of 6 consecutive years were analyzed retrospectively. The results were compared with those of a control group of patients who underwent general surgery. Poor laryngoscopic view was defined as Cormack and Lehane classification grade 3 or 4. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The records of 21,561 general anesthesia procedures were reviewed for the study. The incidence of poor direct laryngoscopic views in patients scheduled for cardiac surgery was significantly increased compared with those of the general surgery cohort (7% v 4.2%). Using propensity score-based matched-pair analysis, equal subgroups were generated of each surgical department, with 2,946 patients showing identical demographic characteristics. After stratifying for demographic characteristics, the rate of poor direct laryngoscopy view remained statistically significantly higher in the cardiac surgery group (7.5% v 5.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Even with stratification for demographic risk factors, cardiac surgery patients showed a significantly higher rate of poor direct laryngoscopic view compared with general surgery patients. These results should be taken into account for human resource management and distribution of difficult airway equipment, especially when cardiac interventional programs are implemented in remote hospital locations.

Adverse airway events in parturient compared with non-parturient patients. Is there a difference? Results from a quality management project.

AIM: The fear of airway problems often leads to prolonged attempts to obtain neuroaxial (spinal anesthesia or epidural anesthesia) anesthesia in obstetric anesthesia. The aim of this institutional quality management study was to revisit existing anesthesia care in the obstetric department, focusing on the frequency of delayed or failed neuroaxial anesthesia as well as the risk of airway problems in parturient and non-obstetric patients. METHODS: The clinical records from 8 consecutive years (2005-2013) were analyzed retrospectively. Cases of cesarean delivery with general anesthesia were analyzed and compared with an age-matched group of female patients undergoing non-obstetric abdominal or gynecological surgery with rapid sequence induction. Poor laryngeal visualization (Cormack-Lehane grade III or IV) and failed intubation were recorded. RESULTS: The records of 6393 cesarean deliveries including 851 with general anesthesia were analyzed. In 175 cases insufficient or delayed onset of regional anesthesia led to requirement for general anesthesia. The rate of poor laryngoscopic view in parturient women undergoing cesarean delivery was 14/851, and 4/814 in the reference group (P = 0.023). Failed intubation occurred in three patients undergoing cesarean delivery (0.4%) and in one non-obstetric patient (0.1%; P = 0.339). CONCLUSION: The rate of failed intubations in patients undergoing cesarean delivery may be equivalent to non-obstetric patients. In time-challenging cesarean deliveries, delay of conversion from non-successful neuroaxial anesthesia to general anesthesia in order to avoid adverse airway events does not appear to be justified.

Orphan diseases: impact for anesthesia practice.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Orphan diseases certainly have a challenging impact on anesthesia practice. Low prevalence by definition leads to a profound lack of evidence-based medical knowledge, and anesthetists usually cannot rely on personal experience for handling this unique group of patients. Then again, more than 7000 known orphan diseases are estimated to affect 5% of the general population in total. Therefore, it is imperative to have a universally valid approach to anesthesia for orphan diseases. RECENT FINDINGS: Patients suffering from orphan diseases will be in need of anesthesia for disease-related diagnostic and therapeutic procedures as well as unrelated elective and emergency surgery and may present themselves on all levels of medical care. Instead of itemizing specifics for each disorder and procedure, we rather present a structured - checklist-like - approach to individually prepare for anesthesia and will highlight the most relevant anesthesiological problems and possible countermeasures. We will discuss a variety of sources of information to gain specific disease knowledge and procedural advice and will close this review by discussing the limitations of anesthesia for orphan diseases. SUMMARY: Thanks to fast growing resources of knowledge, well tolerated and patient-oriented anesthesia is possible in spite of the inherent challenges of orphan diseases. We invite anesthetists to adapt, modify and improve our proposed structured approach to orphan anesthesia in the context of their daily practice.

Sedation assessment in a mobile intensive care unit: a prospective pilot-study on the relation of clinical sedation scales and the bispectral index.

INTRODUCTION: The critically-ill undergoing inter-hospital transfers commonly receive sedatives in continuation of their therapeutic regime or to facilitate a safe transfer shielded from external stressors. While sedation assessment is well established in critical care in general, there is only little data available relating to the special conditions during patient transport and their effect on patient sedation levels. The aim of this prospective study was to investigate the feasibility and relationship of clinical sedation assessment (Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale (RASS)) and objective physiological monitoring (bispectral index (BIS)) during patient transfers in our Mobile-ICU. METHODS: The levels of sedation of 30 pharmacologically sedated patients were evaluated at 12 to 17 distinct measurement points spread strategically over the course of a transfer by use of the RASS and BIS. To investigate the relation between the RASS and the BIS, Spearman's squared rank correlation coefficient (ρ(2)) and the Kendall's rank correlation coefficient (τ) were calculated. The diagnostic value of the BIS with respect to the RASS was investigated by its sensitivity and positive predictive value for possible patient awakening. Therefore, measurements were dichotomized considering a clinically sensible threshold of 80 for BIS-values and classifying RASS values being nonnegative. RESULTS: Spearman's rank correlation resulted to ρ(2) = 0.431 (confidence interval (CI) = 0.341 to 0.513). The Kendall's correlation coefficient was calculated as τ = 0.522 (CI = 0.459 to 0.576). Awakening of patients (RASS ≥ 0) was detected by a BIS value of 80 and above with a sensitivity of 0.97 (CI = 0.89 to 1.00) and a positive predictive value of 0.59 (CI = 0.45 to 0.71). CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates that the BIS-Monitor can be used for the assessment of sedation levels in the intricate environment of a Mobile-ICU, especially when well-established clinical scores as the RASS are impracticable. The use of BIS is highly sensitive in the detection of unwanted awakening of patients during transfers.

