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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of corrective exercises on functional movement patterns, sensorimotor function, self-reported function, and fatigue sensitivity in collegiate athletes with chronic ankle instability (CAI). DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial. SETTING: Laboratory of sports sciences. PARTICIPANTS: Forty male volunteers were randomly assigned to the experimental group (age 21.2 ± 1.7 years, height 174.5 ± 6.1 cm, and weight 69.6 ± 6.9 kg) or the control group (age 20.9 ± 1.8 years, height 178.2 ± 6.6 cm, and weight 68.8 ± 8.1 kg). INTERVENTION: Participants in the experimental group performed supervised corrective exercises 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Fatigue was induced with a progressive treadmill protocol before and after the 8-week intervention. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcomes included movement efficiency during 3 squat tasks, static and dynamic postural control, strength of the ankle musculature, joint position sense, and self-reported function with the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure subscales. These outcomes were assessed before and immediately after fatiguing treadmill running both before and after 8-weeks of corrective exercises. RESULTS: Significant improvements in movement efficiency, sensorimotor function, and self-reported function were noted in the experimental group relative to the control group (P < 0.001), in a nonfatigued state. However, in a fatigued stated, the experimental intervention only improved static postural control (P = 0.016) relative to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that 8-weeks of corrective exercises were effective at enhancing movement efficiency, sensorimotor function, and self-reported function in collegiate athletes with CAI. However, this intervention program has limited abilities at reducing the effects of fatigue.
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Articulación del Tobillo/fisiopatología , Terapia por Ejercicio , Fatiga/fisiopatología , Inestabilidad de la Articulación/terapia , Atletas , Humanos , Masculino , Movimiento , Autoinforme , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Context: Preparticipation examinations are the standard approach for assessing poor movement quality that would increase musculoskeletal injury risk. However, little is known about how core stability influences functional movement patterns. Objective: The primary purpose of this study was to determine the effect of an 8-week core stability program on functional movement patterns in college athletes. The secondary purpose was to determine if the core stability training program would be more effective in those with worse movement quality (ie, ≤14 baseline functional movement screen [FMS] score). Design: Quasi-experimental design. Setting: Athletic training facility. Participants: One-hundred college athletes. Main Outcome Measures: Functional movement patterns included the FMS, lateral step-down, and Y balance test and were assessed before and after the 8-week program. Intervention: Participants were placed into one of the 2 groups: intervention and control. The intervention group was required to complete a core stability training program that met 3 times per week for 8 weeks. Results: Significant group × time interactions demonstrated improvements in FMS, lateral step-down, and Y balance test scores in the experimental group relative to the control group (P < .001). Independent sample t tests demonstrate that change scores were larger (greater improvement) for the FMS total score and hurdle step (P < .001) in athletes with worse movement quality. Conclusions: An 8-week core stability training program enhances functional movement patterns and dynamic postural control in college athletes. The benefits are more pronounced in college athletes with poor movement quality.
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Atletas , Movimiento/fisiología , Equilibrio Postural/fisiología , Entrenamiento de Fuerza , Adolescente , Prueba de Esfuerzo , Humanos , Masculino , Ensayos Clínicos Controlados no Aleatorios como Asunto , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Muscle strength is necessary for upper body normal function. Upper extremity function impairments have been reported in breast cancer (BC) survivors. It is not possible to know precisely if cancer adjuvant therapy such as radiation and chemotherapy had any effect on the unaffected arm. The aim of this study was to compare shoulder girdle strength among women with BC and similarly aged women without cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-three postmenopausal women (51 ± 6.46 years) with BC who underwent surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy and 30 healthy postmenopausal women (53.26 ± 5.05 years) were selected. Muscle strength was measured using a handheld dynamometer for flexion, horizontal adduction, internal and external rotation, scapular abduction and upward rotation, scapular depression, and adduction. Data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The findings indicated significant differences between groups of 6 of the shoulder girdle strength measure (flexion (P = 0.003), internal rotation (P = 0.001), external rotation (P = 0.040), scapular abduction and upward rotation (P = 0.001), scapular depression and adduction (P = 0.025), and shoulder horizontal adduction (P = 0.00)). Patients showed significantly lower strength compared with healthy controls (flexion = 34.3%, abd = 64.2%, int.rot = 51.2%, ext.rot = 32.4%, hor.add = 58.06, and depression = 35.2%). CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the shoulder girdle strength in women with BC decreased compared with healthy women without BC. Therefore, during the treatment of patients with BC, designing of training programs and rehabilitation programs need to be performed on shoulder girdle strength factors in patients undergoing mastectomy with axillary surgery and radiation therapy.
