Bioactive molecules from fungal endophytes and their applications in pharmaceutical industries: challenges and future scope.

Medicinal plants are an important source of bioactive compounds and have been used to isolate various bioactive compounds having industrial applications. The demand for plants derived bioactive molecules is increasing gradually. However, the extensive use of these plants to extract bioactive molecules has threatened many plant species. Moreover, extracting bioactive molecules from these plants is laborious, costly, and time-consuming. So, some alternative sources and strategies are urgently needed to produce these bioactive molecules similar to that of plant origin. However, the interest in new bioactive molecules has recently shifted from plants to endophytic fungi because many fungi produce bioactive molecules similar to their host plant. Endophytic fungi live in mutualistic association within the healthy plant tissue without causing disease symptoms to the host plant. These fungi are a treasure house of novel bioactive molecules having broad pharmaceutical, industrial, and agricultural applications. The rapid increase in publications in this domain over the last three decades proves that natural product biologists and chemists are paying great attention to the natural bioactive products from endophytic fungi. Though endophytes are source of novel bioactive molecules but there is need of advanced technologies like clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR-Cas9) and epigenetic modifiers to enhance the production of compounds having industrial applications. This review provides an overview of the various industrial applications of bioactive molecules produced by endophytic fungi and the rationale behind selecting specific plants for fungal endophyte isolation. Overall, this study presents the current state of knowledge and highlights the potential of endophytic fungi for developing alternative therapies for drug-resistant infections.

Serum Zinc Level and Efficacy of Zinc Therapy in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a parasitic skin disease prevalent in many parts of the world. Zinc has been investigated for its potential role in the immune response against Leishmania parasites. This study aimed to systematically review the literature and conduct meta-analyses to evaluate the serum zinc level and efficacy of zinc therapy in cutaneous leishmaniasis. A comprehensive search of electronic databases was performed to find studies reporting serum zinc levels and the efficacy of zinc therapy in cutaneous leishmaniasis. Meta-analyses were conducted using RevMan software (version 5.4), calculating the mean difference for serum zinc levels and risk ratio for the efficacy of zinc therapy. A total of 11 studies with 1009 participants were evaluated. Five of these studies, comprising 637 participants, examined serum zinc levels; the remaining six, involving 372 individuals, examined the effectiveness of zinc therapy in treating cutaneous leishmaniasis. The results showed that the serum zinc level was significantly lower in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients compared to controls (MD: - 26.65; 95% CI: [- 42.74, - 10.57]; p = 0.001). However, zinc therapy did not demonstrate a significant clinical improvement compared to standard treatment (RR: 0.96; 95% CI: [0.74, 1.23], p = 0.73).

Model based examination of radiocarbon contribution from Indonesian throughflow to the south-eastern tropical Indian Ocean.

Shallow seawater coral records from the south-eastern tropical Indian Ocean region can be investigated to study Indonesian throughflow (ITF). In this study, the radiocarbon records of Porites corals were used to estimate lateral transport via ITF and to understand the influence of ITF on radiocarbon levels of surface waters in the south-eastern tropical Indian Ocean. A simple box model based on radiocarbon was applied for this purpose. Model estimated a mean lateral transport via ITF to be 12.5 × 106 m3 s-1 towards the south-eastern tropical Indian Ocean region using pre-bomb radiocarbon records. The model was further used to reconstruct post-bomb radiocarbon level in the Cocos Island surface water and result was compared with the observed value. The box model result demonstrated that along with air-sea CO2 exchange, the ITF was also an important contributor of bomb radiocarbon to the surface water of the south-eastern tropical Indian Ocean. The box model showed that the ITF significantly contributed bomb radiocarbon to the surface water of the south-eastern tropical Indian Ocean after the rapid increase in bomb radiocarbon in the region.

Sub-annual bomb radiocarbon records from trees in northern Israel.

Spatial and temporal variations in the atmospheric bomb radiocarbon make it a very useful tracer and a dating tool. With the introduction of more atmospheric bomb radiocarbon records, the spatial and temporal changes in bomb radiocarbon are becoming clearer. Bomb radiocarbon record from a pine tree in the northern Israel region shows that the Δ14C level in the region is closer to the northern hemisphere zone (NH) 1 as compared to the northern hemisphere zone (NH) 2. A comparison of this pine's Δ14C record with a nearby olive tree's Δ14C values also highlights changes in the growing season of the olive wood from one year to the other. The observation suggests that olive wood 14C ages can show offset compared to the IntCal curve, and thus they should be interpreted cautiously.

Transfer learning-driven ensemble model for detection of diabetic retinopathy disease.

