RESUMEN
The optimization of a class of indole cPLA 2 alpha inhibitors is described herein. The importance of the substituent at C3 and the substitution pattern of the phenylmethane sulfonamide region are highlighted. Optimization of these regions led to the discovery of 111 (efipladib) and 121 (WAY-196025), which are shown to be potent, selective inhibitors of cPLA 2 alpha in a variety of isolated enzyme assays, cell based assays, and rat and human whole blood assays. The binding of these compounds has been further examined using isothermal titration calorimetry. Finally, these compounds have shown efficacy when dosed orally in multiple acute and chronic prostaglandin and leukotriene dependent in vivo models.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/síntesis química , Benzoatos/síntesis química , Fosfolipasas A2 Grupo IV/antagonistas & inhibidores , Sulfonamidas/síntesis química , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/química , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Artritis Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Benzoatos/química , Benzoatos/farmacología , Disponibilidad Biológica , Broncoconstricción/efectos de los fármacos , Calorimetría , Carragenina , Línea Celular , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa 2/síntesis química , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa 2/química , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa 2/farmacología , Edema/inducido químicamente , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Isoenzimas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Masculino , Ratones , Unión Proteica , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Ovinos , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Sulfonamidas/química , Sulfonamidas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Cytosolic phospholipase A(2) alpha (cPLA(2)alpha, type IVA phospholipase) acts at the membrane surface to release free arachidonic acid, which is metabolized into inflammatory mediators, including leukotrienes and prostaglandins. Thus, specific cPLA(2)alpha inhibitors are predicted to have antiinflammatory properties. However, a key criterion in the identification and development of such inhibitors is to distinguish between compounds that bind stoichiometrically to cPLA(2)alpha and nonspecific membrane perturbants. In the current study, we developed a method employing isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) to characterize the binding of several distinct classes of cPLA(2)alpha inhibitors. Thermodynamic parameters and the binding constants were obtained following titration of the inhibitor to the protein at 30 degrees C and pH 7.4. The compounds tested bound cPLA(2)alpha with a 1:1 stoichiometry, and the dissociation constant K(d) of the inhibitors calculated from the ITC experiments correlated well with the IC(50) values obtained from enzymatic assays. Interestingly, binding was observed only in the presence of a micellar surface, even for soluble compounds. The site of binding of these inhibitors within cPLA(2)alpha was analyzed by testing for binding in the presence of methyl arachidonyl fluorophosphonate (MAFP), an irreversible active site inhibitor of cPLA(2)alpha. Lack of binding of inhibitors in the presence of MAFP suggested that the compounds tested bound specifically at or near the active site of the protein. Furthermore, the effect of various detergents on the binding of certain inhibitors to cPLA(2)alpha was also tested. The results are discussed with reference to thermodynamic parameters such as changes in enthalpy (DeltaH), entropy (DeltaS), and free energy (DeltaG). The data obtained from these studies provide not only structure-activity relationships for compounds but also important information regarding mechanism of binding. This is the first example of ITC used for studying inhibitors of enzymes with interfacial kinetics.
Asunto(s)
Citosol/enzimología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Fosfolipasas A2 Grupo IV/antagonistas & inhibidores , Animales , Ácidos Araquidónicos/metabolismo , Ácidos Araquidónicos/farmacología , Benzofenonas/química , Benzofenonas/metabolismo , Benzofenonas/farmacología , Células CHO , Dominio Catalítico , Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Fosfolipasas A2 Grupo IV/metabolismo , Humanos , Indoles/química , Indoles/metabolismo , Indoles/farmacología , Organofosfonatos/metabolismo , Organofosfonatos/farmacología , Unión Proteica , Pirrolidinas/química , Pirrolidinas/metabolismo , Pirrolidinas/farmacología , Solubilidad , TermodinámicaRESUMEN
The synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a series of benzenesulfonamide indole inhibitors of cPLA(2)alpha are described. Substitution of the benzenesulfonamide led to analogues with 50-fold improvement in potency versus the unsubstituted benzenesulfonamide lead compound. Rat pharmacokinetics in a minimal formulation was used to prioritize compounds, leading to the discovery of a potent inhibitor of cPLA(2)alpha with oral efficacy in models of rat carrageenan paw edema and Ascaris suum airway challenge in naturally sensitized sheep.
Asunto(s)
Fosfolipasas A2 Grupo IV/antagonistas & inhibidores , Fosfolipasas A2 Grupo IV/metabolismo , Indoles/farmacología , Sulfonamidas/química , Administración Oral , Animales , Ascariasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Ascariasis/parasitología , Ascaris suum/fisiología , Calorimetría , Humanos , Indoles/química , Indoles/uso terapéutico , Estructura Molecular , Ratas , Ovinos , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Temperatura , BencenosulfonamidasRESUMEN
The synthesis and structure-activity relationship of a series of indole inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A2alpha (cPLA2alpha, type IVA phospholipase) are described. Inhibitors of cPLA2alpha are predicted to be efficacious in treating asthma as well as the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and pain. The introduction of a benzyl sulfonamide substituent at C2 was found to impart improved potency of these inhibitors, and the SAR of these sulfonamide analogues is disclosed. Compound 123 (Ecopladib) is a sub-micromolar inhibitor of cPLA2alpha in the GLU micelle and rat whole blood assays. Compound 123 displayed oral efficacy in the rat carrageenan air pouch and rat carrageenan-induced paw edema models.