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BACKGROUND: The kidneys are complex organs of human body sustain a number of vital and important functions. These organs need to be replaced in some subjects due to various diseases. Bone mineral density (BMD) of the subjects with kidney transplantation reduced as a result of poor mobility and use of especial drugs. Due to lack of information regarding the influences of weight training exercise on BMD of long bone, this research was done. METHOD: 24 subjects with history of kidney transplantation were recruited in this study. They were divided into two groups who received weight training exercise and control group. The BMD of femur and lumbar spine was measured by use of dual energy X-Ray absorptiometry in both groups. The difference between BMD was evaluated by use of two sample T test. RESULT: The mean values of BMD of femur were 0.679±0.09 g/cm2 and 0.689±0.09 before and after exercise in this first group. In contrast it was 0.643±0.11 before follow-up and 0.641±0.11 g/cm2 after follow-up in the control group. There was no difference in BMD of lumbar spine after exercise. CONCLUSION: The result of this research study showed that BMD of long bone improved follow exercise. Therefore, it was concluded that weight training exercise can be used for the subjects with kidney transplantation.
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The purpose of this paper was to establish the variability and typical error of kinematic and kinetic variables representing the maximal instep kick in soccer for both the kicking and support legs. Ten skilled (good amateur or semi-professional) soccer players performed 20 maximal instep kicks of a stationary ball into a goal mouth. Motion of the kicking and support legs was recorded by an optoelectronic motion analysis system, and a six degrees of freedom model was used to compute kinematic and kinetic variables. Participants repeated the kicks on a second day at least 1 week later. The mean within-subject coefficient of variation across the kinematic and kinetic variables, trials, and days was 16% and did not change substantially as trial number increased or between day of test. Increasing trial number reduced the typical error (as determined by the standard error of the mean) such that for 20 trials 75% of the variables were below an arbitrary 5% threshold. It was concluded that for kicking investigations, 10-15 trials could be used and typical errors of 5% should be expected.
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Rendimiento Atlético/fisiología , Extremidad Inferior/fisiología , Movimiento/fisiología , Fútbol/fisiología , Adulto , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Humanos , Imagenología Tridimensional , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Grabación en Video , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the 11+ and HarmoKnee warm-up programs on performance measures in professional soccer players. Thirty-six male professional soccer players (age: 18.9 ± 1.4 years) were divided into 3 groups, the 11+, HarmoKnee and control group (n = 12 per group). The experimental groups performed the programs 3 times per week for 2 months (24 sessions), whereas the control group only performed their regular soccer training. The performance tests carried out were: 10m speed tests with and without a ball, 20m single sprint, vertical jump, Wall-Volley and Illinois agility tests. The 11+ group demonstrated significant increases from pre-to-post time points in the vertical jump (3.7%), Wall- Volley (5.4%) and Illinois agility tests (1.7%), while the HarmoKnee group showed a significant increase in Wall-Volley test, with a 5.2% increase. The repeated measures analysis revealed differences between the groups (large effect size) in the 11+ and HarmoKnee groups, compared to the control group, in 10m speed tests with and without a ball, 20m single sprint and Illinois agility tests (p < 0.05). Thus 8-weeks performing the 11+ warm-up program can enhance jump height, agility and soccer skill while the HarmoKnee program generally only improves soccer skill in young professional male soccer players. Key PointsThe 11+ improves performance by means of Illinois agility, vertical jump and Wall-Volley tests whereas HarmoKnee improves Wall-Volley test. Incorporating 11+ as a part of the warm-up program by the young teams would be beneficial in agility, leg power and soccer skill respectively.Further modification of both programs may be required to fully realize the players' speed performance potential.Data from this research can be helpful for soccer trainers in choosing programs to enhance performances in young male professional soccer players.
