Optimal timing of re-excision in synovial sarcoma patients: Immediate intervention versus waiting for local recurrence.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the difference in efficacy of re-excision in synovial sarcoma patients with and without residual tumor following unplanned excision, and to compare the prognostic outcomes of immediate re-excision versus waiting for local recurrence. METHOD: This study included synovial sarcoma patients who underwent re-excision at our center between 2009 and 2019, categorized into groups based on unplanned excision and local recurrence. Analyzed endpoints included overall survival (OS), local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), and distant relapse-free survival (DRFS). Prognostic factors associated with these three different survival outcomes were analyzed through the use of Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression approaches. RESULT: In total, this study incorporated 109 synovial sarcoma patients, including 32 (29.4%) with no residual tumor tissue identified after re-excision, 31 (28.4%) with residual tumor tissue after re-excision, and 46 (42.2%) with local recurrence after initial excision. Patients were assessed over a median 52-month follow-up period. The respective 5-year OS, 5-year LRFS, and 5-year DRFS rates were 82.4%, 76.7%, and 74.2% for the nonresidual group, 80.6%, 80.4%, and 77.3% for the residual tumor tissue group, and 63.5%, 50.7%, and 46.3% for the local recurrence group. There was no significant difference in OS of nonresidual group and residual group patients after re-excision (p = 0.471). Concurrent or sequential treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy significantly reduced the risk of metastasis and mortality when compared with noncombined chemoradiotherapy, and was more effective in the local recurrence group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Prompt and adequate re-excision is crucial for patients with synovial sarcoma who undergo initial inadequate tumor excision, and their prognosis is significantly better compared with patients who delay re-excision until local recurrence.

GBP5 Is an Interferon-Induced Inhibitor of Respiratory Syncytial Virus.

Guanylate binding protein 5 (GBP5) belongs to the GTPase subfamily, which is mainly induced by interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and is involved in many important cellular processes, including inflammasome activation and innate immunity against a wide variety of microbial pathogens. However, it is unknown whether GBP5 inhibits respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. In this study, we identified GBP5 as an effector of the anti-RSV activity of IFN-γ and found that in children, the weaker immune response, especially the weaker IFN-γ response and the decreased GBP5 expression, leads to RSV susceptibility. Furthermore, we revealed that GBP5 reduced the cell-associated levels of the RSV small hydrophobic (SH) protein, which was identified as a viroporin. In contrast, overexpression of the SH protein rescued RSV replication in the presence of GBP5. The GBP5-induced decrease in intracellular SH protein levels is because GBP5 promotes the release of the SH protein into the cell culture. Moreover, the GBP5 C583A mutants with changes at the C terminus or the GBP5 ΔC mutant lacking the C-terminal region, which impairs GBP5 localization in the Golgi, could not inhibit RSV infection, whereas the GTPase-defective GBP5 maintained RSV inhibition, suggesting that Golgi localization but not the GTPase activity of GBP5 is required for RSV inhibition. Interestingly, we found that RSV infection or RSV G protein downregulates GBP5 expression by upregulating DZIP3, an E3 ligase, which induces GBP5 degradation through the K48 ubiquitination and proteasomal pathways. Thus, this study reveals a complicated interplay between host restrictive factor GBP5 and RSV infection and provides important information for understanding the pathogenesis of RSV.IMPORTANCE RSV is a highly contagious virus that causes multiple infections in infants within their first year of life. It can also easily cause infection in elderly or immunocompromised individuals, suggesting that individual differences in immunity play an important role in RSV infection. Therefore, exploring the pathogenic mechanisms of RSV and identifying essential genes which inhibit RSV infection are necessary to develop an effective strategy to control RSV infection. Here, we report that the IFN-inducible gene GBP5 potently inhibits RSV replication by reducing the cell-associated levels of the RSV small hydrophobic (SH) protein, which is a viroporin. In contrast, the RSV G protein was shown to upregulate the expression of the DZIP3 protein, an E3 ligase that degrades GBP5 through the proteasomal pathway. Our study provides important information for the understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of RSV and host immunity as well as the complicated interplay between the virus and host.

Identification of the potential prognostic genes of human melanoma.

