St. Thomas Modified Cardioplegia Effects on Myoblasts' Viability and Morphology.

Background and Objectives: The cardioplegic arrest of the heart during cardiosurgical procedures is the crucial element of a cardioprotection strategy. Numerous clinical trials compare different cardioplegic solutions and cardioprotective protocols, but a relatively small number of papers apply to in vitro conditions using cultured cells. This work aimed to analyze whether it is possible to use the rat heart myocardium cells as an in vitro model to study the protective properties of St. Thomas cardioplegia (ST2C). Methods: The rat heart myocardium cells-H9C2 were incubated with cold cardioplegia for up to 24 h. After incubation, we determined: viability, confluency, and cell size, the thiol groups' level by modifying Ellman's method, Ki67, and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen expression (PCNA). The impact on cells' morphology was visualized by the ultrastructural (TEM) study and holotomograpic 3D imaging. Results: The viability and confluency analysis demonstrated that the safest exposure to ST2C, should not exceed 4h. An increased expression of Ki67 antigen and PCNA was observed. TEM and 3D imaging studies revealed vacuolization after the longest period of exposure (24). Conclusions: According to obtained results, we conclude that STC can play a protective role in cardiac surgery during heart arrest.

The concentration of resistin in perivascular adipose tissue after CABG and postoperative atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative atrial fibrillation occurs in up to 30% of patients after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) and its cause is unknown. The aim of the study was to evaluate whether concentration of resistin in surrounding coronary artery perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is related to postoperative atrial fibrillation occurrence. METHODS: A total number of 46 patients (35 male, 11 female; median age 66.5) were qualified for elective CABG. Medical history, laboratory test results and echocardiographic parameters were noted. Patients were monitored up to 3 days after CABG and then were divided into groups with and without postoperative atrial fibrillation occurrence. Fragments of PVAT were collected intra-operatively: near the left anterior descending artery and main left coronary artery. The concentration of resistin was determined by Human Resistin Quantikine ELISA Kit and expressed as ng/g. A multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to find variables related to postoperative atrial fibrillation occurrence. RESULTS: Postoperative atrial fibrillation occurred in 14 (30.4%) patients. The patients with and without postoperative atrial fibrillation were similar in age, gender, epicardial adipose tissue thickness and laboratory parameters. The concentration of resistin in PVAT near the left main coronary artery was significantly higher in patients with postoperative atrial fibrillation than in those without the complication (P = 0.03). In the multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis the concentration of resistin above cut-off point 54 ng/g in PVAT near left main coronary artery was independently related to postoperative atrial fibrillation occurrence (OR: 7.7; 95% CI:1.4-42.2 p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The higher concentrations of resistin in PVAT near the left main coronary artery which is located close to the left atrium are associated with postoperative atrial fibrillation.

Increased content of resistin in epicardial adipose tissue of patients with advanced coronary atherosclerosis and history of myocardial infarction.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to assess whether the plasma level and content of adipokines, in adipose tissue, is associated with a medical history of myocardial infarction. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 33 consecutive patients (12 females, 21 males, aged 68.6 ± 6.8 years) who underwent cardiac bypass surgery. Patients were divided into groups; group 1 presented with a history of myocardial infarction and group 2 presented without a history of myocardial infarction. During cardiac surgery, samples of epicardial adipose tissue, adipose tissue located at internal mammary artery, subcutaneous adipose tissue, and blood samples were taken for further assessment.Significantly higher levels of resistin in adipose tissue from the epicardial tissue were found in group 1 than in group 2: median and interquartile range, respectively, 37.2 (8.9-121.5) ng/g versus 15.0 (7.1-24.1) ng/g; p < 0.049. Multivariate analysis found that previous myocardial infarction was associated with male gender, older age, and higher content of resistin in epicardial adipose tissue. CONCLUSION: The resistin content in epicardial adipose tissue in patients with advanced coronary atherosclerosis seems higher in those with a history myocardial infarction. Increased resistin epicardial content seems related to the previous myocardial infarction independent of the other established risk factors such as age and male gender. The importance of paracrine function of adipose pericardial tissue in the occurrence of complications of atherosclerosis merits further investigations.

Early Heart Rate Recovery after a 6-min Walking Test Predicts Clinical Benefits in Patients after Percutaneous Aortic Valve Implantation.