Asunto(s)
Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/síntesis química , Benzoatos/síntesis química , Citosol/enzimología , Indoles/síntesis química , Fosfolipasas A/antagonistas & inhibidores , Sulfonamidas/síntesis química , Animales , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacocinética , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/farmacología , Benzoatos/farmacocinética , Benzoatos/farmacología , Carragenina , Edema/inducido químicamente , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Fosfolipasas A2 Grupo IV , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Indoles/farmacocinética , Indoles/farmacología , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Sulfonamidas/farmacocinética , Sulfonamidas/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a membrane-associated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of several endogenous bioactive lipids, including anandamide (AEA), N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA), oleamide, and N-oleoylethanolamine (OEA). These fatty acid amides participate in many physiological activities such as analgesia, anxiety, sleep modulation, anti inflammatory responses, and appetite suppression. Because FAAH plays an essential role in controlling the tone and activity of these endogenous bioactive lipids, this enzyme has been implicated to be a drug target for the therapeutic management of pain, anxiety, and other disorders. In an effort to discover FAAH inhibitors, the authors have previously reported the development of a novel fluorescent assay using purified FAAH microsomes as an enzyme source and a fluorogenic substrate, arachidonyl 7-amino, 4-methyl coumarin amide (AAMCA). Herein, the authors have adapted this assay to a high-throughput format and have screened a large library of small organic compounds, identifying a number of novel FAAH inhibitors. These data further verify that this fluorescent assay is sufficiently robust, efficient, and low-cost for the identification of FAAH inhibitory molecules and open this class of enzymes for therapeutic exploration.
Asunto(s)
Amidohidrolasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Colorantes Fluorescentes/análisis , Microsomas/enzimología , Animales , Automatización/métodos , Células CHO , Cricetinae , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Modelos Biológicos , TransfecciónRESUMEN
A binding assay for human fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) using the scintillation proximity assay (SPA) technology is described. This SPA uses the specific interactions of [3H]R(+)-methanandamide (MAEA) and FAAH expressing microsomes to evaluate the displacement activity of FAAH inhibitors. We observed that a competitive nonhydrolyzed FAAH inhibitor, [3H]MAEA, bound specifically to the FAAH microsomes. Coincubation with an FAAH inhibitor, URB-597, competitively displaced the [3H]MAEA on the FAAH microsomes. The released radiolabel was then detected through an interaction with the SPA beads. The assay is specific for FAAH given that microsomes prepared from cells expressing the inactive FAAH-S241A mutant or vector alone had no significant ability to bind [3H]MAEA. Furthermore, the binding of [3H]MAEA to FAAH microsomes was abolished by selective FAAH inhibitors in a dose-dependent manner, with IC50 values comparable to those seen in a functional assay. This novel SPA has been validated and demonstrated to be simple, sensitive, and amenable to high-throughput screening.
Asunto(s)
Amidohidrolasas/análisis , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Conteo por Cintilación , Amidohidrolasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Amidohidrolasas/metabolismo , Animales , Ácidos Araquidónicos/metabolismo , Ácidos Araquidónicos/farmacología , Benzamidas/metabolismo , Benzamidas/farmacología , Sitios de Unión/efectos de los fármacos , Células CHO , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/metabolismo , Bloqueadores de los Canales de Calcio/farmacología , Carbamatos/metabolismo , Carbamatos/farmacología , Cricetinae , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Endocannabinoides , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Ligandos , Microsomas/enzimología , Microsomas/metabolismo , Alcamidas Poliinsaturadas , Aglutininas del Germen de Trigo/metabolismo , Aglutininas del Germen de Trigo/farmacologíaRESUMEN
A novel fluorescent assay to continuously monitor fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) activity that is simple, sensitive, and amenable to high-throughput screening (HTS) of compound libraries is described in this article. Stable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines expressing either human FAAH or an inactive mutant, FAAH-S241A, were established. Arachidonyl 7-amino, 4-methyl coumarin amide (AAMCA), a novel fluorogenic substrate for FAAH, was designed and synthesized. FAAH catalyzes the hydrolysis of AAMCA to generate arachidonic acid and a highly fluorescent 7-amino, 4-methyl coumarin (AMC). The assay was done at 25 degrees C by incubating whole cell or microsomal preparations from FAAH-expressing cells with AAMCA. Release of AMC was monitored continuously using a fluorometer. Microsomal FAAH catalyzed the hydrolysis of AAMCA with an apparent K(m) of 0.48muM and V(max) of 58pmolmin(-1)mgprotein(-1). The assay is specific for FAAH given that microsomes prepared from cells expressing FAAH-S241A or vector alone had no significant activity against AAMCA. Furthermore, the activity was inhibited by URB-597, an FAAH-specific inhibitor, in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC(50) of 33.5nM. The assay was optimized for HTS and had a Z' value ranging from 0.7 to 0.9. The assay is also compatible with ex vivo analysis of FAAH activity.