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PURPOSE: Balance is an important performance aspect of all athletes. The aim of this study was to compare static and dynamic balance in soccer players in different positions. METHODS: Forty youth and young adult professional soccer players were divided into four groups according to their playing positions: goalkeepers (GK), defenders (DF), midfielders (MF) and forwards (FW) (10 per position). Static and dynamic balance assessed on the dominant and non-dominant legs were measured using a force platform for 30s (static one-leg stand), and "Y Balance Test" (dynamic balance). RESULTS: GK exhibited greater ML static balance (less ML sway) compared with other players (p < 0.02-0.001). Moreover, results demonstrated better GK dynamic balance compared to DF and FW (p < 0.04-0.006). MF showed better dynamic balance than DF and FW (p < 0.019-0.007) and lower dynamic balance scores were found among DF and FW (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, these results affirm position-specific balance performance with greater static and dynamic balance of GK and dynamic balance with MF. It is suggested that evaluation of balance and postural control performance should be considered a relevant part of the position-specific functional evaluation of soccer players.
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Fútbol , Adulto Joven , Adolescente , Humanos , Masculino , Pierna , Equilibrio Postural , AtletasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of systematic corrective exercises on the static and dynamic balance of students with pronation distortion syndrome. METHODS: In this randomized controlled clinical trial study, 30 volunteers were selected and randomly divided into the control and experimental groups (15 subjects per group). The experimental group performed systematic corrective exercises for 12 weeks, while the control group performed the routine exercise. Static and dynamic balance was evaluated before and after the interventions. The data were analyzed using independent and paired t-tests (P < 0.05). RESULTS: The results showed significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the static and dynamic balance in the experimental group, but not in the control group. A significant difference was evident between the experimental and control groups in terms of static and dynamic balances, in static balance including Flamingo balance test (42.26 ± 5.35 vs. 10.13 ± 1.92) stabilometr (1.23 ± 0.48 vs. 3.71 ± 1.02), and in dynamic balance including star excursion balance test (anterior direction 82.4 ± 6.2 vs. 66.7 ± 6.9, Posterior-internal direction 87.8 ± 4.7 vs. 69.6 ± 6.3, posterior-external direction 86.06 ± 6.93 vs. 67.2 ± 6.2), stabilometr (3.8 ± 0.6 vs. 11.18 ± 1.8) (P < 0.05 for all variables). CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that systematic corrective exercises improve static and dynamic balance in students with pronation distortion syndrome and it could be recommended as modalities for these people.
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BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the third most common cause of adult neurologic disabilities. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 8 weeks of neuromuscular exercises on strength, proprioceptive receptors, and balance of women with MS. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial study, 20 female volunteers with relapsing-remitting MS were randomly assigned into the experimental group (n = 10) and control group (n = 10). Maximum muscular strength of knee extensor and flexor muscles, knee joint proprioceptive error (Biodex), and balance (Berg Balance Scale) was measured at baseline and after 8 weeks of neuromuscular exercise. The data were analyzed using paired t-test and independent t-test. RESULTS: The results showed a significant improvement (P < 0.05) in the quadriceps strength, hamstring strength, proprioceptive receptor error, and the balance in the experimental group, but not in the control group. A significant difference was evident between the experimental and control groups in terms of strength, balance, and proprioceptive receptor error (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Neuromuscular exercise training is effective in improving balance, strength, and reducing the proprioceptive error in people with MS, and it could be recommended as modalities for these patients.