The melanoma is one of the most dangerous forms of skin diseases. It may spread to other parts of the body and cause serious illness and death. Early detection and diagnosis are crucial. However, the systemic expression analysis for the different staging of melanoma is still lacking to date. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression profiles of the different staging of melanoma by the differential expression analysis and random forest analysis. First, the results of the principal component analysis showed that the clustering of primary tumor samples, normal samples, and pigment nevus samples got closer, while the clustering of tumor metastatic samples and normal samples was far away. Moreover, the gene expression of tumor metastasis stage and the initial stage had obvious differences. Almost 426 genes identified had differential expression. The functional enrichment of differentially expressed genes was associated with the epidermal cell differentiation, epidermis development, and the keratinocyte differentiation. Taken together, our findings identified the differentially expressed signatures between primary melanoma and metastatic melanoma. Our results would provide the potential mechanisms of melanoma.

HOTAIR promotes osteosarcoma development by sponging miR-217 and targeting ZEB1.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have drawn increasing attention because of the role which they play in various diseases, including osteosarcoma. So far, the function and mechanism of HOTAIR in osteosarcoma are unclear. In our study, we observed that HOTAIR was elevated accompanied with a decrease of miR-217 and an increase of ZEB1 in human osteosarcoma cells including U2OS, MG63, Saos-2, and SW1353 compared with human osteoblast cell line hFOB. In addition, the subsequent functional assay exhibited that silencing HOTAIR could significantly repress osteosarcoma cell growth, migration, invasion, and induce cell apoptosis capacity, which indicated that HOTAIR exerted an oncogenic role in osteosarcoma. Moreover, it was revealed by using bioinformatics analysis that HOTAIR can be targeted by microRNA-217 (miR-217). miR-217 has been recognized as a crucial tumor suppressive gene in cancers. We verified that mimics of miR-217 were able to suppress the osteosarcoma development. Furthermore, real-time quantitative PCR showed that HOTAIR siRNA increased miR-217 expression. Besides these, ZEB1 was identified as a downstream gene of miR-217 and we found that HOTAIR can mediate osteosarcoma progress by upregulating ZEB1 expression via acting as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) via miR-217. Taken these together, our findings in this study indicated that HOTAIR/miR-217/ZEB1 axis, as a novel research point can provide new insights into molecular mechanism of osteosarcoma development.

A Novel Long Noncoding RNA (lncRNA), LL22NC03-N64E9.1, Promotes the Proliferation of Lung Cancer Cells and is a Potential Prognostic Molecular Biomarker for Lung Cancer.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of a novel long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), LL22NC03-N64E9.1, and its effect on the phenotype of lung cancer cells and tissues using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) RNA sequencing data and other publicly available profiling data. MATERIAL AND METHODS The lung cancer dataset GSE30219 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository. Differentially expressed lncRNA, LL22NC03-N64E9.1, in 48 lung cancer tissue samples and adjacent normal lung tissues, normal lung cell lines BEAS-2B and A549, and lung cancer cell lines, H1703, and H292, were detected by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (qRT-PCR). Interference efficiency was performed using small interfering RNA (siRNA). Tumor levels of lncRNA, LL22NC03-N64E9.1, and clinicopathological parameters were statistically analyzed. RESULTS Analysis of the GSE30219 test cohort showed that lncRNA, LL22NC03-N64E9.1 expression was significantly increased in lung cancer. In clinical tissue samples, the level of LL22NC03-N64E9.1 in patients with lung cancer was significantly increased compared with adjacent normal lung tissues (P<0.001). The level of LL22NC03-N64E9.1 in patients with lung cancer was significantly correlated with tumor size and TNM stage (P<0.05), but not with age, sex and the presence of lymph node metastasis (P>0.05). In the H292 cells, following knockdown of LL22NC03-N64E9.1, cell proliferation and cloning were reduced. CONCLUSIONS Expression of lncRNA, LL22NC03-N64E9.1, promoted proliferation of lung cancer cells in vitro, was highly expressed in lung cancer tissues and was associated with increased overall survival (OS), tumor size, and tumor stage in patients with lung cancer.

FOXD3 suppresses the Proliferation of CRC Bone Metastatic Cells via the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK Signaling Pathway.