The effects of opioids on HIV reactivation in latently-infected T-lymphoblasts.

BACKGROUND: Opioids may have effects on susceptibility to HIV-infection, viral replication and disease progression. Injecting drug users (IDU), as well as anyone receiving opioids for anesthesia and analgesia may suffer the clinical consequences of such interactions. There is conflicting data between in vitro experiments showing an enhancing effect of opioids on HIV replication and clinical data, mostly showing no such effect. For clarification we studied the effects of the opioids heroin and morphine on HIV replication in cultured CD4-positive T cells at several concentrations and we related the observed effects with the relevant reached plasma concentrations found in IDUs. METHODS: Latently-infected ACH-2 T lymphoblasts were incubated with different concentrations of morphine and heroine. Reactivation of HIV was assessed by intracellular staining of viral Gag p24 protein and subsequent flow cytometric quantification of p24-positive cells. The influence of the opioid antagonist naloxone and the antioxidants N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) and glutathione (GSH) on HIV reactivation was determined. Cell viability was investigated by 7-AAD staining and flow cytometric quantification. RESULTS: Morphine and heroine triggered reactivation of HIV replication in ACH-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations above 1 mM (EC50 morphine 2.82 mM; EC50 morphine 1.96 mM). Naloxone did not interfere with heroine-mediated HIV reactivation, even at high concentrations (1 mM). Opioids also triggered necrotic cell death at similar concentrations at which HIV reactivation was observed. Both opioid-mediated reactivation of HIV and opioid-triggered cell death could be inhibited by the antioxidants GSH and NAC. CONCLUSIONS: Opioids reactivate HIV in vitro but at concentrations that are far above the plasma levels of analgesic regimes or drug concentrations found in IDUs. HIV reactivation was mediated by effects unrelated to opioid-receptor activation and was tightly linked to the cytotoxic activity of the substances at millimolar concentrations, suggesting that opioid-mediated reactivation of HIV was due to accompanying effects of cellular necrosis such as activation of reactive oxygen species and NF-κB.

Job Satisfaction and Performance Orientation of Paramedics in German Emergency Medical Services-A Nationwide Survey.

(1) Background: Shortage of skilled workers is a relevant global health care problem. To remain competitive with other professions, job satisfaction is a critical issue; however, to date, there are no data available on the German EMS. This study aims to perform a statistical analysis of job satisfaction and performance orientation and to identify risk factors for low job satisfaction of paramedics in the German EMS. (2) Methods: Data were collected from 2590 paramedics through a nationwide cross-sectional survey, using the job satisfaction questionnaire by Neuberger and Allerbeck and the performance orientation questionnaire by Hippler and Krüger. Descriptive and regression statistical analysis were performed. (3) Results: The participants scored significantly lower than the reference sample on job satisfaction, with "organization and management" and "payment" being the lowest rated subscales. Around 9% of employees feared losing their jobs. While work attitude toward performance and success enhancement was high, fear of failure was also common. (4) Conclusions: Job satisfaction of paramedics in the German EMS is below that of the reference sample. Discontent with payment and organizational issues is common. Performance orientation is high, but fear of failure is frequent. Current and future efforts that aim at an attractive working environment should reflect on these findings.

Low Back Pain in Commercial Airline Pilots.

BACKGROUND: In their working life, airline pilots are exposed to particular risk factors that promote nonspecific low back pain (LBP). Because of the varying incidence internationally, we evaluated the point prevalences of acute, subacute, and chronic nonspecific LBP, as well as the current prevalences in German airline pilots. Furthermore, we compared the prevalence to the general German population and to European counterparts.METHODS: An anonymous online survey of 698 participating German airline pilots was evaluated. The impairment between groups was analyzed. Prevalences from our data were compared to existing data.RESULTS: The following point prevalences were found: 8.2% acute, 2.4% subacute, 82.7% chronic LBP; 74.1% of all individuals were suffering from current LBP when answered the questionnaire. A total time spent flying greater than 600 h within the last 12 mo was significantly related to acute nonspecific LBP. Individuals with any type of LBP were significantly impaired compared to those unaffected. It was found that German airline pilots suffer more often from current LBP than the general population and have a higher point prevalence of total LBP than their European counterparts.CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation showed a surprisingly high, previously unidentified, prevalence of nonspecific LBP in German airline pilots. Why German airline pilots suffer more often from LBP remains uncertain. The number of flying hours appears to have a negative effect on developing acute low back pain, but causation cannot be concluded. Other risk factors could not be confirmed.Albermann M, Lehmann M, Eiche C, Schmidt J, Prottengeier J. Low back pain in commercial airline pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(12):940947.