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BACKGROUND: Hyperkyphosis is often accompanied by forward head and shoulder postures. Together, these three disorders are called "Upper Cross Syndrome (UCS)". We aimed to perform a photogrammetric analysis of UCS among teachers and to determine the effects of National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) exercises with ergonomic training interventions on the syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: A semi-experimental study. METHODS: Photogrammetric analysis was performed using the UCS software among teachers in order to determine the angles of forward head, rounded shoulders, and hyperkyphosis. Twenty-three teachers were selected purposefully and enrolled in Fasa City in 2018. They were randomly divided into experimental (n=12) and control (n=11) groups. Experimental group attended 12 wk of NASM exercises with ergonomic intervention but the control group did not participate in any regular exercise. The data were analyzed using paired t-test and differential independent t-test (P<0.05). RESULTS: The results indicated a significant decrease in forward head (P=0.001), shoulder angles (P=0.000) and hyperkyphosis (P=0.003). The applied intervention had a 90% positive effect in reducing the forward head angle, an 88% positive effect in reducing the rounded shoulder angle and a 90% positive effect in reducing the kyphosis angle. However, the results for the control group did not show a significant difference for forward head, rounded shoulders, and hyperkyphosis angles. CONCLUSION: The UCS software application can be used as an accurate instrument for measuring the extent of the UCS. Moreover, using NASM exercises can lead to a reduction in the UCS among teachers.
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Ergonomía/métodos , Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Cifosis/terapia , Enfermedades Profesionales/terapia , Medicina Deportiva/métodos , Adulto , Femenino , Cabeza/fisiopatología , Humanos , Cifosis/etiología , Cifosis/fisiopatología , Masculino , Enfermedades Profesionales/etiología , Enfermedades Profesionales/fisiopatología , Fotogrametría , Postura/fisiología , Maestros , Hombro/fisiopatología , Síndrome , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of two different interventions on pain and disability in patients with knee osteoarthritis (KOA). Forty-one individuals (Mean ± SD: Age 52.1 ± 8.9 years, Height 172.8 ± 6.6 cm, Weight 80.2 ± 6.9 kg) with KOA were randomly allocated into Pilates (N = 14), conventional therapeutic exercise (CTE) (N = 14), and control (N = 13) groups. Joint position sense (JPS), functional performance, pain, and disability were examined using Biodex system, aggregate time of four daily activities, and Lequesne Index. One-Way ANOVA, and Post Hoc Scheffe test were administrated to analyze the data (P < 0.05). There was a significant (P < 0.001) difference between the experimental groups in all measured outcomes compared to the control. While, regarding pain and disability, more significant (P = 0.003) improvement was observed in participants following Pilates training compared to CTE. It seemed that Pilates training was more effective than the CTE to improve pain and disability in individuals with KOA.
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Técnicas de Ejercicio con Movimientos/métodos , Terapia por Ejercicio/métodos , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/terapia , Dolor/etiología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/fisiopatología , Dimensión del Dolor , Método Simple CiegoRESUMEN
Surface electromyography has been useful in comparing muscular activity among different sports movements and it is a valuable technique for evaluating muscle activation, co-ordination and fatigue. Since these important variables have not been investigated during the full game in soccer, the present study aimed to investigate the activity of major muscles of the lower extremity during a soccer-simulation fatiguing protocol. Ten amateur soccer players (age 21.40+/-3.13 years; height 1.77+/-0.06 m; mass 74.55+/-8.5 kg) were tested. The exercise protocol, performed on a programmable motorised treadmill, consisted of the different intensities observed during soccer match-play (walking, jogging, running, sprinting). Electromyographic activity was recorded from the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA) and gastrocnemius (GC) muscles before exercise, at half-time and immediately after the 90-min exercise protocol. The EMG data were analysed using custom-written software to compute the root mean square (RMS) value over ten gait cycles. With regard to RF, BF and TA, a significant main effect (P< 0.05) was found for condition (pre-game, half-time and post-game), speed (6, 12, 15 and 21 km h(-1)) (P<0.05) and interaction between condition and speed (P< 0.05). For GC, a significant effect was not found for condition or interaction between condition and speed, but a significant main effect (P< 0.001) was found for speed, with the RMS value increasing continually with increasing speed from 6 to 2 1km h(-1). The results indicated that after a simulation of the exercise intensity of soccer-play the EMG activity in major lower-limb muscles was less than before. This decrease indicated that prolonged intermittent exercise had an effect on muscle activity even when work-rate was sustained.