BACKGROUND: The improvements in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) and prolongation of survival time have improved the incidence of bone metastasis. Forkhead box D3 (FOXD3) is involved in the development of CRC. However, the role and mechanism of FOXD3 in CRC bone metastases development are unknown. OBJECTIVE: Using the combined bioinformatics and cytology experimental analyses, this study aimed to explore the mechanistic role of FOXD3 in the bone metastasis of colon cancer, thereby aiding in the treatment of colon cancer bone metastasis and identification of drug-targeting markers. METHODS: First, the changes in the expression levels of the FOXD3 gene and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the colon cancer samples and colon cancer metastases were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Then, the correlations of the FOXD3 gene with the DEGs were identified. Next, the effects of the FOXD3 on the proliferation and invasion abilities of colon cancer bone metastatic cells were identified using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) and Transwell cell migration assays, respectively. In addition, Western blot analysis was used to identify the expression levels of the proteins related to the EGFR/Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK(EGFR/ERK) signaling pathway and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). RESULTS: FOXD3 was downregulated in colon cancer and could interact with multiple DEGs in colon cancer bone metastases. FOXD3 gene knockdown could increase the proliferation of human colon cancer bone metastatic cells and their invasive ability. FOXD3 gene knockdown could activate the expression of EGFR/ERK signaling pathway-related proteins and inhibit/promote the expression of EMT-related proteins, which in turn promoted the proliferation and metastasis of LoVo cells from colon cancer bone metastases. CONCLUSION: Overall, this study demonstrated that the downregulation of the FOXD3 gene might promote the proliferation of colon cancer bone metastatic cell lines through the EGFR/ERK pathway and promote their migration through EMT, thereby serving as a promising therapeutic target.

Surgical resection margin for T3-T4 primary acral melanoma: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.

Although the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines include clear recommendations for the appropriate resection margins in non-acral cutaneous melanoma, the required margin for acral melanoma is controversial. In this retrospective study, we aimed to investigate whether narrow-margin excision is warranted for thick acral melanoma. Records from 277 melanoma patients with stage T3-T4 disease who underwent radical surgery in three centers in China from September 2010 to October 2018 were reviewed. Clinicopathologic data, including age, gender, excision margin (1-2 cm versus ≥ 2 cm), Clark level, Breslow thickness, ulceration, N stage and adjuvant therapy, were included for survival analysis. The patients were followed up until death or March 31, 2021. Log-rank and Cox regression analyses were used to identify prognostic factors for overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS) and local and in-transit recurrence-free survival (LITRFS). Among all enrolled patients, 207 (74.7%) had acral melanoma, and 70 (25.3%) had non-acral cutaneous melanoma. No significant difference in baseline characteristics was identified between non-acral and acral melanoma, except for age (p = 0.004), gender (p = 0.009) and ulceration (p = 0.048). In non-acral melanoma, a resection margin of 1-2 cm was a poor independent prognostic factor for OS [p = 0.015; hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI), 0.26 (0.009-0.77)] and LITRFS [p = 0.013; HR (95% CI), 0.19 (0.05-0.71)] but not for DFS [p = 0.143; HR (95% CI), 0.51 (0.21-1.25)]. Forty-three (20.8%) patients in the acral melanoma group had a 1-2-cm resection margin. The resection margin was not correlated with patients' OS (p = 0.196 by log-rank analysis, p = 0.865 by multivariate survival analysis), DFS (p = 0.080 by log-rank analysis, p = 0.758 by multivariate survival analysis) or LITRFS (p = 0.354 by log-rank analysis) in acral melanoma. As recommended in the NCCN guidelines, a resection margin ≥ 2 cm is required for non-acral cutaneous melanoma. Meanwhile, a narrow resection margin (1-2 cm) may be safe for patients with acral melanoma.

Host Restrictive Factors Are the Emerging Storm Troopers Against Enterovirus: A Mini-Review.