Comparison of Glidescope® Go™, King Vision™, Dahlhausen VL, I­View™ and Macintosh laryngoscope use during difficult airway management simulation by experienced and inexperienced emergency medical staff: A randomized crossover manikin study.

BACKGROUND: In pre-hospital emergency care, video laryngoscopes (VLs) with disposable blades are preferably used due to hygienic reasons. However, there is limited existing data on the use of VLs with disposable blades by emergency medical staff. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of four different VLs with disposable blades and the conventional standard Macintosh laryngoscope, when used by anesthetists with extensive previous experience and paramedics with little previous experience in endotracheal intubation (ETI) in a simulated difficult airway. METHODS: Fifty-eight anesthetists and fifty-four paramedics participated in our randomized crossover manikin trial. Each performed ETI with the new Glidescope® Go™, the Dahlhausen VL, the King Vision™, the I-View™ and the Macintosh laryngoscope. "Time to intubate" was the primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints were "time to vocal cords", "time to ventilate", overall success rate, number of intubation attempts and optimization maneuvers, Cormack-Lehane score, severity of dental compression and subjective impressions. RESULTS: The Glidescope® Go™, the Dahlhausen VL and the King Vision™ provided superior intubation conditions in both groups without affecting the number of intubation attempts or the time required for successful intubation. When used by anesthetists with extensive experience in ETI, the use of VLs did not affect the overall success rate. In the hands of paramedics with little previous experience in ETI, the failure rate with the Macintosh laryngoscope (14.8%) decreased to 3.7% using the Glidescope® Go™ and the Dahlhausen VL. Despite the advantages of hyperangulated video laryngoscopes, the I-View™ performed worst. CONCLUSIONS: VLs with hyperangulated blades facilitated ETI in both groups and decreased the failure rate by an absolute 11.1% when used by paramedics with little previous experience in ETI. Our results therefore suggest that hyperangulated VLs could be beneficial and might be the method of choice in comparable settings, especially for emergency medical staff with less experience in ETI.

Nociception testing during fixed-wing ambulance flights. An interventional pilot study on the effects of flight-related environmental changes on the nociception of healthy volunteers.

BACKGROUND: The effects of environmental changes on the somato-sensory system during long-distance air ambulance flights need to be further investigated. Changes in nociceptive capacity are conceivable in light of previous studies performed under related environmental settings. We used standardized somato-sensory testing to investigate nociception in healthy volunteers during air-ambulance flights. METHODS: Twenty-five healthy individuals were submitted to a test compilation analogous to the quantitative sensory testing battery-performed during actual air-ambulance flights. Measurements were paired around the major changes of external factors during take-off/climb and descent/landing. Bland-Altman-Plots were calculated to identify possible systemic effects. RESULTS: Bland-Altman-analyses suggest that the thresholds of stimulus detection and pain as well as above-threshold pain along critical waypoints of travel are not subject to systemic effects but instead demonstrate random variations. CONCLUSIONS: We provide a novel description of a real-life experimental setup and demonstrate the general feasibility of performing somato-sensory testing during ambulance flights. No systematic effects on the nociception of healthy individuals were apparent from our data. Our findings open up the possibility of future investigations into potential effects of ambulance flights on patients suffering acute or chronic pain.

Well-being and PTSD in German emergency medical services - A nationwide cross-sectional survey.

BACKGROUND: Emergency medical service (EMS) can be a burdensome occupational field, and employees can be confronted with traumatizing events. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression rates among paramedics are considered higher than those in the general population. In the German setting of a physician-based EMS system, the literature provides little data on PTSD or non-PTSD-related mental health or on the correlation between PTSD and well-being. METHODS: The study collected data through a nationwide cross-sectional questionnaire survey of the German EMS. Next to gathering sociodemographic data, it used the 5-item World Health Organization Well-Being Index (WHO-5) and the Short Screening Scale for the DSM-IV-PTSD to assess well-being and identify indicators of depression and PTSD. RESULTS: A total of 2,731 paramedics and emergency physicians participated in the survey; 2,684 questionnaires were submitted to analysis. The average WHO-5 score was 53.15%. A total of 43.4% of participants screened positive for possible depression, as indicated by a WHO-5 score below 50%. Female gender, older age, higher total years spent working in EMS and increased body mass index were significantly correlated with lower well-being. A total of 5.4% of respondents had a positive PTSD screening result. In particular, older employees were significantly more likely to test positive for PTSD (12.2% of those over 50 years, compared to 2.8% of those under 30 years). Positive PTSD screening results were associated with significantly lower well-being. Over an average period of 1 year, the paramedics reported perceiving a median of 2 emergency missions as mentally distressing. CONCLUSION: Low well-being and PTSD seem to be relevant experiences among German EMS despite their perception of low numbers of emergency responses as mentally distressing. Paramedics who have been diagnosed with PTSD should be investigated for depression and vice versa, as correlations in both directions exist. Special attention should be paid to older employees, who have significantly lower well-being and higher PTSD rates compared to younger employees.