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Extremidad Inferior/fisiología , Contracción Muscular/fisiología , Fatiga Muscular/fisiología , Músculo Esquelético/fisiología , Esfuerzo Físico/fisiología , Fútbol/fisiología , Adulto , Electromiografía , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pain and limited range of motion (ROM) are the crucial subsequent results of joint hemorrhages in individuals with bleeding disorders and hemophilia. Exercise interventions are particularly recommended in treatment of such patients. The purpose of this study was to detect the influences of conventional exercise therapy and hydrotherapy on the knee joint complications in patients with hemophilia. METHODS: A total of 40 patients engaging hemophilia A were randomized into one of three groups: Therapeutic exercise (N = 13), hydrotherapy (N = 14) or control (N = 13). While the first two groups followed their specific programs for 4 weeks, routine life-style was maintained by subjects in the control group in this period. To evaluate the pain level and knee ROM the visual analog scale and standard goniometer were utilized, respectively. The outcome was measured at baseline and after completing the prescribed protocols. Data analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance and Scheffe statistical tests (P < 0.05). RESULTS: Both experimental groups experienced more significant decreasing in pain level (P < 0.001) and knee flexion and extension ROM (P < 0.001) in comparison to the control group. Although the pain was significantly (P < 0.01) more alleviated in participants treated through hydrotherapy in comparison to exercise therapy, the difference in ROM improvement was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Using hydrotherapy in addition to usual rehabilitation training can result in beneficial effect in terms of pain and knee joint ROM. However, it appears that hydrotherapy is more effective in reducing pain.
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The extracts of Scutellaria baicalensis and Acacia catechu have been shown in previous studies to alleviate joint discomfort, reduce stiffness, and improve mobility by reducing the production of proinflammatory molecules over long periods of supplementation. The acute effects of intake of these extracts have not yet been investigated. Thus, we carried out a 1 week clinical trial to examine the extent to which UP446-a natural proprietary blend of S. baicalensis and A. catechu (UP446)-decreases knee joint pain, mobility, and biomarkers of inflammation in comparison to naproxen. Seventy-nine men and women (40-90 years old) diagnosed as having mild to moderate osteoarthritis (OA) consumed either 500 mg/day of the UP446 supplement or 440 mg/day of naproxen for 1 week in a double-blind randomized control trial. Pain, knee range of motion (ROM), and overall physical activity were evaluated at the start and at the end of treatment. Fasting blood was collected to determine serum interleukins 1ß and 6, tumor necrosis factor-α, C-reactive protein, and hyaluronic acid. The UP446 group experienced a significant decrease in perceived pain (P=.009) time dependently. Stiffness was significantly reduced by both treatments (P=.002 UP446, P=.008 naproxen). Significant increases in mean ROM over time (P=.04) were found in the UP446 group. These findings suggest that UP446 is effective in reducing the physical symptoms associated with knee OA.
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Acacia , Articulación de la Rodilla/efectos de los fármacos , Dolor Musculoesquelético/prevención & control , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/tratamiento farmacológico , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Scutellaria baicalensis , Anciano , Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Método Doble Ciego , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Humanos , Inflamación/sangre , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Articulación de la Rodilla/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dolor Musculoesquelético/sangre , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/sangre , Osteoartritis de la Rodilla/complicaciones , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Rango del Movimiento Articular/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/sangreRESUMEN
Muscular strength is an important factor which is crucial for performance and injury prevention in most sports. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of the FIFA's Medical Assessment and Research Centre 11+ and HarmoKnee injury prevention programs on knee strength of young professional male soccer players. Thirty-six soccer players (age: 18.9 ± 1.4 years) were divided equally into three groups; the 11+, HarmoKnee and control groups. The programs were performed for 24 sessions. Hamstring and quadriceps strength was measured using the Biodex System 3 at 30°, 60° and 90° of knee flexion. The 11+ increased quadriceps strength in the dominant leg by 19.7% and 47.8% at 60°and 90° knee flexion, respectively, and in the non-dominant leg by 16%, 35.3% and 78.1 % at 30°, 60° and 90° knee flexion, respectively. The HarmoKnee group, however, showed increased quadriceps strength only at 90° i.e., by 85.7% in the dominant leg and 73.8% in the non-dominant leg. As for hamstring strength, only the 11+ group demonstrated an increment by 24.8% and 19.8% at 30° and 60° knee flexion in the dominant leg, and in the non-dominant leg, by 28.7% and 13.7% at 30° and 60° knee flexion, respectively. In conclusion, both warm-up programs improve quadriceps strength. The 11+ demonstrated improvement in hamstring strength while the HarmoKnee program did not indicate any improvement. We suggest adding eccentric hamstring components such as Nordic hamstring exercise to the HarmoKnee program in order to enhance hamstring strength.