Enterovirus infection continues to be a global health problem. The lack of specific drugs and broad-spectrum vaccines means an urgent need to develop effective strategies against enteroviruses. Host restrictive factors are a class of intrinsic host antiviral factors that have been broadly defined and investigated during HIV infections and have great significance for drug development and treatment design. In recent years, the essential role of host restrictive factors in regulating enteroviral infections has been gradually recognized and investigated. An increasing number of studies have shown that host-restrictive factors regulate multiple steps in the life cycle of enteroviruses. This mini-review discusses the restrictive factors against enteroviruses, their antiviral mechanism, and the arms race between them and enteroviruses. We also summarise the pathways that enteroviruses use to impair host antiviral signals. This mini-review characterizes the essential role of host restriction factors in enterovirus infections, which provides ideas and potential targets for antiviral drug design by regulating host restrictive factors. It also reveals potential future research on the interplay between host restrictive factors and enteroviruses.

Combination of pembrolizumab plus temozolomide therapy in unresectable and advanced melanoma: a multicenter retrospective analysis in China.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of anti-PD-1 combined with temozolomide as front-line therapy in patients with unresectable advanced melanoma. METHODS: The records of patients with unresectable advanced melanoma first treated with pembrolizumab plus temozolomide, pembrolizumab alone, or temozolomide-based chemotherapy at three cancer centers from May 2018 to February 2020 were reviewed. Patients were followed up until death or October 30, 2020. Data were retrospectively reviewed and statistically analyzed for the best objective response rate (ORR) and progression-free survival (PFS), as well as toxicities. RESULTS: Sixty-nine individuals were identified, including 28 (40.6%) with acral melanoma, 18 (26.1%) with cutaneous melanoma, 21 (30.4%) with mucosal melanoma, and two (2.9%) with unknown primary melanoma. The ORR of pembrolizumab plus temozolomide (8/20, 40.0%) in advanced melanoma was higher than pembrolizumab (3/24, 12.5%) and chemotherapy (1/25, 4.0%) alone as front-line therapies. The median PFS of pembrolizumab plus temozolomide as front-line therapy for advanced melanoma was 9.8 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.7-17.9 months], which was a significant improvement on the chemotherapy PFS of 4.2 months (95% CI: 2.6-5.8 months) [hazard ratio (HR) 0.415, 95% CI: 0.185-0.931, P=0.033]. The median PFS of pembrolizumab was 6.2 months (95% CI: 2.5-9.9), with no significant difference compared with chemotherapy (HR 0.647, 95% CI: 0.334-1.252, P=0.196). CONCLUSIONS: Combining anti-PD-1 with temozolomide has better efficacy than temozolomide-based chemotherapy or anti-PD-1 alone for advanced melanoma treatment without increasing toxicity. Therefore, anti-PD-1 combined with temozolomide may be preferentially used as a front-line regimen for unresectable advanced melanoma.

Clinical Significance and Risk Factors of Local Recurrence in Synovial Sarcoma: A Retrospective Analysis of 171 Cases.

Objective: To investigate risk factors of local recurrence of synovial sarcoma and the impact of local recurrence on survival. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed clinical data of patients with II to IIIB (AJCC8) synovial sarcoma who underwent surgery at our center between March 2005 and December 2016. Data relating clinicopathological factors, treatment and prognosis were collected. The impact of local recurrence on overall survival (OS), local recurrence-free survival (LRFS), and distant relapse-free survival (DRFS) were analyzed. The prognostic factors associated with local recurrence were also analyzed using Kaplan-Meier Curves and Cox regression analysis. Results: A total of 171 patients were included in this analysis. After a median follow-up of 48 months, 66 patients (38.6%) experienced local recurrence. The 5-year OS, LRFS, and DRFS rates of patients with local recurrence were 37.6, 6.1, and 24.1%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that larger initial tumors, multiple recurrences, positive resection margins, marginal resection, and lack of adjuvant therapy were associated with higher local recurrence. Conclusion: Local recurrence of synovial sarcoma is associated with distant metastasis and poor survival. Chemoradiation improves the prognosis of patients with local recurrence, in particular those for which recurrence occurs shortly after initial treatment.

Female Peritoneal Tuberculosis with Ascites, Pelvic Mass, or Elevated CA 125 Mimicking Advanced Ovarian Cancer: A Retrospective Study of 26 Cases.