In this study, we propose an ensemble model for the detection of diabetic retinopathy (DR) illness that is driven by transfer learning. Due to diabetes, the DR is a problem that affects the eyes. The retinal blood vessels in a person with high blood sugar deteriorate. The blood arteries may enlarge and leak as a result, or they may close and stop the flow of blood. If DR is not treated, it can become severe, damage vision, and eventually result in blindness. Medical experts study the colored fundus photos for this reason in order to manually diagnose disease, however this is a perilous technique. As a result, the condition was automatically identified utilizing retinal scans and a number of computer vision-based methods. A model is trained on one task or datasets employing the transfer learning (TL) technique, and then the pre-trained models or weights are applied to another task or dataset. Six deep learning (DL)-based convolutional neural network (CNN) models were trained in this study using huge datasets of reasonable photos, including DenseNet-169, VGG-19, ResNet101-V2, Mobilenet-V2, and Inception-V3. We also applied a data-preprocessing strategy to improve the accuracy and lower the training costs in order to improve the results. The experimental results demonstrate that the suggested model works better than existing approaches on the same dataset, with an accuracy of up to 98%, and detects the stage of DR.

Seasonal variation of surface seawater radiocarbon in the Andaman Sea as recorded in coral.

Corals provide high-resolution radiocarbon record of the surface ocean. These high-resolution records can provide understanding of the surface ocean conditions and processes regulating these conditions. A Porites coral from the Andaman Sea was investigated for its high-resolution radiocarbon record between 2007 and 2014. The radiocarbon measurement of the coral shows a post-bomb period decline trend (2.7‰ yr-1) along with seasonal variations. A positive correlation is observed between the seasonal radiocarbon changes and the stable oxygen isotope values of the coral. The coral registers the seasonal changes in mixed layer depth and sea surface temperature between the monsoon and non-monsoon periods. Recent radiocarbon values of the Andaman Sea surface water have been found to be higher compared to the contemporary atmospheric radiocarbon values.

Spatial and temporal changes in bomb radiocarbon in the northern Indian Ocean.

For improved understanding of ocean circulation in the northern Indian Ocean region, long term continuous record of radiocarbon measurement is required. Limited radiocarbon records from the region demands investigations of natural archives. Coral core records along with some literature data were analysed to study the temporal changes in 14C values over the northern Indian Ocean. The major fraction of the bomb radiocarbon appears to have transferred in to the ocean, as recent records from the surface seawater Δ14C values show comparable or even higher than the atmospheric Δ14C values. The northern Andaman region showed higher Δ14C decline rate between 1978 and 2014 compared to the southern Bay of Bengal and the Lakshadweep region. The comparable southern Bay of Bengal and the Lakshadweep Δ14C values could be due to transfer of Arabian Sea waters to the southern Bay of Bengal. The southern Andaman region shows lower Δ14C values compared to the northern Andaman region, suggesting the influence of 14C depleted waters in the region.

Role of pesticides in the induction of tumor angiogenesis.

Due to their estrogen-mimicking ability, pesticides are considered as prime etiological suspects of increasing tumor incidence, although a direct link is still undefined. The present study aimed to identify the effect of xenoestrogens (lindane, propoxur and endosulfan) at 20 mg/l each on tumorigenesis, by evaluating endothelial cell proliferation, H(3) thymidine incorporation, wound healing, ascites formation and secretion, shell less Chorio Allantoic Membrane (CAM) formation using in vitro, as well as in vivo, models. The genotoxic effect of xenoestrogens in terms of DNA damage was also studied. The results showed that the endothelial cell proliferation, H(3) thymidine incorporation, wound healing, CAM formation were increased following xenoestrogen exposure, but the intensity of angiogenesis was dependent on the structural homology of these xenoestrogens to endogenous estrogen. Moreover, lindane was the most potent angiogenesis stimulator followed by propoxur and Endosulfan. Further studies were undertaken to examine lindane for its possible carcinogenicity. However, no effect was observed on the integrity of DNA after exposure to these xenoestrogens.

A Preliminary Study of Rehabilitation Needs of In-patients and Out-patients with Schizophrenia.

Assessment of needs of patients with schizophrenia permits practitioners to prioritize, formulate and implement rehabilitation goals. Negative symptoms have been shown to present greater obstacles to effective rehabilitation. The study compared the rehabilitation needs of in and out-patients with schizophrenia, and its relationship with negative symptoms. Thirty each of out patients and short term in-patients who fulfilled DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia were recruited for the study. Patients currently exhibiting severe unmanageable psychoses and depression were excluded. Tools used for the study were DSM-IV-TR, Rehabilitation Needs Assessment Schedule, SANS, HDRS, BPRS, and UKU. Significant difference across the groups were observed as far as needs regarding requirement of help from a voluntary agency, employment, accommodation, leisure activities and help for family was concerned. Moreover, negative symptoms significantly correlated with rehabilitation needs among both groups of patients. The study also elicited family's expectations of their patients regarding their rehabilitation needs. Further, the implications of the association between some negative symptoms and the felt needs of the patients in their rehabilitation were discussed. A full spectrum of functional behaviours needs to be assessed soon after patients recover from their most recent exacerbation and suitable interventions need to be planned.