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This study investigated bilateral and unilateral asymmetries of strength and flexibility in male young professional soccer players. Thirty-six soccer players (age: 18.9 ± 1.4 years) participated in this study. A Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer was used to assess the hamstring and quadriceps strength at selected speeds of 60°/s, 180°/s and 300°/s. Hip joint flexibility was measured using a goniometer. No difference was observed in conventional strength ratio, dynamic control ratio and fast/slow speed ratio between the dominant and non-dominant legs (p>0.05). All but one of the players (97.2%) had musculoskeletal abnormality (bilateral imbalance > 10%) in one or more specific muscle groups. The dominant leg had greater hip joint flexibility compared with the non-dominant leg (108.8 ± 10.7° versus 104.6 ± 9.8°, respectively). The findings support the hypothesis that physical performance and movement pattern experienced during soccer playing may negatively change the balance of strength in both legs (bilateral strength balance), but not on the same leg of the young male professional soccer players. The results can be helpful for trainers and coaches to decide whether the players need to improve their balance and strength which in turn may prevent injury. It is suggested that in professional soccer training, quadriceps and hamstrings muscle strength, as well as hip joint flexibility should not be overlooked.
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BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two types of rehabilitation techniques, including aerobic and strengthening exercises on patients with knee rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: 48 male patients with knee RA were randomly assigned into 3 groups, including aerobic exercises, strengthening exercise, and control. The two first groups completed their treatment protocol for 8 weeks, 3 days per week. Visual Analogue Scale, WOMAC questionnaire, 6-minute walking test, standard goniometer were used to assess pain severity, functional ability, walking ability, knee joint ROM respectively at baseline and after applying therapeutic interventions. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at P < 0.05 significant level. RESULTS: Participants had a mean ± SD age of 58.6 ± 7.8 years (height 1.72 ± 0.07 m, weight 81.0 ± 6.4 kg) with no significant difference between three groups. Both therapeutic interventions reduced pain significantly (P < 0.001) compared to the control group, without significant difference between the two experimental groups. The patients fulfilled aerobic exercise attained higher levels of function and walking ability compared to strengthening group significantly (P < 0.001). The knee range of motion (ROM)wassignificantly (P < 0.001) improved in the two experimental groups in comparison to controls, the strengthening group had more significant (P < 0.001) improvement. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that an aerobic exercise program improves functional and walking ability in patients with knee RA, and strengthening exercise has more efficient effect on knee ROM, both aerobic and strengthening exercises can equally relieve pain.
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PURPOSE: The study investigated the effects of FIFA 11+ and HarmoKnee, both being popular warm-up programs, on proprioception, and on the static and dynamic balance of professional male soccer players. METHODS: Under 21 year-old soccer players (nâ=â36) were divided randomly into 11+, HarmoKnee and control groups. The programs were performed for 2 months (24 sessions). Proprioception was measured bilaterally at 30°, 45° and 60° knee flexion using the Biodex Isokinetic Dynamometer. Static and dynamic balances were evaluated using the stork stand test and Star Excursion Balance Test (SEBT), respectively. RESULTS: The proprioception error of dominant leg significantly decreased from pre- to post-test by 2.8% and 1.7% in the 11+ group at 45° and 60° knee flexion, compared to 3% and 2.1% in the HarmoKnee group. The largest joint positioning error was in the non-dominant leg at 30° knee flexion (mean error valueâ=â5.047), (p<0.05). The static balance with the eyes opened increased in the 11+ by 10.9% and in the HarmoKnee by 6.1% (p<0.05). The static balance with eyes closed significantly increased in the 11+ by 12.4% and in the HarmoKnee by 17.6%. The results indicated that static balance was significantly higher in eyes opened compared to eyes closed (pâ=â0.000). Significant improvements in SEBT in the 11+ (12.4%) and HarmoKnee (17.6%) groups were also found. CONCLUSION: Both the 11+ and HarmoKnee programs were proven to be useful warm-up protocols in improving proprioception at 45° and 60° knee flexion as well as static and dynamic balance in professional male soccer players. Data from this research may be helpful in encouraging coaches or trainers to implement the two warm-up programs in their soccer teams.