This study aimed to summarise the clinical experience of peritoneal tuberculosis (TB). Clinical data of 26 patients admitted and diagnosed with peritoneal TB mimicking advanced ovarian cancer or peritoneal carcinoma between June 2008 and June 2017, was evaluated. The mean age was 35.92 ±15.30 years. The most common findings were abdominal mass (n=21, 80.77%) and elevated CA 125 levels (n=19, 73.08%). One patient underwent PET-CT and was diagnosed with peritoneal TB. Laparotomy was performed in 14 patients (70%) and laparoscopy in six patients (30%), out of whom two patients were converted to laparotomy due to severe adhesions. Meanwhile, mass puncture biopsy or small incision biopsy was the preferred method for diagnosing peritoneal TB, while PET-CT was considered as a good diagnostic method.

Metabolism of Reactive Oxygen Species in Osteosarcoma and Potential Treatment Applications.

BACKGROUND: The present study was designed to explore the underlying role of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and apoptosis in osteosarcoma (OS) cells induced by hypoxia. METHODS: In OS cells, ROS accumulated and apoptosis increased within 24 h after exposure to low HIF-1α expression levels. A co-expression analysis showed that HIF was positively correlated with Forkhead box class O1 (FoxO1) expression and negatively correlated with CYP-related genes from the National Center for Biotechnology Information's Gene Expression Omnibus (NCBI GEO) datasets. Hypoxia also considerably increased HIF-1α and FoxO1 expression. Moreover, the promoter region of FoxO1 was directly regulated by HIF-1α. We inhibited HIF-1α via siRNA and found that the ROS accumulation and apoptosis induced by hypoxia in OS cells decreased. In this study, a murine xenograft model of BALB-c nude mice was adopted to test tumour growth and measure the efficacy of 2-ME + As2O3 treatment. RESULTS: Ad interim knockdown of HIF-1α also inhibited manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), catalase and sestrin 3 (Sesn3) expression in OS cells. Furthermore, hypoxia-induced ROS formation and apoptosis in OS cells were associated with CYP450 protein interference and were ablated by HIF-1α silencing via siRNA. CONCLUSIONS: Our data reveal that HIF-1α inhibits ROS accumulation by directly regulating FoxO1 in OS cells, which induces MnSOD, catalase and Sesn3 interference, thus resulting in anti-oxidation effects. The combination of an HIF-1α inhibitor (2-mercaptoethanol,2-ME) and ROS inducer (arsenous oxide, As2O3) can prohibit proliferation and migration and promote apoptosis in MG63 cells in vitro while inhibiting tumour growth in vivo.

Immunological Approaches Towards Cancer and Inflammation: A Cross Talk.

The inflammation is the protective response of the body against various harmful stimuli; however, the aberrant and inappropriate activation tends to become harmful. The acute inflammatory response tends to resolved once the offending agent is subside but this acute response becomes chronic in nature when the body is unable to successfully neutralized the noxious stimuli. This chronic inflammatory microenvironment is associated with the release of various pro-inflammatory and oncogenic mediators such as nitric oxide (NO), cytokines [IL-1ß, IL-2, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)], growth factor, and chemokines. These mediators make the inflammatory microenvironment more vulnerable toward tumorigenesis. The pro-inflammatory mediators released during the chronic inflammation tends to induce several molecular signaling cascades such as nuclear factor kappa B, MAPKinase, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, Janus kinases/STAT, Wnt/B-catenin, and cyclic AMP response element binding protein. The immune system and its components have a pleiotropic effect on inflammation and cancer progression. Immune components such as T cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, and neutrophils either inhibit or enhance tumor initiation depending on the type of tumor and immune cells involved. Tumor-associated macrophages and tumor-associated neutrophils are pro-tumorigenic cells highly prevalent in inflammation-mediated tumors. Similarly, presence of T regulatory (Treg) cells in an inflammatory and tumor setting suppresses the immune system, thus paving the way for oncogenesis. However, Treg cells also inhibit autoimmune inflammation. By contrast, cytotoxic T cells and T helper cells confer antitumor immunity and are associated with better prognosis in patients with cancer. Cytotoxic T cells inflict a direct cytotoxic effect on cells expressing oncogenic markers. Currently, several anti-inflammatory and antitumor therapies are under trials in which these immune cells are exploited. Adoptive cell transfer composed of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes has been tried for the treatment of tumors after their ex vivo expansion. Mediators released by cells in a tumorigenic and inflammatory microenvironment cross talk with nearby cells, either promoting or inhibiting inflammation and cancer. Recently, several cytokine-based therapies are either being developed or are under trial to treat such types of manifestations. Monoclonal antibodies directed against TNF-α, VEGF, and IL-6 has shown promising results to ameliorate inflammation and cancer, while direct administration of IL-2 has been shown to cause tumor regression.