BACKGROUND: It was hypothesized that the time-appropriate return to a resting heart rate (HR) after cessation of exercise could be a marker for predicting outcomes in patients with heart failure (HF). We aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of HR recovery in functional improvement among adults with severe aortic stenosis undergoing percutaneous aortic valve implantation (TAVI). METHODS: We performed a 6 min walk test (6MWT) in 93 individuals before TAVI and 3 months after the procedure. The change in walking distance was calculated. During the pre-TAVI 6MWT, we analyzed the differences between baseline HR, HR at the end of the test, and HR at the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd minute of recovery. RESULTS: After 3 months, 6MWT distances improved by 39 ± 63 m and reached a total of 322 ± 117 m. Multiple linear regression proved the differences between HR after 2 min of recovery and baseline HR in pre-TAVI after a 6MWT was the only significant predictor of waking distance improvement during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that analysis of HR recovery after a 6MWT may be a helpful and easy parameter to assess improvements in exercise capacity after TAVI. This simple method can help to identify patients in whom no significant benefit in functional improvement can be expected despite successful valve implantation.

Mature mediastinal teratoma with somatic type malignancy including neuroblastoma and intestinal type of adenocarcinoma: A Case Report.

INTRODUCTION AND IMPORTANCE: The majority of mediastinal tumours develop asymptomatically and are often detected incidentally on a chest X-ray performed for another reason. Mediastinal tumours, although mostly asymptomatic, may cause non-specific symptoms associated with advanced tumour growth. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 30-year-old woman who presented with exhaustion and lower back pain accompanied by severe headaches with symptoms of visual disturbances, followed by the typical Horner syndrome. Computed tomography revealed a tumour measuring 12 × 11 × 10 cm in the right cavity with features suggestive of teratoma. The patient underwent mediastinal tumour resection and thymectomy. The pathomorphological examination confirmed the primary diagnosis of mediastinal teratoma, but rare somatic type malignancy was detected. Therefore, the patient was referred for further oncological treatment. DISCUSSION: Mediastinal teratoma is an uncommon finding and usually asymptomatic. Despite its slow growth, it can grow enough to compress adjacent structures, causing symptoms similar to those presented in our patient. CONCLUSION: Radiologic imaging proves diagnostic in most cases. Despite the somatic type malignancy, surgical excision of the tumour using the en-bloc technique seems to be a sufficient option for the patient, and further oncological treatment is not always obligatory.

Role of resistin in cardiovascular diseases: Implications for prevention and treatment.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are associated with socioeconomic and, most importantly, with clinical problems. Accordingly, the identification of early and specific biomarkers indicating metabolic changes that underlie disease development and/or progression is important and may improve preventive and treatment strategies. A recently discovered protein - resistin (ADSF, FIZZ3) - whose expression is increased in carbohydrate metabolism and adipose tissue disorders, seems to be worth of interest in this context. The current publication was based on a detailed review of available literature, including Medline, EBSCO, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases. The search period was between January 1, 2001 and December 20, 2020. The following keywords were used: "resistin", "resistin AND cardiology" and "resistin AND cardiosurgery". Our review covered a total of 4476 records, 594 of which were review publications. The presented article summarizes the current knowledge on the role of resistin in prevention and treatment of CVDs. Available literature shows that resistin may be a predictor for various pathological states; however, data from some studies on the pathophysiological mechanisms of action are contradictory. There is a need for further investigations to explore the exact role of resistin in CVDs.

[Big myxoma of the left atrium suggesting pulmonary embolism]. / Duzy sluzak lewego przedsionka o przebiegu sugerujacym poczatkowo zatorowosc plucna.

Cardiac myxomas are rare. They usually appear as a sporadic isolated mass in the left atrium of women with no other pathology. Our patient had symptoms which may suggest pulmonary embolism (PE)-TTE, D-dimers, ECG, laboratory findings seemed to confirm acute PE. Physical examination was unremarkable. Signs of pulmonary hypertension and shortened acceleration time also suggested PE. However, angio-CT excluded it. The patient was transfered to surgical department. During the operation the big myxoma filling the whole space of the left atrium and blocking the entrance to the left ventricle was found and easily removed. Kardiol Pol 2010; 68, 6: 695-696.

Upregulated sulfatase and downregulated MMP-3 in thoracic aortic aneurysm.