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Atletas , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Equilibrio Postural/fisiología , Propiocepción/fisiología , Fútbol/fisiología , Fenómenos Biomecánicos/fisiología , Humanos , Rodilla/fisiología , Pierna/fisiología , Masculino , Carrera/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the effect of FIFA 11+ (11+) and HarmoKnee injury preventive warm-up programs on conventional strength ratio (CSR), dynamic control ratio (DCR) and fast/slow speed ratio (FSR) in young male professional soccer players. These ratios are related to the risk of injury to the knee in soccer players. METHODS: Thirty-six players were divided into 3 groups; FIFA 11+, HarmoKnee and control (n = 12 per group). These exercises were performed 3 times per week for 2 months (24 sessions). The CSR, DCR and FSR were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS: After training, the CSR and DCR of knee muscles in both groups were found to be lower than the published normal values (0.61, 0.72, and 0.78 during 60°.s(-1), 180°.s(-1) and 300°.s(-1), respectively). The CSR (60°.s(-1)) increased by 8% and FSR in the quadriceps of the non-dominant leg by 8% in the 11+. Meanwhile, the DCR in the dominant and non-dominant legs were reduced by 40% and 30% respectively in the 11+. The CSR (60°.s(-1)) in the non-dominant leg showed significant differences between the 11+, HarmoKnee and control groups (p = 0.02). As for the DCR analysis between groups, there were significant differences in the non-dominant leg between both programs with the control group (p = 0.04). For FSR no significant changes were found between groups. CONCLUSIONS: It can be concluded that the 11+ improved CSR and FSR, but the HarmoKnee program did not demonstrate improvement. We suggest adding more training elements to the HarmoKnee program that aimed to enhance hamstring strength (CSR, DCR and FSR). Professional soccer players have higher predisposition of getting knee injuries because hamstring to quadriceps ratio were found to be lower than the average values. It seems that the 11+ have potentials to improve CSR and FSR as well as prevent knee injuries in soccer players.
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Atletas , Traumatismos en Atletas/prevención & control , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Traumatismos de la Rodilla/prevención & control , Traumatismos de la Rodilla/fisiopatología , Rodilla/fisiopatología , Fútbol/lesiones , Adolescente , Traumatismos en Atletas/fisiopatología , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Humanos , Pierna/fisiopatología , Masculino , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Studies have shown that physical activity or exercise training may decrease the metabolic syndrome. AIM: The aim of the present study is to clarify the effect of combination exercise training on metabolic syndrome parameters in postmenopausal women with breast cancer. SETTING AND DESIGN: Twenty nine postmenopausal women (58.27 +/- 6.31 years) with breast cancer were divided into two groups randomly as experimental group (n=14) and control group (n=15). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Subjects of experimental group were performed 15 weeks combination exercise training including walking (2 sessions per week) and resistance training (2 sessions per week that was different from walking days). Before and after 15 weeks, fasting insulin and glucose, insulin resistance, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and triglyceride (TG) were calculated. Also, Vo2peak, rest heart rate (RHR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI) and waist to hip ratio (WHR) were measured in two groups. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Mean values of two groups in pre and post test were compared by independent and paired t-test for all measurements (P ≤ 0.05). RESULTS: Significant differences were observed for VO2peak, RHR, BW, BMI, WHR, SBP, fasting insulin and glucose, HDL-C and TG between experimental and control groups after 15 weeks (P< 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Combination exercise training can improve metabolic syndrome parameters in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.