Antibiotics induce polarization of pleural macrophages to M2-like phenotype in patients with tuberculous pleuritis.

Pleural macrophages play critical roles in pathogenesis of tuberculous pleuritis, but very little is known about their response to anti-tuberculosis antibiotics treatment. Here, we examined whether and how pleural macrophages change in phenotype, transcription and function following antibiotics treatment in patients with tuberculous pleuritis. Results show pro-inflammatory cytokines were down-regulated significantly post antibiotic treatment in the pleural effusions and pleural macrophages up-regulated markers characteristic of M2 macrophages such as CD163 and CD206. Differential expression analysis of transcriptomes from four paired samples before and after treatment identified 230 treatment-specific responsive genes in pleural macrophages. Functional analysis identified interferon-related pathway to be the most responsive genes and further confirmed macrophage polarization to M2-like phenotype. We further demonstrate that expression of a significant fraction of responsive genes was modulated directly by antibiotics in pleural macrophages in vitro. Our results conclude that pleural macrophages polarize from M1-like to M2-like phenotype within a mean of 3.5 days post antibiotics treatment, which is dependent on both pleural cytokine environment and direct modulatory effects of antibiotics. The treatment-specific genes could be used to study the roles of pleural macrophages in the pathogenesis of tuberculous pleuritis and to monitor the response to antibiotics treatment.

Fashion, cooperation, and social interactions.

Fashion plays such a crucial rule in the evolution of culture and society that it is regarded as a second nature to the human being. Also, its impact on economy is quite nontrivial. On what is fashionable, interestingly, there are two viewpoints that are both extremely widespread but almost opposite: conformists think that what is popular is fashionable, while rebels believe that being different is the essence. Fashion color is fashionable in the first sense, and Lady Gaga in the second. We investigate a model where the population consists of the afore-mentioned two groups of people that are located on social networks (a spatial cellular automata network and small-world networks). This model captures two fundamental kinds of social interactions (coordination and anti-coordination) simultaneously, and also has its own interest to game theory: it is a hybrid model of pure competition and pure cooperation. This is true because when a conformist meets a rebel, they play the zero sum matching pennies game, which is pure competition. When two conformists (rebels) meet, they play the (anti-) coordination game, which is pure cooperation. Simulation shows that simple social interactions greatly promote cooperation: in most cases people can reach an extraordinarily high level of cooperation, through a selfish, myopic, naive, and local interacting dynamic (the best response dynamic). We find that degree of synchronization also plays a critical role, but mostly on the negative side. Four indices, namely cooperation degree, average satisfaction degree, equilibrium ratio and complete ratio, are defined and applied to measure people's cooperation levels from various angles. Phase transition, as well as emergence of many interesting geographic patterns in the cellular automata network, is also observed.

[Periampullary carcinoma with situs inversus totalis: case report and review of the literature].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the diagnosis and surgical treatment of patients with periampullary carcinoma and situs inversus totalis. METHODS: The data of a patient with periampullary carcinoma and complete situs inversus totalis, a rare disease treated in our hospital on Mar. 2006, was reported, and relative articles were reviewed. RESULTS: This patient was diagnosed with stage I to II of periampullary carcinoma. Bilirubin was recovered one week postoperatively. Incomplete adhesive ileus at gastroenteral anastomosis appeared 2 weeks after the operation and was healed by nutritional support, acupuncture, endoscopic drainage and enteral nutrition. From 1936 to 2006, 15 malignant tumors with situs viscerum inversus totalis were reported, only 5 periampullary carcinomas with situs viscerum inversus totalis were reported. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical operation should be considered for malignant tumor patients with situs inversus totalis without contraindication. Attention should be paid to the opposite anatomical structure in this kind of situation.