BACKGROUND: Thoracic aortic aneurysm (TAA) formation is accompanied by degradation of extracellular matrix components (EMC). Numerous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in the process, but the involvement of MMP-3 remains unclear. Additionally, the changes in proteoglycan (PG) structure can alter the signal transduction pathways in TAA, though the enzymatic systems which originate them are not fully understood. OBJECTIVES: To measure MMP-3 and sulfatase levels in aneurysmal tissue, comparing them with non-aneurysmal vessels, and to investigate possible correlations with patients' serum levels in order to evaluate their potential usefulness in aiding aneurysm detection and monitoring. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 74 patients (TAA: n = 42; control group: n = 32). Sulfatase activity was measured colometrically and MMP-3 levels were measured immunoenzymatically. RESULTS: Sulfatase activities were higher (p = 0.03) and MMP-3 concentrations lower (p = 0.014) in aneurysmal tissue than in normal aortic tissue. Medium-sized dilatations were associated with lower tissue MMP-3 concentrations than small dilatations (p = 0.033). No differences in sulfatase activity or MMP-3 concentration in the serum of TAA patients were observed in comparison with the controls. The serum and tissue levels of MMP-3 were correlated (r = 0.41; p < 0.001). The serum levels of MMP-3 were significantly lower in the female patients than in the male patients (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Our studies confirmed the lower MMP-3 levels in aneurysmal tissue, but the lack of a statistically confirmed reduction of MMP-3 in the blood serum seems to preclude its usefulness for diagnostic purposes. Our study points to the differences in MMP-3 behavior between TAA and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Significantly higher sulfatase activity in TAA tissue suggests a possible impact of sulfatase on signal transduction pathways involved in aneurysm formation.

[Quadruple coronary endarterectomy while off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery - a case report]. / Endarterektomia czterech naczyn wiencowych wykonana w czasie zabiegu rewaskularyzacji wiencowej bez zastosowania krazenia pozaustrojowego - opis przypadku.

Coronary endarterectomy is a controversial procedure. It has got many supporters and enemies among cardiac surgeons. It is very rare, particularly while performing off pump coronary artery bypass grafting. We present a case of a 50-year-old man who underwent coronary artery stenting and than has been admitted to surgery because of the restenosis in coronary arteries. During the surgery four arteries have been grafted. At the same time we performed four endarteriectomies in these vessels. No major problem was observed. We describe our technique and briefly present current literature regarding this problem.

Preoperative thromboelastometry for the prediction of increased chest tube output in cardiac surgery: A retrospective study.

Bleeding following cardiac surgery is a serious event with potentially life-threatening consequences. Preoperative recognition of coagulation abnormalities and detection of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) related coagulopathy could aid in the start of preventive treatment strategies that minimize perioperative blood loss. Most algorithms that analyze thromboelastometry coagulation tests in elective cardiac surgery do not include test results performed before surgery. We evaluated preoperative rotational thromboelastometry test results for their ability to predict blood loss during and after cardiac surgery.A total of 114 adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with CPB were included in this retrospective analysis. Each patient had thromboelastometry tests done twice: preoperatively, before the induction of anesthesia and postoperatively, 10 minutes after heparin reversal with protamine after decannulation.Patients were placed into 1 of 2 groups depending on whether preoperative thromboelastometry parameters deviated from reference ranges: Group 1 [N = 29; extrinsically activated test (EXTEM) or INTEM results out of normal range] or Group 2 (N = 85; EXTEM and INTEM results within the normal range). We observed that the total amount of chest tube output was significantly greater in Group 1 than in Group 2 (700 mL vs 570 mL, P = .03). At the same time, the preoperative values of standard coagulation tests such as platelet count, aPTT, and INR did not indicate any abnormalities of coagulation.Preoperative coagulation abnormalities diagnosed with thromboelastometry can predict increased chest tube output in the early postoperative period in elective adult cardiac surgery. Monitoring of the coagulation system with thromboelastometry allows rapid diagnosis of coagulation abnormalities even before the start of the surgery. These abnormalities could not always be detected with routine coagulation tests.

Beneficial effect of bilateral native nephrectomy as complete denervation on left ventricular mass and function in renal transplant recipients.

