Characterization of Several Heterodera glycines mRNA that Encode Small Proteins with Putative Signal Peptides.

Two subtraction libraries were prepared from RNA extracted at early and late stages in the development of soybean cyst nematodes (SCN), Heterodera glycines, in soybean roots. The cDNA from inoculated roots were subtracted with cDNA prepared from non-inoculated roots and SCN eggs, and 384 clones from each library were sequenced. BLAST searches revealed that 191 of the cDNA in the late library were most probably of nematode origin. Alignment of the 191 sequences produced 28 unigenes and 1 singlet. The size of the transcripts for the nematode genes was confirmed by RNA blot hybridization. Thirteen SCN transcripts were selected for further study because they included short open reading frames encoding predicted proteins of <20 kDa with signal peptides at their amino-terminus. Ten of the 13 encode predicted peptides <10 kDa. Although most of the 13 transcripts were fairly abundant in the SCN dbEST, most were of unknown function based on BLAST similarities. Nevertheless, several had characteristics common to anti-microbial peptides, and in situ hybridization indicated that three of the selected transcripts were expressed in the female reproductive system.

A randomized comparative study of efficacy of axillary and infraclavicular approaches for brachial plexus block for upper limb surgery using peripheral nerve stimulator.

Brachial plexus block via the axillary approach is problematic in patients with limited arm mobility. In such cases, the infraclavicular approach may be a valuable alternative. The purpose of our study was to compare axillary and infraclavicular techniques for brachial plexus block in patients undergoing forearm and hand surgeries. After obtaining institutional approval and written informed consent, 60 patients of American Society of Anaesthesiologists grade I or II scheduled for forearm and hand surgeries were included in the study and were randomly allocated into two groups. Brachial plexus block was performed via the vertical infraclavicular approach (VIB) in patients of Group I and axillary approach in Group A using a peripheral nerve stimulator. Sensory block in the distribution of individual nerves supplying the arm, motor block, duration of sensory block, incidence of successful block and various complications were recorded. Successful block was achieved in 90% of the patients in group I and in 87% of patients in group A. Intercostobrachial nerve blockade was significantly higher in group I. No statistically significant difference was found in sensory and motor blockade of other nerves. Both the approaches are comparable, but the VIB scores ahead of axillary block in terms of its ability to block more nerves. The VIB because of its easily identifiable landmarks, a comfortable patient position during the block procedure and the ability to block a larger spectrum of nerves should thus be considered as an effective alternative to the axillary approach.