INTRODUCTION: Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in renal transplant recipients. The development of LVH is connected with excessive activation of the sympathetic nervous system. A bilateral nephrectomy is an example of complete renal denervation. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pretransplant bilateral native nephrectomy on left ventricular mass and function during a long-term follow-up of patients after kidney transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 32 renal transplant recipients who had previously undergone pretransplant bilateral native nephrectomy. The control group involved 32 recipients with preserved native kidneys, matched for age, sex, creatinine levels, estimated glomerular filtration rate, immunosuppressive treatment, and the time of renal replacement therapy. All patients were evaluated by echocardiography, and 16 patients--by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). In addition, all patients had their arterial blood pressure (BP) and metabolic markers measured. RESULTS: In comparison with controls, the study group had lower systolic BP (P = 0.048) and received a lower number of antihypertensive agents (P = 0.001). Lipid and hemoglobin levels were similar in both groups. The study group had a lower left ventricular mass index (LVMI; P = 0.001) and left atrial volume index (LAVI; P = 0.004). The left ventricular mass evaluated by CMR was also lower in the study group (P <0.001). Mild left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) was more frequent in the study group compared with the control group ( P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In a long-term follow-up of patients after kidney transplantation, the bilateral native nephrectomy before transplantation was associated with a lower LVMI and LAVI as well as a lower grade of LVDD. These patients had lower systolic BP and used fewer antihypertensive drugs.

Long-term efficacy of surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation in a low-volume centre.

Surgical ablation is a recommended procedure for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing a cardiac surgery operation. However, the procedure is associated with significant risk of late recurrence of AF. The aim of the study was to assess the long-term efficacy of the procedure with respect to the comorbidities. The study group consisted of 22 patients: 9 women and 13 men, who underwent surgical AF ablation in the 2008-2013 period. The patients were interviewed by telephone and were asked to send their recently performed 12-lead electrocardiography (ECG). The semi-structured interview consisted of 25 items regarding the history of AF, concomitant comorbidities, lifelong syncopal history, smoking, family history of premature cardiovascular diseases, and current medical treatment. Furthermore, the Epworth test was performed to measure the daytime sleepiness, which in turn is related to the presence of obstructive sleep apnoea. On the basis of the obtained data, the CHADS2, and Epworth scale scores were calculated for each patient. As a result of the study six patients (27%) had sinus rhythm or paced dual chamber rhythm, and 16 patients had atrial fibrillation. The multivariate analysis revealed that Epworth scale scoring > 9, CHADS2 score > 0, and persistent type of AF were related to poor outcome of surgical ablation procedure. In conclusion, patients with AF treated with surgical ablation have similar prognosis of sinus rhythm maintenance to those treated with radiofrequency ablation. Moreover, the same predisposing factors play a significant role in AF recurrence both in surgical patients and in patients treated with radiofrequency ablation.

Unchanged plasma levels of the soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor in elective coronary artery bypass graft surgery patients and cardiopulmonary bypass use.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: The soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) has been recently recognized as a potential biological marker of various disease states, but the impact of a major surgical intervention on the suPAR level has not yet been established. The aim of our study was to investigate if the induction of a systemic inflammatory reaction in response to cardiopulmonary bypass would be accompanied by an increase in the plasma suPAR level. METHODS AND SUBJECTS: Patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were added. Based on the baseline suPAR level, patients were divided into group 1 (suPAR within normal range) or group 2 (suPAR above range). Blood was collected before the induction of anesthesia and 6 and 24 hours after surgery. Plasma suPAR, IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, troponin I, NT-proBNP, and NGAL were quantified to assess the impact of surgical trauma on these markers. RESULTS: The baseline suPAR level was within the normal range in 31 patients (3.3 ng/mL), and elevated in 29 (5.1 ng/mL) (p<0.001). Baseline mediators of systemic inflammatory reaction concentrations (IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8) and organ injury indices (troponin I, NT-proBNP, and NGAL) were low and increased after surgery in all patients (p<0.05). The surgery did not cause significant changes in the suPAR level either at 6 or 24 hours after, however the difference between groups observed at baseline remained substantial during the postoperative period. CONCLUSIONS: There was no change in the suPAR level observed in patients subjected to elective cardiac coronary artery bypass surgery and CPB, despite activation of a systemic inflammatory reaction.

[Lack of left main and the operation of aortic valve replacement]. / Brak pnia lewej tetnicy wiencowej a operacja korekcji wady zastawki aortalnej.

Heart valve surgery demands cardiac arrest with concomitant cardiac protection against ischaemia and reperfusion. Anomalous origin of left coronary artery (LCA) system require different approach to the infusion of cardioplegia into coronary ostia. We present a case of a patient suffering from severe aortic stenosis with concomitant aortic insufficiency and double ostium LCA with left artery descending and circumflex arteries originating separately from the left sinus of Valslava. During the procedure a retrograde, intermittent, cold-crystalloid cardioplegia was applied with moderate hypothermic arrest of 32°C. Antegrade cardioplegia in patients presenting with anomalous origin of left coronary system when direct coronary intubation is required remains controversial. In such cases retrograde cardioplegia serves a valid option for the operating surgeon.